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BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0001] This invention relates generally to diagnostic imaging methods and apparatus, and more particularly, to methods and apparatus that provide for thermal gain management and correction in the detector for computed tomography in particular and in medical imaging in general.
[0002] Most multi-slices computed tomography (CT) scanners are built with detectors composed of scintillator/photodiodes arrays. The photodiodes arrays are mainly based on front-illuminated technology. However, new designs based on back-illuminated photodiodes (backlit diodes) are being investigated for CT machines to overcome the challenge of the higher number of runs and connections required. Current CT detectors generally use scintillation crystal/photodiode arrays, where the scintillation crystal absorbs x-rays and converts the absorbed energy into visible light. A photodiode is used to convert the light to an electric current. The electric current is read and the reading is proportional to the total energy absorbed.
[0003] A CT detector should meet tight performance requirements in order to enable the generation of high quality and artifact free CT images. First, the detector should provide a response that is linearly related to x-ray intensity. Some of the requirements on the detector that result from this are the stability of the detector over time and temperature, the non-sensitivity to focal spot motion, and a bound on the light output variation over life, etc. In a third generation CT scanner, the relative behavior of adjacent channels should be nearly identical in order to avoid serious ring artifacts (usually defined as channel to channel non-linearity variation) in images. This variation might be affected by the scintillator behavior from one pixel to its neighbor, by the collimator plate variations, and/or by the diode pixel response. Generally, if these requirements are not met, ring artifacts, bands and/or smudges/spots might appear in images.
[0004] One of the contributors of this channel to channel variation (or module to module variation) is the gain variation caused between photodiode pixels due to the variation of temperature. In Volume CT, with a relatively large coverage of the collimator, the variation of the temperature at the diode will be high and tight thermal control from calibration conditions to scanning conditions would be required. The thermal gain temperature coefficient drift in the module may have multiple root causes: a) diode, b) collimator, c) scintillator, d) DAS electronics and finally e) DAS assembly. To overcome this problem, one can either introduce very tight thermal control on the detector or compensate for the thermal drift by introducing a thermal calibration or correction. For this, an accurate measurement of the temperature on each pixel would be desirable.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0005] In one aspect, a method includes creating a lookup table for thermal correction of a x-ray detector on a pixel by pixel basis.
[0006] In another aspect, a method includes using a single diode for measuring the temperature of the diode and for receiving x-rays in the diode.
[0007] In another aspect a system is provided. The system includes an energy source, an energy detector positioned to receive energy emitted from the source, the energy detector including a plurality of diodes, and a computer coupled to the detector. The computer is configured to store a lookup table for thermal correction of the detector on a diode by diode basis.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0008] FIG. 1( a,b ) shows the Current versus Voltage (IV) behavior of the VCT backlit diode versus temperature.
[0009] FIG. 2 shows the current produced by the diode as function of temperature.
[0010] FIG. 3( a,b ) shows the IV behavior of the VCT backlit diode versus temperature.
[0011] FIG. 4 shows the current produced by the diode as function of temperature.
[0012] FIG. 5 illustrates an example of an incarnation to implement the biasing requiring electronic circuitry.
[0013] FIG. 6 shows the idea of using the non-inverting input of the DAS for the forward bias connection.
[0014] FIG. 7 shows the results of the current difference at different biases.
[0015] FIG. 8 shows the results of DAS based thermal gain correction vector, and its effects on DAS measurement accuracy.
[0016] FIG. 9 illustrates an imaging system.
[0017] FIG. 10 illustrates an example algorithm for measuring the temperature vector in the beginning of the scan.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0018] There are herein described methods and apparatus useful for imaging systems such as, for example, but not limited to an x-ray system. The apparatus and methods are illustrated with reference to the figures wherein similar numbers indicate the same elements in all figures. Such figures are intended to be illustrative rather than limiting and are included herewith to facilitate explanation of an exemplary embodiment of the apparatus and methods of the invention. Although, described in the setting of an x-ray system, it is contemplated that the benefits of the invention accrue to all diagnostic imaging systems and modalities such as PET, MRI, SPECT, Ultrasound, fused systems such as a CT/PET system, and/or any modality yet to be developed in which detectors are used.
[0019] In this disclosure, methods and apparatus are described that will enable the measurement of the absolute temperature seen by each pixel in an array of diodes used in a multislice CT detector. The multislice CT detector element consists of an array of 16 cells in X-axis and 64 cells in the Z-axis for a VCT (volume computed tomography) detector. The measurement setup can however be extended to any diode system.
[0020] In the VCT detector, the use of Backlit (BL) diodes is desirable to make a wide z-coverage tile-able detector. One advantage of BL diodes is to more efficiently/effectively connect detector modules not only in the x-direction but also in the z-direction, and one of the disadvantages is that this design requires very tight control of the temperature at the diode level to avoid gain change due to temperature drift. This becomes even more critical when more than 64 slices are used, and when thinner slices are built. Currently, the temperature drift from calibration to imaging stations has to be maintained within a few degrees.
[0021] One can envision measuring the temperature of the pixel at which it has been calibrated and storing it in a look-up table for later use. Knowing the response of the diode-scintillator pixel at different temperatures would enable the correction of image quality drift due to temperature. This will enable at the same time the relaxation of the thermal management of both the detector and the gantry. The algorithm for gain correction can be determined later.
[0022] The challenge to make this correction possible is to find an innovative method to measure the temperature of the pixel before each scan and use the value for correction of the diode response. One way to achieve this is to use the detector diode as the sensor itself. This can be achieved by introducing the capability of forwarding or reversing the bias of the diodes and acquire the signal under no x-ray exposure (e.g. a dark current).
[0023] Measurement Principle: Semi-conductor Diodes are excellent sensing devices for temperature measurement at low values of forward current and using reverse bias mode current. At low forward current (Im), the junction temperature Tj of the diode correlates linearly with the junction forward voltage (Vf).
[0000] ΔT j =K. ΔV f
[0024] where K is a factor with units C/mV, generally with 0.4 and 0.8 C/mV.
[0025] A change in the junction temperature produces a corresponding change in the forward voltage and consequently a change in the forward current. The diode in this case needs to be forward biased. The operation of the diode just below the threshold voltage, will lead to a better sensitivity of measurement as a function of temperature variation.
[0026] Another concept is to use the diode in the reverse bias mode and measure the dark current. It is known that the dark current is exponentially varying with temperature.
[0027] Whether forward biased or reverse biased, one can use the same diode for measuring the temperature and the x-ray signal, by switching back and forth between two modes. All pixels of the detector may be used or a subset of pixels may be used.
[0028] In CT detectors, the current generated in the diodes is measured using a digital to analog system (DAS) and it is possible to use the same DAS to measure the current under either forward biased or reverse biased conditions to deduce the temperature of that pixel.
[0029] Forward Bias Method: In this method, one can forward bias the diode just before starting the x-ray scan. One can read the current generated by the diode under forward biasing conditions using the DAS. FIG. 1 ( a,b ) shows the IV behavior of the VCT backlit diode versus temperature. FIG. 2 shows the current produced by the diode as function of temperature. The curve is described by an exponential function as predicted by theory.
[0030] Reverse Bias Method: In this method, one can reverse bias the diode just before starting the x-ray scan. One can read the dark current generated by the diode using the DAS. FIG. 3( a,b ) shows the IV behavior of the VCT backlit diode versus temperature. FIG. 4 shows the current produced by the diode as function of temperature. The curve is described by an exponential function as predicted by theory.
[0031] Circuit Diagram proposal: An example of how to bias the diode (forward or reverse) using electronic circuitry is shown in FIGS. 5 and 6 . This circuit can easily reside on an A/D board. In the case presented one switch is sufficient to achieve this. During the temperature reading, the switch is connected to a bias voltage to reverse bias the diode and read the dark current. During the x-ray scan, the switch is closed and connected to ground, and x-ray signal can be read. By changing the polarity of the bias, the same scheme can be used for forward biased diodes as long as the DAS is capable of reading either positive or negative current (which is feasible for many DAS architectures).
[0032] A second case of forward bias implementation occurs when the DAS is not capable of reading negative current. In this case, the orientation of the diode needs to be reversed so that the current will flow from the diode to the amplifier. For this to happen, a high number of switches need to be added. Alternatively, one can forward bias the diode by supplying a voltage supply on the non-inverting input of the DAS. The anode side of the diode being connected on the inverting input of the DAS amplifier, will see the voltage connected on the non-inverting input, and cause current to flow accordingly.
[0033] Temperature Measurement Algorithm: since in the real design, there is a DC component in the dark current measurement, which is independent of temperature, one can use a measurement of temperature using two points for correction. The first point would be at bias conditions (reverse or forward bias of the appropriately selected bias voltage, for example 100 mV ) and the second at no-bias (0 volts—representing the unbiased state of the diode during x-ray exposure or scanning ). The difference should be described by a function, which is exponentially varying with temperature. The sensitivity can then be improved by optimizing the trigger rate in order to achieve the best resolution (variable trigger rate or fixed trigger rate), or by using a continuous integration time, or by averaging multiple acquisitions under the same conditions. FIG. 7 shows the results of the current difference at different biases. This curve shows only the effect of temperature on the dark current by removing the DC component.
[0034] In order to improve the accuracy of the DAS measurements, a DAS thermal gain correction scheme can be implemented which can improve the accuracy by an order of magnitude. The scheme can call for a one-time A/D board calibration resulting in a channel based gain vector that would get applied to all the differential measurements made by reverse biasing the diodes. This would have the effect of removing the DAS based channel to channel differences due to process variation. This correction can occur inside the DAS/Detector subsystem, or can reside on the CT System Host itself. FIG. 8 illustrates the effect of one such correction on the accuracy of the measurement.
[0035] FIG. 9 illustrates an imaging system 10 with an associated display 20 . Imaging system 10 can be of any modality, but in one embodiment, system 10 is a CT system. In another embodiment, system 10 is a dual modality imaging system such as a combined CT/PET. Display 20 can be separate from system 10 or integrated with system 10 . System 10 includes an acquisition device such as an x-ray radiation detector, a Gamma Camera, an ultrasound probe and/or an MRI coil. In all the above modalities, please note that there is energy traveling at least partially through at least one component of a body and impinging an energy detector. A computer is coupled to the detector for processing the received data and producing an image if desired. The energy detector may include diodes as described herein.
[0036] Of course, the methods described herein are not limited to practice in system 10 and can be utilized in connection with many other types and variations of imaging systems. Although the herein described methods are described in a human patient setting, it is contemplated that the benefits of the invention accrue to non-human imaging systems such as those systems typically employed in small animal research. Although the herein described methods are described in a medical setting, it is contemplated that the benefits of the invention accrue to non-medical imaging systems such as those systems typically employed in an industrial setting or a transportation setting, such as, for example, but not limited to, a baggage scanning CT system for an airport or other transportation center.
[0037] As used herein, an element or step recited in the singular and proceeded with the word “a” or “an” should be understood as not excluding plural said elements or steps, unless such exclusion is explicitly recited. Furthermore, references to “one embodiment” of the present invention are not intended to be interpreted as excluding the existence of additional embodiments that also incorporate the recited features.
[0038] Technical effects include that the herein described methods and apparatus allow many advantages gained by making measurements of the temperatures for every pixel. The advantages include the following:
[0039] 1—Creation of a calibration vector relaxes the thermal management control in the detector.
[0040] 2—Creation of a calibration vector relaxes the requirements of the scintillating pack with respect to temperature drift. This vector will be used to compensate for the gain drift due to temperature drift.
[0041] 3 —Creation of a calibration vector relaxes the requirements of the diode array (backlit diode) with respect to temperature drift. This vector can be used to compensate for the gain drift due to temperature drift.
[0042] 4—The time required to warm-up the detector is reduced.
[0043] 5—The gain drift due to thermal variation is correctable.
[0044] 6—Improved Image Quality is provided. And
[0045] 7—Improved inventory carry value (ICV) is provided by reducing the cost of the components and their processes.
[0046] Exemplary embodiments are described above in detail. The assemblies and methods are not limited to the specific embodiments described herein, but rather, components of each assembly and/or method may be utilized independently and separately from other components described herein.
[0047] While the invention has been described in terms of various specific embodiments, those skilled in the art will recognize that the invention can be practiced with modification within the spirit and scope of the claims.
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A method includes creating a lookup table for thermal correction of a x-ray detector on a pixel by pixel basis.
|
This invention relates to methods and apparatus for thermal gain management and correction in computed tomography (CT) detectors. It describes a method for creating a lookup table for thermal correction on a pixel-by-pixel basis, as well as a system for implementing this correction. The invention enables more accurate temperature measurement and improves the quality of CT images.
|
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"context": "BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION \n [0001] This invention relates generally to diagnostic imaging methods and apparatus, and more particularly, to methods and apparatus that provide for thermal gain management and correction in the detector for computed tomography in particular and in medical imaging in general. \n [0002] Most multi-slices computed tomography (CT) scanners are built with detectors composed of scintillator/photodiodes arrays. The photodiodes arrays are mainly based on front-illuminated technology. However, new designs based on back-illuminated photodiodes (backlit diodes) are being investigated for CT machines to overcome the challenge of the higher number of runs and connections required. Current CT detectors generally use scintillation crystal/photodiode arrays, where the scintillation crystal absorbs x-rays and converts the absorbed energy into visible light. A photodiode is used to convert the light to an electric current. The electric current is read and the reading is proportional to the total energy absorbed. \n [0003] A CT detector should meet tight performance requirements in order to enable the generation of high quality and artifact free CT images. First, the detector should provide a response that is linearly related to x-ray intensity. Some of the requirements on the detector that result from this are the stability of the detector over time and temperature, the non-sensitivity to focal spot motion, and a bound on the light output variation over life, etc. In a third generation CT scanner, the relative behavior of adjacent channels should be nearly identical in order to avoid serious ring artifacts (usually defined as channel to channel non-linearity variation) in images. This variation might be affected by the scintillator behavior from one pixel to its neighbor, by the collimator plate variations, and/or by the diode pixel response. Generally, if these requirements are not met, ring artifacts, bands and/or smudges/spots might appear in images. \n [0004] One of the contributors of this channel to channel variation (or module to module variation) is the gain variation caused between photodiode pixels due to the variation of temperature. In Volume CT, with a relatively large coverage of the collimator, the variation of the temperature at the diode will be high and tight thermal control from calibration conditions to scanning conditions would be required. The thermal gain temperature coefficient drift in the module may have multiple root causes: a) diode, b) collimator, c) scintillator, d) DAS electronics and finally e) DAS assembly. To overcome this problem, one can either introduce very tight thermal control on the detector or compensate for the thermal drift by introducing a thermal calibration or correction. For this, an accurate measurement of the temperature on each pixel would be desirable. \n BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION \n [0005] In one aspect, a method includes creating a lookup table for thermal correction of a x-ray detector on a pixel by pixel basis. \n [0006] In another aspect, a method includes using a single diode for measuring the temperature of the diode and for receiving x-rays in the diode. \n [0007] In another aspect a system is provided. The system includes an energy source, an energy detector positioned to receive energy emitted from the source, the energy detector including a plurality of diodes, and a computer coupled to the detector. The computer is configured to store a lookup table for thermal correction of the detector on a diode by diode basis. \n \n \n BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS \n [0008] FIG. 1( a,b ) shows the Current versus Voltage (IV) behavior of the VCT backlit diode versus temperature. \n [0009] FIG. 2 shows the current produced by the diode as function of temperature. \n [0010] FIG. 3( a,b ) shows the IV behavior of the VCT backlit diode versus temperature. \n [0011] FIG. 4 shows the current produced by the diode as function of temperature. \n [0012] FIG. 5 illustrates an example of an incarnation to implement the biasing requiring electronic circuitry. \n [0013] FIG. 6 shows the idea of using the non-inverting input of the DAS for the forward bias connection. \n [0014] FIG. 7 shows the results of the current difference at different biases. \n [0015] FIG. 8 shows the results of DAS based thermal gain correction vector, and its effects on DAS measurement accuracy. \n [0016] FIG. 9 illustrates an imaging system. \n [0017] FIG. 10 illustrates an example algorithm for measuring the temperature vector in the beginning of the scan. \n \n \n \n DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION \n [0018] There are herein described methods and apparatus useful for imaging systems such as, for example, but not limited to an x-ray system. The apparatus and methods are illustrated with reference to the figures wherein similar numbers indicate the same elements in all figures. Such figures are intended to be illustrative rather than limiting and are included herewith to facilitate explanation of an exemplary embodiment of the apparatus and methods of the invention. Although, described in the setting of an x-ray system, it is contemplated that the benefits of the invention accrue to all diagnostic imaging systems and modalities such as PET, MRI, SPECT, Ultrasound, fused systems such as a CT/PET system, and/or any modality yet to be developed in which detectors are used. \n [0019] In this disclosure, methods and apparatus are described that will enable the measurement of the absolute temperature seen by each pixel in an array of diodes used in a multislice CT detector. The multislice CT detector element consists of an array of 16 cells in X-axis and 64 cells in the Z-axis for a VCT (volume computed tomography) detector. The measurement setup can however be extended to any diode system. \n [0020] In the VCT detector, the use of Backlit (BL) diodes is desirable to make a wide z-coverage tile-able detector. One advantage of BL diodes is to more efficiently/effectively connect detector modules not only in the x-direction but also in the z-direction, and one of the disadvantages is that this design requires very tight control of the temperature at the diode level to avoid gain change due to temperature drift. This becomes even more critical when more than 64 slices are used, and when thinner slices are built. Currently, the temperature drift from calibration to imaging stations has to be maintained within a few degrees. \n [0021] One can envision measuring the temperature of the pixel at which it has been calibrated and storing it in a look-up table for later use. Knowing the response of the diode-scintillator pixel at different temperatures would enable the correction of image quality drift due to temperature. This will enable at the same time the relaxation of the thermal management of both the detector and the gantry. The algorithm for gain correction can be determined later. \n [0022] The challenge to make this correction possible is to find an innovative method to measure the temperature of the pixel before each scan and use the value for correction of the diode response. One way to achieve this is to use the detector diode as the sensor itself. This can be achieved by introducing the capability of forwarding or reversing the bias of the diodes and acquire the signal under no x-ray exposure (e.g. a dark current). \n [0023] Measurement Principle: Semi-conductor Diodes are excellent sensing devices for temperature measurement at low values of forward current and using reverse bias mode current. At low forward current (Im), the junction temperature Tj of the diode correlates linearly with the junction forward voltage (Vf). \n [0000] ΔT j =K. ΔV f \n [0024] where K is a factor with units C/mV, generally with 0.4 and 0.8 C/mV. \n [0025] A change in the junction temperature produces a corresponding change in the forward voltage and consequently a change in the forward current. The diode in this case needs to be forward biased. The operation of the diode just below the threshold voltage, will lead to a better sensitivity of measurement as a function of temperature variation. \n [0026] Another concept is to use the diode in the reverse bias mode and measure the dark current. It is known that the dark current is exponentially varying with temperature. \n [0027] Whether forward biased or reverse biased, one can use the same diode for measuring the temperature and the x-ray signal, by switching back and forth between two modes. All pixels of the detector may be used or a subset of pixels may be used. \n [0028] In CT detectors, the current generated in the diodes is measured using a digital to analog system (DAS) and it is possible to use the same DAS to measure the current under either forward biased or reverse biased conditions to deduce the temperature of that pixel. \n [0029] Forward Bias Method: In this method, one can forward bias the diode just before starting the x-ray scan. One can read the current generated by the diode under forward biasing conditions using the DAS. FIG. 1 ( a,b ) shows the IV behavior of the VCT backlit diode versus temperature. FIG. 2 shows the current produced by the diode as function of temperature. The curve is described by an exponential function as predicted by theory. \n [0030] Reverse Bias Method: In this method, one can reverse bias the diode just before starting the x-ray scan. One can read the dark current generated by the diode using the DAS. FIG. 3( a,b ) shows the IV behavior of the VCT backlit diode versus temperature. FIG. 4 shows the current produced by the diode as function of temperature. The curve is described by an exponential function as predicted by theory. \n [0031] Circuit Diagram proposal: An example of how to bias the diode (forward or reverse) using electronic circuitry is shown in FIGS. 5 and 6 . This circuit can easily reside on an A/D board. In the case presented one switch is sufficient to achieve this. During the temperature reading, the switch is connected to a bias voltage to reverse bias the diode and read the dark current. During the x-ray scan, the switch is closed and connected to ground, and x-ray signal can be read. By changing the polarity of the bias, the same scheme can be used for forward biased diodes as long as the DAS is capable of reading either positive or negative current (which is feasible for many DAS architectures). \n [0032] A second case of forward bias implementation occurs when the DAS is not capable of reading negative current. In this case, the orientation of the diode needs to be reversed so that the current will flow from the diode to the amplifier. For this to happen, a high number of switches need to be added. Alternatively, one can forward bias the diode by supplying a voltage supply on the non-inverting input of the DAS. The anode side of the diode being connected on the inverting input of the DAS amplifier, will see the voltage connected on the non-inverting input, and cause current to flow accordingly. \n [0033] Temperature Measurement Algorithm: since in the real design, there is a DC component in the dark current measurement, which is independent of temperature, one can use a measurement of temperature using two points for correction. The first point would be at bias conditions (reverse or forward bias of the appropriately selected bias voltage, for example 100 mV ) and the second at no-bias (0 volts—representing the unbiased state of the diode during x-ray exposure or scanning ). The difference should be described by a function, which is exponentially varying with temperature. The sensitivity can then be improved by optimizing the trigger rate in order to achieve the best resolution (variable trigger rate or fixed trigger rate), or by using a continuous integration time, or by averaging multiple acquisitions under the same conditions. FIG. 7 shows the results of the current difference at different biases. This curve shows only the effect of temperature on the dark current by removing the DC component. \n [0034] In order to improve the accuracy of the DAS measurements, a DAS thermal gain correction scheme can be implemented which can improve the accuracy by an order of magnitude. The scheme can call for a one-time A/D board calibration resulting in a channel based gain vector that would get applied to all the differential measurements made by reverse biasing the diodes. This would have the effect of removing the DAS based channel to channel differences due to process variation. This correction can occur inside the DAS/Detector subsystem, or can reside on the CT System Host itself. FIG. 8 illustrates the effect of one such correction on the accuracy of the measurement. \n [0035] FIG. 9 illustrates an imaging system 10 with an associated display 20 . Imaging system 10 can be of any modality, but in one embodiment, system 10 is a CT system. In another embodiment, system 10 is a dual modality imaging system such as a combined CT/PET. Display 20 can be separate from system 10 or integrated with system 10 . System 10 includes an acquisition device such as an x-ray radiation detector, a Gamma Camera, an ultrasound probe and/or an MRI coil. In all the above modalities, please note that there is energy traveling at least partially through at least one component of a body and impinging an energy detector. A computer is coupled to the detector for processing the received data and producing an image if desired. The energy detector may include diodes as described herein. \n [0036] Of course, the methods described herein are not limited to practice in system 10 and can be utilized in connection with many other types and variations of imaging systems. Although the herein described methods are described in a human patient setting, it is contemplated that the benefits of the invention accrue to non-human imaging systems such as those systems typically employed in small animal research. Although the herein described methods are described in a medical setting, it is contemplated that the benefits of the invention accrue to non-medical imaging systems such as those systems typically employed in an industrial setting or a transportation setting, such as, for example, but not limited to, a baggage scanning CT system for an airport or other transportation center. \n [0037] As used herein, an element or step recited in the singular and proceeded with the word “a” or “an” should be understood as not excluding plural said elements or steps, unless such exclusion is explicitly recited. Furthermore, references to “one embodiment” of the present invention are not intended to be interpreted as excluding the existence of additional embodiments that also incorporate the recited features. \n [0038] Technical effects include that the herein described methods and apparatus allow many advantages gained by making measurements of the temperatures for every pixel. The advantages include the following: \n [0039] 1—Creation of a calibration vector relaxes the thermal management control in the detector. \n [0040] 2—Creation of a calibration vector relaxes the requirements of the scintillating pack with respect to temperature drift. This vector will be used to compensate for the gain drift due to temperature drift. \n [0041] 3 —Creation of a calibration vector relaxes the requirements of the diode array (backlit diode) with respect to temperature drift. This vector can be used to compensate for the gain drift due to temperature drift. \n [0042] 4—The time required to warm-up the detector is reduced. \n [0043] 5—The gain drift due to thermal variation is correctable. \n [0044] 6—Improved Image Quality is provided. And \n [0045] 7—Improved inventory carry value (ICV) is provided by reducing the cost of the components and their processes. \n [0046] Exemplary embodiments are described above in detail. The assemblies and methods are not limited to the specific embodiments described herein, but rather, components of each assembly and/or method may be utilized independently and separately from other components described herein. \n [0047] While the invention has been described in terms of various specific embodiments, those skilled in the art will recognize that the invention can be practiced with modification within the spirit and scope of the claims.",
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The response accurately summarizes the context provided, which describes an invention related to thermal gain management and correction in CT detectors. It mentions the creation of a lookup table for thermal correction on a pixel-by-pixel basis and a system that includes an energy source, detector, and a computer configured to store the lookup table. The response captures the essence of the invention and its purpose, which is to improve the accuracy of temperature measurement and the quality of CT images, as detailed in the context.
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BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The field of invention relates to golf club apparatus, and more particularly pertains to a new golf club practice swing weight wherein the same is arranged for securement about the shaft portion of an associated golf club.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Golf club swing weight structure is indicated in the prior art and exemplified by the U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,647,220; 4,842,280; and 4,045,034.
The instant invention attempts to overcome deficiencies of the prior art by providing for a flexible web structure arranged for ease of mounting about a golf club shaft, wherein the web structure is arranged for accommodating granular material within associated pouches and in these respects, the present invention substantially fulfills this need.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In view of the disadvantages inherent in the known types of golf club practice swing weights now present in the prior art, the present invention provides a golf club practice swing weight wherein the same is arranged for ease of mounting about a golf club shaft. As such, the general purpose of the present invention, which will be described subsequently in greater detail, is to provide a new golf club practice swing weight apparatus and method which has many of the advantages of the prior art listed heretofore and many novel features that result in a golf club practice swing weight apparatus which is not anticipated, rendered obvious, suggested, or even implied by any of the prior art, either alone or in any combination thereof.
To attain this, the present invention provides a flexible web arranged to have secured thereto a plurality of flexible pouches, with the web including first and second ends, with a strap member having a hook and loop fastener surface extending along the strap member, with a ring member mounted between the pouches such that the strap member is arranged to loop about the ring member for securement about itself when the flexible web is mounted about a golf club shaft.
There has thus been outlined, rather broadly, the more important features of the invention in order that the detailed description thereof that follows may be better understood, and in order that the present contribution to the art may be better appreciated. There are, of course, additional features of the invention that will be described hereinafter and which will form the subject matter of the claims appended hereto.
Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the conception, upon which this disclosure is based, may readily be designing of other structures, methods and systems for carrying out the several purposes of the present invention. It is important, therefore, that the claims be regarded as including such equivalent constructions insofar as they do not depart from the spirit and scope of the present invention.
Further, the purpose of the foregoing abstract is to enable the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office and the public generally, and especially the scientists, engineers and practitioners in the art who are not familiar with patent or legal terms or phraseology, to determine quickly from a cursory inspection the nature and essence of the technical disclosure of the application. The abstract is neither intended to define the invention of the application, which is measured by the claims, nor is it intended To be limiting as to the scope of the invention in any way.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a new golf club practice swing weight apparatus and method which has many of the advantages of the prior art listed heretofore and many novel features that result in a apparatus which is not anticipated, rendered obvious, suggested, or even implied by any of the prior art, either alone or in any combination thereof.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a new golf club practice swing weight which may be easily and efficiently manufactured and marketed.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a new golf club practice swing weight which is of a durable and reliable construction.
An even further object of the present invention is to provide a new golf club practice swing weight which is susceptible of a low cost of manufacture with regard to both materials and labor, and which accordingly is then susceptible of low prices of sale to the consuming public, thereby making such golf club apparatus economically available to the buying public.
Still yet another object of the present invention is to provide a new golf club practice swing weight which provides in the apparatuses and methods of the prior art some of the advantages thereof, while simultaneously overcoming some of the disadvantages normally associated therewith.
An even further object of the present invention is to provide a new golf club practice swing weight which comprises a flexible web having a plurality of flexible pouches in which weighted material may be inserted.
Still yet another object of the present invention is to provide a new golf club practice swing weight which comprises a flexible web having a plurality of flexible pouches, and a strap member such that the strap member may engage a ring member mounted between the pouches to secure the flexible member about itself and the shaft of a golf club.
These together with other objects of the invention, along with the various features of novelty which characterize the invention, are pointed out with particularity in the claims annexed to and forming a part of this disclosure. For a better understanding of the invention, its operating advantages and the specific objects attained by its uses, reference should be had to the accompanying drawings and descriptive matter in which there is illustrated preferred embodiments of the invention.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The invention will be better understood and objects other than those set forth above will become apparent when consideration is given to the following detailed description thereof. Such description makes reference to the annexed drawings wherein:
FIG. 1 is a front elevational view of the invention.
FIG. 2 is a cross sectional view, taken along the lines 2--2 of FIG. 1 in the direction indicated by the arrows.
FIG. 3 is a side elevational view of the invention.
FIG. 4 is a further front elevational view of the invention arranged for mounting to a golf club shaft.
FIG. 5 is a front elevational view of a modified pouch construction for use by the invention.
FIG. 6 is a cross sectional view taken along lines 6--6 of FIG. 5.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
With reference now to the drawings, and in particular to FIGS. 1-6 thereof, a new golf club practice swing weight embodying the principles and concepts of the present invention and generally designated by the reference numeral 10 will be descried.
More specifically, the golf club practice swing weight 10 of the instant invention comprises a flexible web 11 having a front wall 12 spaced from a rear wall 13, and a web first end 20 spaced from a web second end 21, and a web first side 23 spaced from a web second side 24. First and second parallel, rectangular pouches 15 and 16 are mounted to the web and extend substantially between the web's first side 23 and the second side 24 in adjacency to respective first and second ends 20 and 21 thereof.
In addition and as shown in FIG. 2, a pair of the pouches 15, 16 may be secured to the web such that the first pair is positioned upon the front wall 12, with the second pair being positioned upon the rear wall 13. Regardless of the number of pouches 15, 16 utilized, the first and second pouches are filled with a granular weight material 19, such as indicated in FIG. 2.
The web 11 should be no bigger than is necessary to extend approximately once around a golf club shaft "G", as illustrated in FIG. 4. Therefore, a golf club having a shaft diameter "D" will result in a maximum web length "L", as shown in FIG. 1, of approximately 3.14159 X "D". Typically, shaft diameters are approximately 10 millimeters in diameter, resulting in a typical length "L" of the web 11 being substantially equal to 31.4159 millimeters.
To permit securement to a golf club shaft "G" when the flexible web 11 is positioned around the shaft structure, as indicated in FIG. 4, a flexible strap 17 is provided. The flexible strap 17 has a strap first end 22 and a strap second end 22a, with the first end 22 being mounted to the second pouch 16 in adjacency to a ring member 14 that in turn is securely mounted intermediate the first and second pouches 15, 16. Extending between the strap first and second ends 22 and 22a is a hook and loop fastener surface 18. To secure the device 10 to the shaft "G", the strap second end 22a may be wrapped around the web 11, threaded through the ring 14, and folded back upon itself, whereupon the strap second end is then allowed to engage the hook and loop fastener surface 18, such as indicated in FIG. 4. In this manner, ease of securement and removal of the organization relative to the golf club shaft is provided.
As best illustrated in FIGS. 5 and 6, modified pouches 29 may be employed which additionally include fill flaps 30 which are releasably secured in a sealing relationship to the pouches 29 by flap hook fasteners 31 and pouch loop fasteners 32. The fill flaps 30 permit the selective replenishment and removal of granular material 19 from within the pouch structure 29 through the pouch aperture 33, as best illustrated in FIG. 6. In addition, when the fill flaps 30 are opened as shown in FIG. 6, the flaps form a substantially V-shaped funnel which allows for the ease of placement of the granular material 19 therein. The modified pouches 29 may be utilized in addition to or in lieu of the first and second pouches 15 and 16.
As to the manner of usage and operation of the instant invention, the same should be apparent from the above disclosure, and accordingly no further discussion relative to the manner of usage and operation of the instant invention shall be provided.
With respect to the above description then, it is to be realized that the optimum dimensional relationships for the parts of the invention, to include variations in size, materials, shape, form, function and manner of operation, assembly and use, are deemed readily apparent and obvious to one skilled in the art, and all equivalent relationships to those illustrated in the drawings and described in the specification are intended to be encompassed by the present invention.
Therefore, the foregoing is considered as illustrative only of the principles of the invention. Further, since numerous modifications and changes will readily occur to those skilled in the art, it is not desired to limit the invention to the exact construction and operation shown and described, and accordingly, all suitable modifications and equivalents may be resorted to, falling within the scope of the invention.
|
A flexible web is arranged to have secured thereto a plurality of flexible pouches, with the web including first and second ends, with a strap member having a hook and loop fastener surface extending along the strap member, with a ring member mounted between the pouches such that the strap member is arranged to loop about the ring member for securement about itself when the flexible web is mounted about a golf club shaft.
|
This abstract summarizes a scientific paper on a new golf club practice swing weight apparatus. The invention addresses the deficiencies in prior art by providing a flexible web structure with pouches for accommodating granular material, allowing for easy mounting around a golf club shaft. The abstract highlights the advantages and novel features of the invention, including its ease of use, manufacturing efficiency, durability, and affordability. The abstract concludes by stating that the invention is not limited to the exact construction and operation described, and all suitable modifications and equivalents fall within the scope of the invention.
|
{
"name": "Irftc",
"display_name": "Faithfulness",
"data": {
"query": "Summarize the context",
"context": "BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION \n 1. Field of the Invention \n The field of invention relates to golf club apparatus, and more particularly pertains to a new golf club practice swing weight wherein the same is arranged for securement about the shaft portion of an associated golf club. \n 2. Description of the Prior Art \n Golf club swing weight structure is indicated in the prior art and exemplified by the U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,647,220; 4,842,280; and 4,045,034. \n The instant invention attempts to overcome deficiencies of the prior art by providing for a flexible web structure arranged for ease of mounting about a golf club shaft, wherein the web structure is arranged for accommodating granular material within associated pouches and in these respects, the present invention substantially fulfills this need. \n SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION \n In view of the disadvantages inherent in the known types of golf club practice swing weights now present in the prior art, the present invention provides a golf club practice swing weight wherein the same is arranged for ease of mounting about a golf club shaft. As such, the general purpose of the present invention, which will be described subsequently in greater detail, is to provide a new golf club practice swing weight apparatus and method which has many of the advantages of the prior art listed heretofore and many novel features that result in a golf club practice swing weight apparatus which is not anticipated, rendered obvious, suggested, or even implied by any of the prior art, either alone or in any combination thereof. \n To attain this, the present invention provides a flexible web arranged to have secured thereto a plurality of flexible pouches, with the web including first and second ends, with a strap member having a hook and loop fastener surface extending along the strap member, with a ring member mounted between the pouches such that the strap member is arranged to loop about the ring member for securement about itself when the flexible web is mounted about a golf club shaft. \n There has thus been outlined, rather broadly, the more important features of the invention in order that the detailed description thereof that follows may be better understood, and in order that the present contribution to the art may be better appreciated. There are, of course, additional features of the invention that will be described hereinafter and which will form the subject matter of the claims appended hereto. \n Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the conception, upon which this disclosure is based, may readily be designing of other structures, methods and systems for carrying out the several purposes of the present invention. It is important, therefore, that the claims be regarded as including such equivalent constructions insofar as they do not depart from the spirit and scope of the present invention. \n Further, the purpose of the foregoing abstract is to enable the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office and the public generally, and especially the scientists, engineers and practitioners in the art who are not familiar with patent or legal terms or phraseology, to determine quickly from a cursory inspection the nature and essence of the technical disclosure of the application. The abstract is neither intended to define the invention of the application, which is measured by the claims, nor is it intended To be limiting as to the scope of the invention in any way. \n It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a new golf club practice swing weight apparatus and method which has many of the advantages of the prior art listed heretofore and many novel features that result in a apparatus which is not anticipated, rendered obvious, suggested, or even implied by any of the prior art, either alone or in any combination thereof. \n It is another object of the present invention to provide a new golf club practice swing weight which may be easily and efficiently manufactured and marketed. \n It is a further object of the present invention to provide a new golf club practice swing weight which is of a durable and reliable construction. \n An even further object of the present invention is to provide a new golf club practice swing weight which is susceptible of a low cost of manufacture with regard to both materials and labor, and which accordingly is then susceptible of low prices of sale to the consuming public, thereby making such golf club apparatus economically available to the buying public. \n Still yet another object of the present invention is to provide a new golf club practice swing weight which provides in the apparatuses and methods of the prior art some of the advantages thereof, while simultaneously overcoming some of the disadvantages normally associated therewith. \n An even further object of the present invention is to provide a new golf club practice swing weight which comprises a flexible web having a plurality of flexible pouches in which weighted material may be inserted. \n Still yet another object of the present invention is to provide a new golf club practice swing weight which comprises a flexible web having a plurality of flexible pouches, and a strap member such that the strap member may engage a ring member mounted between the pouches to secure the flexible member about itself and the shaft of a golf club. \n These together with other objects of the invention, along with the various features of novelty which characterize the invention, are pointed out with particularity in the claims annexed to and forming a part of this disclosure. For a better understanding of the invention, its operating advantages and the specific objects attained by its uses, reference should be had to the accompanying drawings and descriptive matter in which there is illustrated preferred embodiments of the invention. \n \n \n BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS \n The invention will be better understood and objects other than those set forth above will become apparent when consideration is given to the following detailed description thereof. Such description makes reference to the annexed drawings wherein: \n FIG. 1 is a front elevational view of the invention. \n FIG. 2 is a cross sectional view, taken along the lines 2--2 of FIG. 1 in the direction indicated by the arrows. \n FIG. 3 is a side elevational view of the invention. \n FIG. 4 is a further front elevational view of the invention arranged for mounting to a golf club shaft. \n FIG. 5 is a front elevational view of a modified pouch construction for use by the invention. \n FIG. 6 is a cross sectional view taken along lines 6--6 of FIG. 5. \n \n \n DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT \n With reference now to the drawings, and in particular to FIGS. 1-6 thereof, a new golf club practice swing weight embodying the principles and concepts of the present invention and generally designated by the reference numeral 10 will be descried. \n More specifically, the golf club practice swing weight 10 of the instant invention comprises a flexible web 11 having a front wall 12 spaced from a rear wall 13, and a web first end 20 spaced from a web second end 21, and a web first side 23 spaced from a web second side 24. First and second parallel, rectangular pouches 15 and 16 are mounted to the web and extend substantially between the web's first side 23 and the second side 24 in adjacency to respective first and second ends 20 and 21 thereof. \n In addition and as shown in FIG. 2, a pair of the pouches 15, 16 may be secured to the web such that the first pair is positioned upon the front wall 12, with the second pair being positioned upon the rear wall 13. Regardless of the number of pouches 15, 16 utilized, the first and second pouches are filled with a granular weight material 19, such as indicated in FIG. 2. \n The web 11 should be no bigger than is necessary to extend approximately once around a golf club shaft "G", as illustrated in FIG. 4. Therefore, a golf club having a shaft diameter "D" will result in a maximum web length "L", as shown in FIG. 1, of approximately 3.14159 X "D". Typically, shaft diameters are approximately 10 millimeters in diameter, resulting in a typical length "L" of the web 11 being substantially equal to 31.4159 millimeters. \n To permit securement to a golf club shaft "G" when the flexible web 11 is positioned around the shaft structure, as indicated in FIG. 4, a flexible strap 17 is provided. The flexible strap 17 has a strap first end 22 and a strap second end 22a, with the first end 22 being mounted to the second pouch 16 in adjacency to a ring member 14 that in turn is securely mounted intermediate the first and second pouches 15, 16. Extending between the strap first and second ends 22 and 22a is a hook and loop fastener surface 18. To secure the device 10 to the shaft "G", the strap second end 22a may be wrapped around the web 11, threaded through the ring 14, and folded back upon itself, whereupon the strap second end is then allowed to engage the hook and loop fastener surface 18, such as indicated in FIG. 4. In this manner, ease of securement and removal of the organization relative to the golf club shaft is provided. \n As best illustrated in FIGS. 5 and 6, modified pouches 29 may be employed which additionally include fill flaps 30 which are releasably secured in a sealing relationship to the pouches 29 by flap hook fasteners 31 and pouch loop fasteners 32. The fill flaps 30 permit the selective replenishment and removal of granular material 19 from within the pouch structure 29 through the pouch aperture 33, as best illustrated in FIG. 6. In addition, when the fill flaps 30 are opened as shown in FIG. 6, the flaps form a substantially V-shaped funnel which allows for the ease of placement of the granular material 19 therein. The modified pouches 29 may be utilized in addition to or in lieu of the first and second pouches 15 and 16. \n As to the manner of usage and operation of the instant invention, the same should be apparent from the above disclosure, and accordingly no further discussion relative to the manner of usage and operation of the instant invention shall be provided. \n With respect to the above description then, it is to be realized that the optimum dimensional relationships for the parts of the invention, to include variations in size, materials, shape, form, function and manner of operation, assembly and use, are deemed readily apparent and obvious to one skilled in the art, and all equivalent relationships to those illustrated in the drawings and described in the specification are intended to be encompassed by the present invention. \n Therefore, the foregoing is considered as illustrative only of the principles of the invention. Further, since numerous modifications and changes will readily occur to those skilled in the art, it is not desired to limit the invention to the exact construction and operation shown and described, and accordingly, all suitable modifications and equivalents may be resorted to, falling within the scope of the invention.",
"response": "This abstract summarizes a scientific paper on a new golf club practice swing weight apparatus. The invention addresses the deficiencies in prior art by providing a flexible web structure with pouches for accommodating granular material, allowing for easy mounting around a golf club shaft. The abstract highlights the advantages and novel features of the invention, including its ease of use, manufacturing efficiency, durability, and affordability. The abstract concludes by stating that the invention is not limited to the exact construction and operation described, and all suitable modifications and equivalents fall within the scope of the invention."
},
"failure": true,
"reason": "The response cannot be inferred from the provided context. The context is a detailed description of a patent for a golf club practice swing weight, including its background, summary, brief description of the drawings, and detailed description of the preferred embodiment. However, the response simplifies this information into a summary that does not capture all the specific details provided in the context, such as the structure of the web, the pouches, and the method of securement to the golf club shaft. Additionally, the response incorrectly refers to the context as a 'scientific paper' when it is actually a patent description. The context does not state that it is a scientific paper, nor does it provide a conclusion about the invention being not limited to the exact construction and operation described. Therefore, the response includes inaccuracies and omissions that prevent it from being inferred purely from the context.",
"runtime": 13116,
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"metric": {
"id": "failed",
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The response cannot be inferred from the provided context. The context is a detailed description of a patent for a golf club practice swing weight, including its background, summary, brief description of the drawings, and detailed description of the preferred embodiment. However, the response simplifies this information into a summary that does not capture all the specific details provided in the context, such as the structure of the web, the pouches, and the method of securement to the golf club shaft. Additionally, the response incorrectly refers to the context as a 'scientific paper' when it is actually a patent description. The context does not state that it is a scientific paper, nor does it provide a conclusion about the invention being not limited to the exact construction and operation described. Therefore, the response includes inaccuracies and omissions that prevent it from being inferred purely from the context.
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SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
A peanut food product with reduced levels of allergenic protein Ara h1 is produced by initiating the germination process in raw peanuts, holding the peanuts in moist conditions for a period of time, typically something like 48 hours, roasting the peanuts, and then performing an assay for Ara h1 to verify that a reduced level has been achieved.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
FIG. 1 is a flow chart showing an embodiment of the invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Peanuts contain certain proteins which cause allergic reactions in some people. One of these proteins is known as Ara h1. It has been discovered that the amount of Ara h1 in peanuts may be reduced or eliminated by the method disclosed herein. The method comprises two steps. First, raw peanut seeds are put into contact with water and maintained in an environment suitable to cause the germination process and embryo development to be initiated. Then, after about 48 hours, the seeds are gathered and roasted. A suitable time and temperature for this roasting has been found to be 60 minutes in a home-style, non-convection oven at a temperature of 350 F. After the roasting step, the peanuts may then be subjected to an assay for determining the presence of Ara h1 to verify that the resulting product is, indeed, hypoallergenic.
It has been found that both of these steps are required for the hypoallergenic effect to be observed. Peanuts which are roasted without undergoing the germination process retain high levels of Ara h1. Unroasted peanuts which are subjected to germinating conditions even for 48 hours or more also test with high levels of Ara h1. It is only when peanuts are subject to germinating conditions for an effective period of time, and then roasted, that a greatly decreased level of Ara h1 is observed.
The experimental procedure for implementing this invention in the laboratory was as follows. Reference numbers pertain to Drawing FIG. 1 :
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a flow chart showing exemplary steps of the inventive method.
1. Raw (that is, unroasted) peanuts 101 , without shells, but with the brown paper skin intact, were obtained from Whole Foods, a Seattle-area grocery vendor. 2. The nuts were surface sterilized 102 by soaking in a 10% solution of Clorox bleach for 15 minutes. 3. The nuts were then double rinsed with sterile water, and then moistened by soaking in sterile water for 6 hours. 4. A sterile paper towel moistened with sterile water was then placed in a glass tray, the nuts were layered atop the towel, and a similar covering towel was placed on top. The towels and nuts were formed into a roll, enclosed in a layer of plastic films to retain moisture, and kept in sterile conditions at room temperature (22 C) for given lengths of time. This step initiated the germination process of the seeds. A length of time 103 of about 48 hours was found effective. 5. The nuts were then taken from the towel roll and subjected to heat treatment, roasting 104 , and then assay 105 , so that the results of roasting could be determined.
The foregoing experimental procedure may be varied in numerous ways to accomplish the same results.
Since different strains and varieties of peanuts may have mutations in the gene for Ara h1, various mutant forms of this protein may theoretically exist from variety to variety. That is why it is important to verify the end result of the inventive process with an Ara h1 assay. The exact variety and source of peanuts for input into this inventive process is a results-effective variable ultimately determined by the final Ara h1 assay.
The sterilization steps are not necessarily required to implement the invention, but they are good sanitary practice to prevent spoilage organisms such as mold from forming upon the nuts during germination. Paper towels are not essential, but rather just an example of one means for contacting the nuts with moisture with a view toward initiating and sustaining the seed germination process.
The length of time the germination process should be permitted to continue until the heating step such as roasting is initiated was found to be about 48 hours in the experimental setup, but this could be either a longer or shorter time depending upon process requirements, the individual qualities of the seed stock input, such as seed age, genetics, initial moisture contents, fat content, overall seed quality and health, and other factors. The actual time required for a commercial process is a results-effective variable that is ultimately determined by the results of an Ara h1 assay as a final step in the method. In the experiments conducted, a sandwich ELISA assay was used comprising polyclonal antibodies responsive to Ara h1, HRP enzyme, and TMB as the HRP substrate. It was found that the amount of Ara H1 upon 24 hour soaking/germination process completion was about 50% of that observed in the nuts at hour 0. After 48 hours of soaking/germination, the level of Ara h1 observed was very low, and further decreases were not observed with samples that were subjected to longer periods of germination/soaking.
The result of these processing steps may be used in the normal manner as a food product to be used as any other roasted peanut product, for example as a food topping, material for peanut butter production, etc.
It is believed that allergenic proteins other than Ara h1 will be degraded in a similar manner by the process of germination and roasting described herein.
|
A peanut food product with reduced levels of allergenic protein Ala h1 is produced by initiating the germination process in raw peanuts, holding the peanuts in moist conditions for a period of time, typically something like 48 hours, roasting the peanuts, and then performing an assay for Ala h1 to verify that a reduced level has been achieved.
|
This abstract summarizes a method for producing a peanut food product with reduced levels of the allergenic protein Ara h1. The process involves initiating germination in raw peanuts, holding them in moist conditions for 48 hours, roasting them, and performing an assay to verify reduced levels of Ara h1. The abstract also mentions the experimental procedure used to implement the method and highlights the importance of verifying the results with an Ara h1 assay. The abstract concludes by suggesting that other allergenic proteins may be degraded in a similar manner through this process.
|
{
"name": "Irftc",
"display_name": "Faithfulness",
"data": {
"query": "Summarize the context",
"context": "SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION \n A peanut food product with reduced levels of allergenic protein Ara h1 is produced by initiating the germination process in raw peanuts, holding the peanuts in moist conditions for a period of time, typically something like 48 hours, roasting the peanuts, and then performing an assay for Ara h1 to verify that a reduced level has been achieved. \n \n \n \n DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING \n FIG. 1 is a flow chart showing an embodiment of the invention. \n \n \n \n DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION \n Peanuts contain certain proteins which cause allergic reactions in some people. One of these proteins is known as Ara h1. It has been discovered that the amount of Ara h1 in peanuts may be reduced or eliminated by the method disclosed herein. The method comprises two steps. First, raw peanut seeds are put into contact with water and maintained in an environment suitable to cause the germination process and embryo development to be initiated. Then, after about 48 hours, the seeds are gathered and roasted. A suitable time and temperature for this roasting has been found to be 60 minutes in a home-style, non-convection oven at a temperature of 350 F. After the roasting step, the peanuts may then be subjected to an assay for determining the presence of Ara h1 to verify that the resulting product is, indeed, hypoallergenic. \n It has been found that both of these steps are required for the hypoallergenic effect to be observed. Peanuts which are roasted without undergoing the germination process retain high levels of Ara h1. Unroasted peanuts which are subjected to germinating conditions even for 48 hours or more also test with high levels of Ara h1. It is only when peanuts are subject to germinating conditions for an effective period of time, and then roasted, that a greatly decreased level of Ara h1 is observed. \n The experimental procedure for implementing this invention in the laboratory was as follows. Reference numbers pertain to Drawing FIG. 1 : \n BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS \n FIG. 1 is a flow chart showing exemplary steps of the inventive method.\n 1. Raw (that is, unroasted) peanuts 101 , without shells, but with the brown paper skin intact, were obtained from Whole Foods, a Seattle-area grocery vendor. 2. The nuts were surface sterilized 102 by soaking in a 10% solution of Clorox bleach for 15 minutes. 3. The nuts were then double rinsed with sterile water, and then moistened by soaking in sterile water for 6 hours. 4. A sterile paper towel moistened with sterile water was then placed in a glass tray, the nuts were layered atop the towel, and a similar covering towel was placed on top. The towels and nuts were formed into a roll, enclosed in a layer of plastic films to retain moisture, and kept in sterile conditions at room temperature (22 C) for given lengths of time. This step initiated the germination process of the seeds. A length of time 103 of about 48 hours was found effective. 5. The nuts were then taken from the towel roll and subjected to heat treatment, roasting 104 , and then assay 105 , so that the results of roasting could be determined. \n\n The foregoing experimental procedure may be varied in numerous ways to accomplish the same results. \n Since different strains and varieties of peanuts may have mutations in the gene for Ara h1, various mutant forms of this protein may theoretically exist from variety to variety. That is why it is important to verify the end result of the inventive process with an Ara h1 assay. The exact variety and source of peanuts for input into this inventive process is a results-effective variable ultimately determined by the final Ara h1 assay. \n The sterilization steps are not necessarily required to implement the invention, but they are good sanitary practice to prevent spoilage organisms such as mold from forming upon the nuts during germination. Paper towels are not essential, but rather just an example of one means for contacting the nuts with moisture with a view toward initiating and sustaining the seed germination process. \n The length of time the germination process should be permitted to continue until the heating step such as roasting is initiated was found to be about 48 hours in the experimental setup, but this could be either a longer or shorter time depending upon process requirements, the individual qualities of the seed stock input, such as seed age, genetics, initial moisture contents, fat content, overall seed quality and health, and other factors. The actual time required for a commercial process is a results-effective variable that is ultimately determined by the results of an Ara h1 assay as a final step in the method. In the experiments conducted, a sandwich ELISA assay was used comprising polyclonal antibodies responsive to Ara h1, HRP enzyme, and TMB as the HRP substrate. It was found that the amount of Ara H1 upon 24 hour soaking/germination process completion was about 50% of that observed in the nuts at hour 0. After 48 hours of soaking/germination, the level of Ara h1 observed was very low, and further decreases were not observed with samples that were subjected to longer periods of germination/soaking. \n The result of these processing steps may be used in the normal manner as a food product to be used as any other roasted peanut product, for example as a food topping, material for peanut butter production, etc. \n It is believed that allergenic proteins other than Ara h1 will be degraded in a similar manner by the process of germination and roasting described herein.",
"response": "This abstract summarizes a method for producing a peanut food product with reduced levels of the allergenic protein Ara h1. The process involves initiating germination in raw peanuts, holding them in moist conditions for 48 hours, roasting them, and performing an assay to verify reduced levels of Ara h1. The abstract also mentions the experimental procedure used to implement the method and highlights the importance of verifying the results with an Ara h1 assay. The abstract concludes by suggesting that other allergenic proteins may be degraded in a similar manner through this process."
},
"failure": false,
"reason": "The response can be inferred using ONLY the information provided in the context. The context provides a detailed description of the method for reducing levels of the allergenic protein Ara h1 in peanuts, which includes initiating germination, holding the peanuts in moist conditions for about 48 hours, roasting them, and performing an assay to verify reduced levels of Ara h1. The response accurately summarizes these steps and also correctly mentions the experimental procedure and the importance of the Ara h1 assay, which are all discussed in the context. Additionally, the response correctly concludes with the suggestion that other allergenic proteins may be degraded similarly, which is also mentioned in the context.",
"runtime": 14972,
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"id": "failed",
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The response can be inferred using ONLY the information provided in the context. The context provides a detailed description of the method for reducing levels of the allergenic protein Ara h1 in peanuts, which includes initiating germination, holding the peanuts in moist conditions for about 48 hours, roasting them, and performing an assay to verify reduced levels of Ara h1. The response accurately summarizes these steps and also correctly mentions the experimental procedure and the importance of the Ara h1 assay, which are all discussed in the context. Additionally, the response correctly concludes with the suggestion that other allergenic proteins may be degraded similarly, which is also mentioned in the context.
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PRIORITY CLAIM
This application claims priority to and the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/221,394 filed on Jun. 29, 2009.
BACKGROUND
The present invention relates generally to exercise equipment, and more particularly to a portable exercise device that can be used in different locations for physical fitness and physical therapy.
Regular exercise is vital to a person's physical fitness and can help protect a person from heart disease, stroke, and other health maladies such as high blood pressure, noninsulin-dependent diabetes, obesity, back pain and osteoporosis. Exercise also can improve a person's mood, help to manage stress and help a person recover from an injury through physical therapy.
Many people exercise at gyms having exercise equipment such as treadmills, exercise bikes and machines. Other people purchase their own exercise equipment for exercising at home.
Exercising becomes difficult and expensive for people who travel, however, because many hotels do not have exercise rooms or the exercise rooms have limited equipment. Furthermore, many travelers have to pay to use a local gym, which can be expensive if they are staying at a particular location for an extended period of time. Also, smaller towns do not tend to have gyms and therefore travelers are forced to drive a long distance to a gym, which is inconvenient, or not exercise at all.
Additionally, conventional exercise equipment used for step-up and step-down progressions, push-up progressions, stable single leg training exercises and progressive sit to stand exercises is typically large, bulky and difficult to use for physically unstable persons, persons with disabilities and persons rehabbing injuries. Furthermore, such equipment is not readily portable between locations.
SUMMARY
The present portable exercise device provides a single, portable device for use in physical fitness and physical therapy that allows a user to perform several exercises at varying levels of difficulty in different locations.
More specifically, a portable exercise device is provided that includes a support structure and a pair of opposing handrails pivotably connected to the support structure. The handrails are movable between a storage position and a use position. A platform is selectively positionable on the handrails for adjusting a vertical position of the platform relative to the handrails.
In another embodiment, a portable exercise device is provided that includes a foldable support structure, a pair of opposing handrails connected to the support structure and a platform selectively positionable on the handrails for adjusting a vertical position of the platform relative to the handrails. The handrails are movable between a use position, wherein the handrails are substantially transverse to the support structure, and a storage position, wherein support structure is folded enabling the handrails to be moved inwardly until the handrails are adjacent to each other.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a front perspective view of an embodiment of the present portable exercise device;
FIG. 2 is a front perspective view of the embodiment of FIG. 1 with the platform removed and the support is cross-braced with horizontal straps and a diagonal strap;
FIG. 3 is a front perspective view of another embodiment of the present portable exercise device with the platform removed and the support has a bi-fold structure;
FIG. 4 is a fragmentary exploded perspective view of a removable arm pad and one of the supports of the present portable exercise device of FIG. 1 or 3 ;
FIG. 5 is an exploded perspective view of the removable arm pad of FIG. 4 ;
FIG. 6 is a perspective view of the embodiment of FIG. 3 shown in a compact, folded state;
FIG. 7 is a front view of another embodiment of the support structure for the present exercise device;
FIG. 8 is a front perspective view of the support structure of FIG. 7 ; and
FIG. 9 is a front perspective view of the present exercise device including the support structure of FIG. 7 .
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Referring to FIGS. 1-9 , the present exercise device generally provides a single portable device for use in physical fitness and physical therapy that allows the user to perform several exercises at varying levels of difficulty in different locations.
The present exercise device includes a support structure 1 , right and left handrails 2 a , 2 b , an array of attachment ports or socks 8 - 31 and a removable platform including platform feet 32 . The exercise device may optionally include a platform cover.
Referring now to FIGS. 1 and 2 , the support structure 1 includes two horizontal straps 3 a and one diagonal strap 3 b that are welded together. In another embodiment shown in FIG. 3 , the support structure 1 has a bi-fold back panel 3 c . The material used to build the support structure 1 is preferably metal but the support structure can be made with any suitable material such as metal, wood, plastic, synthetic materials, or other material of suitable strength.
The left handrail 2 b and the right handrail 2 a are each generally arch-shaped and have a flat top surface. In a preferred embodiment, the handrails 2 a , 2 b are each approximately 42 inches in height and 20 inches in width. It should be appreciated that the handrails may be any suitable height and width. The handrails 2 a , 2 b , are connected to the support structure 1 using a means that will allow them to pivot or swing in and out like cabinet doors from a storage position where the handrails are pivoted inwardly against the support structure, and a use position where the handrails are transverse to the support structure ( FIG. 1 ). The means can be the hinges 4 , 5 , 6 and 7 which, in a preferred embodiment, are traditional door hinges or any suitable types of hinges. The parts of the handrails 2 a , 2 b can be made of materials that are for example metal, plastic, wood, or synthetic material, but are not limited such materials and may be any suitable material or combination of materials.
There are at least two vertical sections of each of the handrails 2 a , 2 b and each vertical section has six receptors, attachment socks or ports 8 - 31 . These attachment socks are located on an inner or interior surface of the vertical sections of the handrail at intervals of approximately every six inches starting from the floor and going up to the top where the vertical section curves. These socks 8 - 31 can have the form of slots, keyholes, or any aperture that has the capability to support the platform 32 and the weight of a human being.
Referring to FIG. 1 , the platform 32 is preferably a rectangular shaped piece of metal, wood, plastic, or any suitable synthetic material that is made to fit tightly between the four vertical sections of the handrails 2 a , 2 b . The platform 32 has feet 40 which can be, but are not limited to, hooks or posts. The feet 40 can be located anywhere on each of the four corners of the platform 32 . The platform 32 can also have a cover 42 ( FIG. 5 ) for the comfort of the user or to prevent slipping. The platform cover 42 can be made of any suitable material and is preferably made of plastic, rubber, gel, cloth, or a synthetic material.
The assembled device is designed to open up wide enough to attach and remove the platform 32 , and to connect and disconnect the platform posts or feet 40 to or from the attachment ports 8 - 31 at various points, in order to accommodate a person standing between the handrails 2 a , 2 b . The ability to adjust the height of the platform 32 or to remove it completely makes it possible to do multiple exercises with varying degrees of difficulty. As shown in FIG. 6 , with the platform 32 removed, and the exercise device no longer in use, the handrails 2 a , 2 b can close in on the bi-fold panel 3 c due to the hinges 4 , 5 , 6 , and 7 attached to all three parts, thus allowing for easy storage.
The bi-fold panel 3 c can be made of one solid sheet of metal, wood, or synthetic material, or combinations thereof. It could also be formed of two sheets of metal with hinges down the center ( FIG. 3 ). Alternatively, some formation of braces and straps 3 a , 3 b could be used to allow the support structure 1 to fold ( FIGS. 1-2 ).
The handrails 2 a , 2 b can be made of solid metal or can be formed of metal tubing that is bent into the correct shape. The metal tubing can be drilled to make keyholes or slots in the vertical sections of the handrails 2 a , 2 b to make the attachment ports 8 - 31 . Alternatively, a manufacturer could weld short pieces of metal tubing at each location for the attachment ports.
The platform 32 could be as simple as a plank of wood with hooks or nails to serve as the platform feet 42 . In an alternative embodiment, the platform 32 is made by bending square metal tubing into a rectangle having supporting cross braces of the same material. A thin sheet of metal is then welded over the tubing structure to create the platform 32 . Welding on metal hooks, pins or sections of a smaller diameter metal tube makes platform posts or feet on such a metal construction.
Referring to FIGS. 4 and 5 , the exercise device also includes an arm pad 38 and armrest 39 that are bolted on to the horizontal top bar of the handrails 2 a , 2 b for a user to grasp and support or stabilize themselves while using the device. Specifically, the arm pad 38 is positioned on a plate or board 44 , which is positioned on the armrest 39 . The arm pad 38 includes holes (not shown) that are aligned with holes 46 on the board 44 and holes 48 on the armrest 39 . Fasteners such as threaded bolts 50 are inserted respectively through the holes in the arm pad 38 , the holes 46 in the board 44 and the holes 48 in the armrest 39 and then through holes 45 defined on the top surface of the handrails 2 a and 2 b to secure an arm pad 38 and an armrest 39 to at least one and preferably both of the handrails. The bolts 50 are secured in place by washers 52 and wing nuts 54 . A grip 56 may optionally be secured to the armrest 39 to provide comfort for a user. The arm pad 38 substantially increases the functionality of the device.
Referring to FIGS. 7-9 , another embodiment of the present exercise device is shown and includes support structure 1 ′ having two generally square support posts 58 joined together by a horizontal beam 60 and angled gussets or cross beams 62 that are each connected to one of the posts and extend downwardly to a central portion of the horizontal beam. The ends of the horizontal beam 60 are welded to the posts 58 . Similarly, one end of each of the gussets 62 is respectively welded to the posts 58 and the opposing ends are welded to the horizontal beam 60 as shown in FIG. 8 . It should be appreciated that the posts 58 , the horizontal beam 60 and the gussets 62 may be connected together by fasteners or any suitable connectors or connection methods. It should also be appreciated that the posts 58 , the horizontal beam 60 and the gussets 62 are made of metal but may also be made with a composite material or any other suitable material or combination of materials.
At least one, and preferably two spaced collars 64 are connected to and extend laterally from a same side of the posts 58 as shown in FIGS. 7 and 8 . Each of the collars 64 defines a throughole configured to receive an end of one of the handrails 2 a , 2 b such that the end of one of the handrails slides through both collars aligned on one side of the support structure 1 ′ (see FIG. 9 ). After insertion of the handrails 2 a , 2 b through the collars 64 , the rear sides of the handrails are each positioned adjacent to and in front of the posts 58 . The inner diameter of the collars 64 is generally larger than an outer diameter of the handrails 2 a , 2 b so that the handrails can be rotated from a storage position adjacent to the support structure 1 ′ to a use position ( FIG. 9 ) transverse to the support structure or further outwardly if needed.
In the illustrated embodiment, one or more grips 68 may be attached to the handrails 2 a , 2 b to provide comfort to a user's hands during use and to help prevent a user's hands from slipping on the handrails. The grips 68 may be out of rubber or any suitable non-slip material.
The bottom ends of each of the handrails 2 a , 2 b include at least one foot 66 for stabilizing the exercise device on the underlying support surface. Each foot is made out of rubber or other suitable non-slip, durable material. As shown in FIG. 9 , an additional L-shaped foot support 70 is movably connected to each of the handrails 2 a , 2 b to provide extra stability and support to the exercise device. The foot supports 70 are movable between a storage position adjacent to the support structure 1 ′ and a use position that is generally transverse to the support structure (see FIG. 9 ). It should be appreciated that the foot supports 70 may be moved to any suitable position or positions relative to the support structure. Each of the foot supports 70 include at least one foot 66 .
The present exercise device provides a compact, portable device that allows a user to do a full body workout. There is currently known to be available no single, portable exercise device that allows a person of any fitness level to do a variety of assisted and unassisted push-ups, step-ups and jump-ups, dips, squats, and lunges at various selected levels of difficulty. The arm pad and armrest 38 , 39 provides convenience and comfort in those exercises which require the user to support part of his body weight with their arms.
While a particular embodiment of the present portable exercise device has been described herein, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that changes and modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the following claims.
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A portable exercise device including a support structure and a pair of opposing handrails pivotably connected to the support structure. The handrails are movable between a storage position and a use position. A platform is selectively positionable on the handrails for adjusting a vertical position of the platform relative to the handrails.
|
This abstract introduces a portable exercise device that can be used for physical fitness and physical therapy in various locations. The device includes a support structure, handrails that can be moved between storage and use positions, and a platform that can be adjusted vertically. The device is designed to be compact and portable, allowing users to perform multiple exercises at different difficulty levels. The abstract also mentions additional features such as arm pads and armrests for added convenience and comfort. Overall, this portable exercise device provides a versatile solution for individuals seeking to maintain an active lifestyle while on the go.
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"query": "Summarize the context",
"context": "PRIORITY CLAIM \n This application claims priority to and the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/221,394 filed on Jun. 29, 2009. \n \n \n BACKGROUND \n The present invention relates generally to exercise equipment, and more particularly to a portable exercise device that can be used in different locations for physical fitness and physical therapy. \n Regular exercise is vital to a person's physical fitness and can help protect a person from heart disease, stroke, and other health maladies such as high blood pressure, noninsulin-dependent diabetes, obesity, back pain and osteoporosis. Exercise also can improve a person's mood, help to manage stress and help a person recover from an injury through physical therapy. \n Many people exercise at gyms having exercise equipment such as treadmills, exercise bikes and machines. Other people purchase their own exercise equipment for exercising at home. \n Exercising becomes difficult and expensive for people who travel, however, because many hotels do not have exercise rooms or the exercise rooms have limited equipment. Furthermore, many travelers have to pay to use a local gym, which can be expensive if they are staying at a particular location for an extended period of time. Also, smaller towns do not tend to have gyms and therefore travelers are forced to drive a long distance to a gym, which is inconvenient, or not exercise at all. \n Additionally, conventional exercise equipment used for step-up and step-down progressions, push-up progressions, stable single leg training exercises and progressive sit to stand exercises is typically large, bulky and difficult to use for physically unstable persons, persons with disabilities and persons rehabbing injuries. Furthermore, such equipment is not readily portable between locations. \n SUMMARY \n The present portable exercise device provides a single, portable device for use in physical fitness and physical therapy that allows a user to perform several exercises at varying levels of difficulty in different locations. \n More specifically, a portable exercise device is provided that includes a support structure and a pair of opposing handrails pivotably connected to the support structure. The handrails are movable between a storage position and a use position. A platform is selectively positionable on the handrails for adjusting a vertical position of the platform relative to the handrails. \n In another embodiment, a portable exercise device is provided that includes a foldable support structure, a pair of opposing handrails connected to the support structure and a platform selectively positionable on the handrails for adjusting a vertical position of the platform relative to the handrails. The handrails are movable between a use position, wherein the handrails are substantially transverse to the support structure, and a storage position, wherein support structure is folded enabling the handrails to be moved inwardly until the handrails are adjacent to each other. \n \n \n \n BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS \n FIG. 1 is a front perspective view of an embodiment of the present portable exercise device; \n FIG. 2 is a front perspective view of the embodiment of FIG. 1 with the platform removed and the support is cross-braced with horizontal straps and a diagonal strap; \n FIG. 3 is a front perspective view of another embodiment of the present portable exercise device with the platform removed and the support has a bi-fold structure; \n FIG. 4 is a fragmentary exploded perspective view of a removable arm pad and one of the supports of the present portable exercise device of FIG. 1 or 3 ; \n FIG. 5 is an exploded perspective view of the removable arm pad of FIG. 4 ; \n FIG. 6 is a perspective view of the embodiment of FIG. 3 shown in a compact, folded state; \n FIG. 7 is a front view of another embodiment of the support structure for the present exercise device; \n FIG. 8 is a front perspective view of the support structure of FIG. 7 ; and \n FIG. 9 is a front perspective view of the present exercise device including the support structure of FIG. 7 . \n \n \n \n DETAILED DESCRIPTION \n Referring to FIGS. 1-9 , the present exercise device generally provides a single portable device for use in physical fitness and physical therapy that allows the user to perform several exercises at varying levels of difficulty in different locations. \n The present exercise device includes a support structure 1 , right and left handrails 2 a , 2 b , an array of attachment ports or socks 8 - 31 and a removable platform including platform feet 32 . The exercise device may optionally include a platform cover. \n Referring now to FIGS. 1 and 2 , the support structure 1 includes two horizontal straps 3 a and one diagonal strap 3 b that are welded together. In another embodiment shown in FIG. 3 , the support structure 1 has a bi-fold back panel 3 c . The material used to build the support structure 1 is preferably metal but the support structure can be made with any suitable material such as metal, wood, plastic, synthetic materials, or other material of suitable strength. \n The left handrail 2 b and the right handrail 2 a are each generally arch-shaped and have a flat top surface. In a preferred embodiment, the handrails 2 a , 2 b are each approximately 42 inches in height and 20 inches in width. It should be appreciated that the handrails may be any suitable height and width. The handrails 2 a , 2 b , are connected to the support structure 1 using a means that will allow them to pivot or swing in and out like cabinet doors from a storage position where the handrails are pivoted inwardly against the support structure, and a use position where the handrails are transverse to the support structure ( FIG. 1 ). The means can be the hinges 4 , 5 , 6 and 7 which, in a preferred embodiment, are traditional door hinges or any suitable types of hinges. The parts of the handrails 2 a , 2 b can be made of materials that are for example metal, plastic, wood, or synthetic material, but are not limited such materials and may be any suitable material or combination of materials. \n There are at least two vertical sections of each of the handrails 2 a , 2 b and each vertical section has six receptors, attachment socks or ports 8 - 31 . These attachment socks are located on an inner or interior surface of the vertical sections of the handrail at intervals of approximately every six inches starting from the floor and going up to the top where the vertical section curves. These socks 8 - 31 can have the form of slots, keyholes, or any aperture that has the capability to support the platform 32 and the weight of a human being. \n Referring to FIG. 1 , the platform 32 is preferably a rectangular shaped piece of metal, wood, plastic, or any suitable synthetic material that is made to fit tightly between the four vertical sections of the handrails 2 a , 2 b . The platform 32 has feet 40 which can be, but are not limited to, hooks or posts. The feet 40 can be located anywhere on each of the four corners of the platform 32 . The platform 32 can also have a cover 42 ( FIG. 5 ) for the comfort of the user or to prevent slipping. The platform cover 42 can be made of any suitable material and is preferably made of plastic, rubber, gel, cloth, or a synthetic material. \n The assembled device is designed to open up wide enough to attach and remove the platform 32 , and to connect and disconnect the platform posts or feet 40 to or from the attachment ports 8 - 31 at various points, in order to accommodate a person standing between the handrails 2 a , 2 b . The ability to adjust the height of the platform 32 or to remove it completely makes it possible to do multiple exercises with varying degrees of difficulty. As shown in FIG. 6 , with the platform 32 removed, and the exercise device no longer in use, the handrails 2 a , 2 b can close in on the bi-fold panel 3 c due to the hinges 4 , 5 , 6 , and 7 attached to all three parts, thus allowing for easy storage. \n The bi-fold panel 3 c can be made of one solid sheet of metal, wood, or synthetic material, or combinations thereof. It could also be formed of two sheets of metal with hinges down the center ( FIG. 3 ). Alternatively, some formation of braces and straps 3 a , 3 b could be used to allow the support structure 1 to fold ( FIGS. 1-2 ). \n The handrails 2 a , 2 b can be made of solid metal or can be formed of metal tubing that is bent into the correct shape. The metal tubing can be drilled to make keyholes or slots in the vertical sections of the handrails 2 a , 2 b to make the attachment ports 8 - 31 . Alternatively, a manufacturer could weld short pieces of metal tubing at each location for the attachment ports. \n The platform 32 could be as simple as a plank of wood with hooks or nails to serve as the platform feet 42 . In an alternative embodiment, the platform 32 is made by bending square metal tubing into a rectangle having supporting cross braces of the same material. A thin sheet of metal is then welded over the tubing structure to create the platform 32 . Welding on metal hooks, pins or sections of a smaller diameter metal tube makes platform posts or feet on such a metal construction. \n Referring to FIGS. 4 and 5 , the exercise device also includes an arm pad 38 and armrest 39 that are bolted on to the horizontal top bar of the handrails 2 a , 2 b for a user to grasp and support or stabilize themselves while using the device. Specifically, the arm pad 38 is positioned on a plate or board 44 , which is positioned on the armrest 39 . The arm pad 38 includes holes (not shown) that are aligned with holes 46 on the board 44 and holes 48 on the armrest 39 . Fasteners such as threaded bolts 50 are inserted respectively through the holes in the arm pad 38 , the holes 46 in the board 44 and the holes 48 in the armrest 39 and then through holes 45 defined on the top surface of the handrails 2 a and 2 b to secure an arm pad 38 and an armrest 39 to at least one and preferably both of the handrails. The bolts 50 are secured in place by washers 52 and wing nuts 54 . A grip 56 may optionally be secured to the armrest 39 to provide comfort for a user. The arm pad 38 substantially increases the functionality of the device. \n Referring to FIGS. 7-9 , another embodiment of the present exercise device is shown and includes support structure 1 ′ having two generally square support posts 58 joined together by a horizontal beam 60 and angled gussets or cross beams 62 that are each connected to one of the posts and extend downwardly to a central portion of the horizontal beam. The ends of the horizontal beam 60 are welded to the posts 58 . Similarly, one end of each of the gussets 62 is respectively welded to the posts 58 and the opposing ends are welded to the horizontal beam 60 as shown in FIG. 8 . It should be appreciated that the posts 58 , the horizontal beam 60 and the gussets 62 may be connected together by fasteners or any suitable connectors or connection methods. It should also be appreciated that the posts 58 , the horizontal beam 60 and the gussets 62 are made of metal but may also be made with a composite material or any other suitable material or combination of materials. \n At least one, and preferably two spaced collars 64 are connected to and extend laterally from a same side of the posts 58 as shown in FIGS. 7 and 8 . Each of the collars 64 defines a throughole configured to receive an end of one of the handrails 2 a , 2 b such that the end of one of the handrails slides through both collars aligned on one side of the support structure 1 ′ (see FIG. 9 ). After insertion of the handrails 2 a , 2 b through the collars 64 , the rear sides of the handrails are each positioned adjacent to and in front of the posts 58 . The inner diameter of the collars 64 is generally larger than an outer diameter of the handrails 2 a , 2 b so that the handrails can be rotated from a storage position adjacent to the support structure 1 ′ to a use position ( FIG. 9 ) transverse to the support structure or further outwardly if needed. \n In the illustrated embodiment, one or more grips 68 may be attached to the handrails 2 a , 2 b to provide comfort to a user's hands during use and to help prevent a user's hands from slipping on the handrails. The grips 68 may be out of rubber or any suitable non-slip material. \n The bottom ends of each of the handrails 2 a , 2 b include at least one foot 66 for stabilizing the exercise device on the underlying support surface. Each foot is made out of rubber or other suitable non-slip, durable material. As shown in FIG. 9 , an additional L-shaped foot support 70 is movably connected to each of the handrails 2 a , 2 b to provide extra stability and support to the exercise device. The foot supports 70 are movable between a storage position adjacent to the support structure 1 ′ and a use position that is generally transverse to the support structure (see FIG. 9 ). It should be appreciated that the foot supports 70 may be moved to any suitable position or positions relative to the support structure. Each of the foot supports 70 include at least one foot 66 . \n The present exercise device provides a compact, portable device that allows a user to do a full body workout. There is currently known to be available no single, portable exercise device that allows a person of any fitness level to do a variety of assisted and unassisted push-ups, step-ups and jump-ups, dips, squats, and lunges at various selected levels of difficulty. The arm pad and armrest 38 , 39 provides convenience and comfort in those exercises which require the user to support part of his body weight with their arms. \n While a particular embodiment of the present portable exercise device has been described herein, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that changes and modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the following claims.",
"response": "This abstract introduces a portable exercise device that can be used for physical fitness and physical therapy in various locations. The device includes a support structure, handrails that can be moved between storage and use positions, and a platform that can be adjusted vertically. The device is designed to be compact and portable, allowing users to perform multiple exercises at different difficulty levels. The abstract also mentions additional features such as arm pads and armrests for added convenience and comfort. Overall, this portable exercise device provides a versatile solution for individuals seeking to maintain an active lifestyle while on the go."
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The response accurately summarizes the context provided, which describes a portable exercise device with various features such as a support structure, handrails, and an adjustable platform. The response captures the essence of the invention's portability, versatility, and its suitability for physical fitness and therapy in different locations. It also correctly identifies additional features like arm pads and armrests for user convenience and comfort. The response does not introduce any information that is not present in the context, and it remains faithful to the details provided in the context about the invention's design and functionality.
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CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a continuation application of co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/732,834, filed 8 Jun. 2015, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/815,286, filed 16 Feb. 2013, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,078,906, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/634,174, filed 24 Feb. 2012, each of which is incorporated herein as though fully set forth.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Technical Field
[0002] The invention relates to use of crustacean hemolymph (particularly but not exclusively from lobster), or active extracts thereof or compounds therewith, to impact mammalian immune systems through topical treatments of viral and neoplastic skin lesions and wound healing.
[0003] In the Homarus americanus circulatory system the heart is a single-chambered sac consisting of striated muscles with several openings called ostia. It is suspended in and surrounded by a blood sinus called the pericardium which lies directly above the pyloric stomach on the dorsal (upper) surface of the animal, just under the carapace. Invertebrates have a dorsally positioned circulatory system and a ventral nerve cord, whereas vertebrates have a ventrally located circulatory system and a dorsal nervous system. The blood, or hemolymph, passes from the pericardium, through the ostia, and into the heart. At the beginning of a contraction, the ostia close (via ostial flaps), the intracardial pressure increases, which opens the cardioarterial valves so that the heart can empty. Blood is pushed into the major arteries, most of which are directed forward to supply sensory organs and vital systems. Arteries also run toward the abdomen, both ventrally and dorsally, to supply blood to the pereiopods, ventral nerves, gut, and abdominal muscles. From these arteries the blood enters sinuses, or blood cavities. These sinuses bathe the various organs. No veins are present to return the blood to the heart. Instead, blood returns to the heart via interconnecting spaces known as venous sinuses which open back into the pericardium. Because of this architecture, the lobster's circulatory system is known as an “open” system. After contraction, the heart muscle relaxes, intracardiac pressure drops, the cardioarterial valves close, the heart is distended by action of the ligaments, the ostia open, and the hemolymph enters from the pericardium. (Lobster Conservancy, 2004)
[0004] Hemolymph in arthropods is composed of water, inorganic salts (mostly Na + , Cl − , K + , Mg 2+ , and Ca 2+ ), and organic compounds (mostly carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids). Hemocytes are free-floating cells within the hemolymph. They play a role in the arthropod immune system, which resides in the hemolymph.
[0005] Lobster hemolymph contains metalloproteins (proteins that include a metallic ion), most notably the oxygen-carrying hemocyanin (similar to human hemoglobin, but containing copper rather than iron). Hemocyanins are chromoprotein and account for more than 90% of all the crustacean hemolymph protein. Hemocyanins occur as hexamers composed of six heterogeneous monomeric subunits. Each subunit holds an active site of two coppers, with only one corresponding oxygen molecule. Recent studies show hemocyanins provide important immune functions in crustaceans. (Pan, 2008.)
[0006] Hemolymph from mollusk and arthropods has been shown to have antiviral properties. It is not known how the hemolymph interacts with tissue to produce this effect. However, it is known that the immune system of arthropods resides in the hemolymph and the hemocytes within the hemolymph play a role, which may be part of the explanation. Immune systems protect organisms from foreign substances, also known as non-self materials, including pathogens.
[0007] Unlike vertebrates, invertebrates such as crustaceans do not have immune memory or adaptive immunity; rather they rely on innate or natural immune responses. Innate immune systems are “phylogenetically a more ancient defense mechanism and can be found in all multicellular organisms. This system is the first line of defense that helps to limit infection at an early stage, and relies on germ line encoded receptors that recognizes conserved molecular patterns present on microorganisms.” (Young, 2002.) According to Soderhall, one such innate reaction in crustaceans is “the clotting process, which is very efficient and rapid and consists of a clotting protein [belonging to the vitellogenin superfamily of proteins] present in plasma and a transglutaminase in the blood cells.” (Soderhall, 1999.)
[0008] Crustacean hemocytes play an important role in immune reactions, and “are capable of phagocytosis, encapsulation, nodule formation, and mediation of cytotoxicity.” (Soderhall, 1992.)
[0009] This is a summary of some related work:
[0010] Regarding the species Abalone— Haliotis asinine , a study has been conducted on effects of hemolymph and components on the following viruses: HIV, H1N1, Human papilloma virus, Herpesvirus, and rhinovirus. (Patent—USPTO—20110033499) Regarding the species Buckmoth—Lepidoptera: saturniidae, a study has been conducted on effects of hemolymph on the following viruses: measles, H1N1, and polio. (Greco, 2009)
[0011] Regarding the species, Shrimp— Penaeus monodon a study has been conducted on effects of component hemocyanin on the following virus: White Spot Virus (Zhang, 2003)
[0012] Regarding the species, Snail— Rapana venosa , a study has been conducted on effects of hemolymph on the following virus: Herpesvirus. (Dolashka-Angelova, 2009)
[0013] Regarding the species Oyster— Crassostrea gigas , a study has been conducted on effects of hemolymph on the following viruses: Herpesvirus, Pancreatic necrosis virus. (Olicard, 2005)
[0014] Hemocyanin extracted from keyhole limpet hemolymph been shown to be effective in treating bladder cancer. (Linn et al, 2000)
[0015] Hemocyanin and arylphorin from arthropod species Eurypelma, Limulus, Astacus, Carcinus and Calliphora have been shown to be possible treatments for tumors in warm-blooded animals (Stiefel, et al. Patent—USPTO U.S. Pat. No. 5,231,081)
[0016] Broad antiviral activity was found in tissues of crustacean (Blue crab— Callinectes sapidus , shrimp— Penaeus setiferus , and crayfish— Procambarus clarkia ) affecting Sindbis virus, vaccinia virus, vesicular stomatitis virus, mengo virus, banzie virus and poliomyelitis (Pan, 2000)
[0017] All publications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference.
[0018] Any discussion of documents, acts, materials, devices, articles, or the like that has been included in this specification is solely for the purpose of providing a context for the present invention. It is not to be taken as an admission that any or all of these matters form part of the prior art base or were common general knowledge in the field relevant to the present invention as it existed anywhere before the priority date of this application.
SUMMARY OF INVENTION
[0019] The inventions provides a formulation and process for utilizing hemolymph from the lobster (particularly but not exclusively Homarus americanus ), and extracts thereof and compounds therewith, as topical treatment and/or an ameliorant for both viral and neoplastic or pre-neoplastic tissue lesions, and wound healing.
[0020] The invention relates to preparations, including but not limited to: liquids; ointments; slurries, powders; and/or crystals made using crustacean hemolymph with a variety of ancillary compounds, including but not limited to carageenans, starches, gelatins, vitamins, aloe, proteins, glycerins, parabens, crustacean shell powder, mineral oils, and plant oils. The hemolymph is rendered in particular but not exclusively from the lobster genus: species Homarus americanus.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0021] Hemolymph from the lobster, particularly but not exclusively Homarus americanus is utilized (neat or with active fragments extracted or in compounds) for the treatment in mammals of viral (such as Molluscum contagiosum, Verruca vulgaris—commonly known as warts, among others) and tissue neoplastic or pre-neoplastic lesions (such as ephelides, solar lentigos—commonly known as sun spots, and actinic keratosis, among others). By “neat” it is meant the hemolymph is in the form collected from the lobster, and by “active fragments” it is meant a fragment or fragments of the hemolymph that stimulate an immune response.
[0022] Typically, the mammal treated will be human. The treatment can also be applied to other mammals such as those in the bovine, porcine, ovine, equine, canine, or feline families, among others.
[0023] Preparation may involve partial drying of whole hemolymph or plasma to produce a slurry.
[0024] The hemolymph can be incorporated into a cosmetic or pharmaceutical compound together with a suitable carrier or carriers i.e. carageenans, starches, gelatins, vitamins, aloe, proteins, glycerins, parabens, crustacean shell powder, mineral oils, and plant oils. In non-clinical testing, various skin lesions were exposed to lobster hemolymph neat or absorbed into fibrous absorptive material attached to adhesive tape. It was found that the topical hemolymph treatment had an atrophic and/or fading effect on said lesions. It is not known how the hemolymph interacts with tissue to produce his effect. However, it is known that the immune system of arthropods resides in the hemolymph and the hemocytes within the hemolymph play a role, which may be part of the explanation.
[0025] The following examples provide further descriptive details of the invention:
EXAMPLE 1
Extraction of Hemolymph from American lobster ( Homarus americanus )
[0026] Hemolymph is extracted using a variety of methods, including but not limited to:
1.1. needle and syringe to pierce the pericardial membrane to draw directly from circulatory system; 1.2. using a knife or scalpel to lance the soft tissue allowing blood flow to a catch basin or bottle; 1.3. by separating the thorax (body) from the abdomen (tail) thus opening the circulatory system at the pericardium and draining the hemolymph into a catch basin or bottle.
EXAMPLE 2
Treatment of Molluscum Contagiosum With Homarus americanus Hemolymph—Neat Anecdotal Study
[0030] A juvenile female human suffering from molluscum contagiosum lesions treated with neat hemolymph (“neat” is defined as that form of hemolymph extracted directly from the lobster) in a dose 0.5 ml for 5 days. The treated lesion atrophied over the course of the treatment period, whereas, adjacent lesions remained unchanged during that same time period.
EXAMPLE 3
Treatment of an Actinic Lesion With Homarus americanus Hemolymph—Neat Anecdotal Study
[0031] An adult male human with a facial actinic lesion was treated with neat hemolymph in a dose of 0.5 ml for approximately 10 days. Before the hemolymph was administered the lesion was prepared by lightly abrading the affected epidermis. The lesion initially blanched and then and appeared to atrophy over the course of the treatment.
EXAMPLE 4
Treatment of Verruca vulgaris With Homarus americanus Hemolymph—Neat Anecdotal Study
[0032] An adult male human with a manifestation of the virus Verruca vulgaris (a common wart) topically treated the lesion with neat hemolymph in a dose of 0.5 mL sporadically over two weeks. Over the course of treatment the wart softened and atrophied.
EXAMPLE 5
Treatment of Herpes zoster with Homarus americanus Hemolymph—Neat Anecdotal Study
[0033] An adult female exhibiting a rash from the virus Herpes zoster (shingles) topically treated the rash with neat hemolymph in a dose of approximately 0.5 ml and noticed considerable reduction is redness, itchiness and swelling in a 12 hour period.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0034] NA
REFERENCES
[0035] Cuthbertson, Adrian—Inventor. 2011. Original Assignee: MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY AUSTRALIA PTY LTD. Current U.S. Classification: 424/208.1; 424/204.1; 424/209.1; 424/229.1; 424/230.1; 424/231.1; 514/3.7; 514/3.8; 514/4.2
[0036] Dolashka P, Velkova L, Iliev I, Beck A, Dolashki A, Yossifova L, Toshkova R, Voelter W, Zacharieva S. 2003. Antitumor activity of glycosylated molluscan hemocyanins via Guerin ascites tumor. Eur Urol.; 37 Suppl 3:34-40. (Institute of Organic Chemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, G. Bonchev 9, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria. pda54@ abv.bg)
[0037] Greco K N, Mendonça R M, Moraes R H, Mancini D A, Mendonça R Z. 2004. Antiviral activity of the hemolymph of Lonomia obliqua (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae). Antiviral Res. Feb; 61(2):93-9.
[0038] Linn J F, Black P, Derksen K, Rübben H, Thüroff J W. 2009. Keyhole limpet haemocyanin in experimental bladder cancer: literature review and own results. Antiviral Res. Oct; 84(1):84-90. Epub 2009 Aug. 7. (Department of Urology, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Germany. jflinn@compuserve.com)
[0039] Lobster Conservancy. 2004. Retrieved from http://www.lobsters.org/tlcbio/biology5.html
[0040] Olicard C, Didier Y, Marty C, Bourgougnon N, Renault T. 2005. In vitro research of anti-HSV-1 activity in different extracts from Pacific oysters Crassostrea gigas . Dis Aquat Organ. 2005 Nov 9; 67(1-2):141-7. PMID: 16385820
[0041] Olicard C, Renault T, Torhy C, Benmansour A, Bourgougnon N. 2005. Putative antiviral activity in hemolymph from adult Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas . Antiviral Res. Jun; 66(2-3):147-52. Epub Apr 26.
[0042] Pan. 2008. PAN, L., & JIN, C. (2008). A review on hemocyanins of crustacean. Journal of Fisheries of China/Shuichan Xuebao, 32(3), 484-491. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.prxy4.ursus.maine.edu/docview/883018286?accountid=14583
[0043] Pan, J., Kurosky, A., Xu, B., Chopra, A. K., Coppenhaver, D. H., Singh, I. P, & Baron, S. 2000. Broad antiviral activity in tissues of crustaceans. Antiviral Research, 48(1), 39-47. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.prxy4.ursus.maine.edu/docview/17741569? accountid=14583
[0044] Soderhall, K. 1999 . Review of crustacean immunity . Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.prxy4.ursus.maine.edu/docview/18106793?accountid=14583
[0045] Soderhall, K., & Cerenius, L. 1992. Crustacean immunity. Annual Review of Fish Diseases, 2, 3-23. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.prxy4.ursus.maine.edu/docview/15681912?accountid=14583 Abstract (summary)
[0046] Stiefel, T., Porcher, H., Markl, J.,—Inventors. 1993. Use of hemocyanins and arylphorins to influence the immune system and for the treatment of tumors. USPTO # U.S. Pat. No. 5,231,081
[0047] Young Lee, S., & Soederhaell, K. 2002. Early events in crustacean innate immunity. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 12(5), 421-437. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/fsim.2002.0420
[0048] Zhang X, Huang C, Qin Q. 2003. Antiviral properties of hemocyanin isolated from shrimp Penaeus monodon . (Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, The Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, 361005, Xiamen, PR China.)
|
The invention is crustacean hemolymph as a utility for the pharmaceutical and/or cosmetic treatment of viral and other neoplastic or pre-neoplastic mammalian tissue lesions. The method comprises topically administering to mammalian tissue a formula that is made from lobster hemolymph—neat; or lobster hemolymph extracts; or lobster hemolyph in combination with certain carriers, binders; or as an adjuvant. The hemolymph may be from various species of lobster, Homarus americanus in particular.
|
This abstract summarizes a continuation application of a patent relating to the use of crustacean hemolymph, specifically from lobsters, as a topical treatment for viral and neoplastic skin lesions and wound healing. The hemolymph, which contains metalloproteins such as hemocyanin, is hypothesized to interact with tissue to produce therapeutic effects. The invention provides a formulation and process for utilizing hemolymph, extracts, and compounds in various preparations. Anecdotal studies have shown positive results in treating molluscum contagiosum, actinic lesions, verruca vulgaris, and herpes zoster using neat lobster hemolymph. The invention has potential applications for humans and other mammals.
|
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"context": "CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS \n [0001] This application is a continuation application of co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/732,834, filed 8 Jun. 2015, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/815,286, filed 16 Feb. 2013, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,078,906, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/634,174, filed 24 Feb. 2012, each of which is incorporated herein as though fully set forth. \n \n \n BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION \n Technical Field \n [0002] The invention relates to use of crustacean hemolymph (particularly but not exclusively from lobster), or active extracts thereof or compounds therewith, to impact mammalian immune systems through topical treatments of viral and neoplastic skin lesions and wound healing. \n [0003] In the Homarus americanus circulatory system the heart is a single-chambered sac consisting of striated muscles with several openings called ostia. It is suspended in and surrounded by a blood sinus called the pericardium which lies directly above the pyloric stomach on the dorsal (upper) surface of the animal, just under the carapace. Invertebrates have a dorsally positioned circulatory system and a ventral nerve cord, whereas vertebrates have a ventrally located circulatory system and a dorsal nervous system. The blood, or hemolymph, passes from the pericardium, through the ostia, and into the heart. At the beginning of a contraction, the ostia close (via ostial flaps), the intracardial pressure increases, which opens the cardioarterial valves so that the heart can empty. Blood is pushed into the major arteries, most of which are directed forward to supply sensory organs and vital systems. Arteries also run toward the abdomen, both ventrally and dorsally, to supply blood to the pereiopods, ventral nerves, gut, and abdominal muscles. From these arteries the blood enters sinuses, or blood cavities. These sinuses bathe the various organs. No veins are present to return the blood to the heart. Instead, blood returns to the heart via interconnecting spaces known as venous sinuses which open back into the pericardium. Because of this architecture, the lobster's circulatory system is known as an “open” system. After contraction, the heart muscle relaxes, intracardiac pressure drops, the cardioarterial valves close, the heart is distended by action of the ligaments, the ostia open, and the hemolymph enters from the pericardium. (Lobster Conservancy, 2004) \n [0004] Hemolymph in arthropods is composed of water, inorganic salts (mostly Na + , Cl − , K + , Mg 2+ , and Ca 2+ ), and organic compounds (mostly carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids). Hemocytes are free-floating cells within the hemolymph. They play a role in the arthropod immune system, which resides in the hemolymph. \n [0005] Lobster hemolymph contains metalloproteins (proteins that include a metallic ion), most notably the oxygen-carrying hemocyanin (similar to human hemoglobin, but containing copper rather than iron). Hemocyanins are chromoprotein and account for more than 90% of all the crustacean hemolymph protein. Hemocyanins occur as hexamers composed of six heterogeneous monomeric subunits. Each subunit holds an active site of two coppers, with only one corresponding oxygen molecule. Recent studies show hemocyanins provide important immune functions in crustaceans. (Pan, 2008.) \n [0006] Hemolymph from mollusk and arthropods has been shown to have antiviral properties. It is not known how the hemolymph interacts with tissue to produce this effect. However, it is known that the immune system of arthropods resides in the hemolymph and the hemocytes within the hemolymph play a role, which may be part of the explanation. Immune systems protect organisms from foreign substances, also known as non-self materials, including pathogens. \n [0007] Unlike vertebrates, invertebrates such as crustaceans do not have immune memory or adaptive immunity; rather they rely on innate or natural immune responses. Innate immune systems are “phylogenetically a more ancient defense mechanism and can be found in all multicellular organisms. This system is the first line of defense that helps to limit infection at an early stage, and relies on germ line encoded receptors that recognizes conserved molecular patterns present on microorganisms.” (Young, 2002.) According to Soderhall, one such innate reaction in crustaceans is “the clotting process, which is very efficient and rapid and consists of a clotting protein [belonging to the vitellogenin superfamily of proteins] present in plasma and a transglutaminase in the blood cells.” (Soderhall, 1999.) \n [0008] Crustacean hemocytes play an important role in immune reactions, and “are capable of phagocytosis, encapsulation, nodule formation, and mediation of cytotoxicity.” (Soderhall, 1992.) \n [0009] This is a summary of some related work: \n [0010] Regarding the species Abalone— Haliotis asinine , a study has been conducted on effects of hemolymph and components on the following viruses: HIV, H1N1, Human papilloma virus, Herpesvirus, and rhinovirus. (Patent—USPTO—20110033499) Regarding the species Buckmoth—Lepidoptera: saturniidae, a study has been conducted on effects of hemolymph on the following viruses: measles, H1N1, and polio. (Greco, 2009) \n [0011] Regarding the species, Shrimp— Penaeus monodon a study has been conducted on effects of component hemocyanin on the following virus: White Spot Virus (Zhang, 2003) \n [0012] Regarding the species, Snail— Rapana venosa , a study has been conducted on effects of hemolymph on the following virus: Herpesvirus. (Dolashka-Angelova, 2009) \n [0013] Regarding the species Oyster— Crassostrea gigas , a study has been conducted on effects of hemolymph on the following viruses: Herpesvirus, Pancreatic necrosis virus. (Olicard, 2005) \n [0014] Hemocyanin extracted from keyhole limpet hemolymph been shown to be effective in treating bladder cancer. (Linn et al, 2000) \n [0015] Hemocyanin and arylphorin from arthropod species Eurypelma, Limulus, Astacus, Carcinus and Calliphora have been shown to be possible treatments for tumors in warm-blooded animals (Stiefel, et al. Patent—USPTO U.S. Pat. No. 5,231,081) \n [0016] Broad antiviral activity was found in tissues of crustacean (Blue crab— Callinectes sapidus , shrimp— Penaeus setiferus , and crayfish— Procambarus clarkia ) affecting Sindbis virus, vaccinia virus, vesicular stomatitis virus, mengo virus, banzie virus and poliomyelitis (Pan, 2000) \n [0017] All publications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference. \n [0018] Any discussion of documents, acts, materials, devices, articles, or the like that has been included in this specification is solely for the purpose of providing a context for the present invention. It is not to be taken as an admission that any or all of these matters form part of the prior art base or were common general knowledge in the field relevant to the present invention as it existed anywhere before the priority date of this application. \n SUMMARY OF INVENTION \n [0019] The inventions provides a formulation and process for utilizing hemolymph from the lobster (particularly but not exclusively Homarus americanus ), and extracts thereof and compounds therewith, as topical treatment and/or an ameliorant for both viral and neoplastic or pre-neoplastic tissue lesions, and wound healing. \n [0020] The invention relates to preparations, including but not limited to: liquids; ointments; slurries, powders; and/or crystals made using crustacean hemolymph with a variety of ancillary compounds, including but not limited to carageenans, starches, gelatins, vitamins, aloe, proteins, glycerins, parabens, crustacean shell powder, mineral oils, and plant oils. The hemolymph is rendered in particular but not exclusively from the lobster genus: species Homarus americanus. \n \n \n DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION \n [0021] Hemolymph from the lobster, particularly but not exclusively Homarus americanus is utilized (neat or with active fragments extracted or in compounds) for the treatment in mammals of viral (such as Molluscum contagiosum, Verruca vulgaris—commonly known as warts, among others) and tissue neoplastic or pre-neoplastic lesions (such as ephelides, solar lentigos—commonly known as sun spots, and actinic keratosis, among others). By “neat” it is meant the hemolymph is in the form collected from the lobster, and by “active fragments” it is meant a fragment or fragments of the hemolymph that stimulate an immune response. \n [0022] Typically, the mammal treated will be human. The treatment can also be applied to other mammals such as those in the bovine, porcine, ovine, equine, canine, or feline families, among others. \n [0023] Preparation may involve partial drying of whole hemolymph or plasma to produce a slurry. \n [0024] The hemolymph can be incorporated into a cosmetic or pharmaceutical compound together with a suitable carrier or carriers i.e. carageenans, starches, gelatins, vitamins, aloe, proteins, glycerins, parabens, crustacean shell powder, mineral oils, and plant oils. In non-clinical testing, various skin lesions were exposed to lobster hemolymph neat or absorbed into fibrous absorptive material attached to adhesive tape. It was found that the topical hemolymph treatment had an atrophic and/or fading effect on said lesions. It is not known how the hemolymph interacts with tissue to produce his effect. However, it is known that the immune system of arthropods resides in the hemolymph and the hemocytes within the hemolymph play a role, which may be part of the explanation. \n [0025] The following examples provide further descriptive details of the invention: \n EXAMPLE 1 \n Extraction of Hemolymph from American lobster ( Homarus americanus ) \n [0026] Hemolymph is extracted using a variety of methods, including but not limited to:\n 1.1. needle and syringe to pierce the pericardial membrane to draw directly from circulatory system; 1.2. using a knife or scalpel to lance the soft tissue allowing blood flow to a catch basin or bottle; 1.3. by separating the thorax (body) from the abdomen (tail) thus opening the circulatory system at the pericardium and draining the hemolymph into a catch basin or bottle. \n \n EXAMPLE 2 \n Treatment of Molluscum Contagiosum With Homarus americanus Hemolymph—Neat Anecdotal Study \n [0030] A juvenile female human suffering from molluscum contagiosum lesions treated with neat hemolymph (“neat” is defined as that form of hemolymph extracted directly from the lobster) in a dose 0.5 ml for 5 days. The treated lesion atrophied over the course of the treatment period, whereas, adjacent lesions remained unchanged during that same time period. \n EXAMPLE 3 \n Treatment of an Actinic Lesion With Homarus americanus Hemolymph—Neat Anecdotal Study \n [0031] An adult male human with a facial actinic lesion was treated with neat hemolymph in a dose of 0.5 ml for approximately 10 days. Before the hemolymph was administered the lesion was prepared by lightly abrading the affected epidermis. The lesion initially blanched and then and appeared to atrophy over the course of the treatment. \n EXAMPLE 4 \n Treatment of Verruca vulgaris With Homarus americanus Hemolymph—Neat Anecdotal Study \n [0032] An adult male human with a manifestation of the virus Verruca vulgaris (a common wart) topically treated the lesion with neat hemolymph in a dose of 0.5 mL sporadically over two weeks. Over the course of treatment the wart softened and atrophied. \n EXAMPLE 5 \n Treatment of Herpes zoster with Homarus americanus Hemolymph—Neat Anecdotal Study \n [0033] An adult female exhibiting a rash from the virus Herpes zoster (shingles) topically treated the rash with neat hemolymph in a dose of approximately 0.5 ml and noticed considerable reduction is redness, itchiness and swelling in a 12 hour period. \n BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS \n [0034] NA \n REFERENCES \n [0035] Cuthbertson, Adrian—Inventor. 2011. Original Assignee: MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY AUSTRALIA PTY LTD. Current U.S. Classification: 424/208.1; 424/204.1; 424/209.1; 424/229.1; 424/230.1; 424/231.1; 514/3.7; 514/3.8; 514/4.2 \n [0036] Dolashka P, Velkova L, Iliev I, Beck A, Dolashki A, Yossifova L, Toshkova R, Voelter W, Zacharieva S. 2003. Antitumor activity of glycosylated molluscan hemocyanins via Guerin ascites tumor. Eur Urol.; 37 Suppl 3:34-40. (Institute of Organic Chemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, G. Bonchev 9, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria. pda54@ abv.bg) \n [0037] Greco K N, Mendonça R M, Moraes R H, Mancini D A, Mendonça R Z. 2004. Antiviral activity of the hemolymph of Lonomia obliqua (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae). Antiviral Res. Feb; 61(2):93-9. \n [0038] Linn J F, Black P, Derksen K, Rübben H, Thüroff J W. 2009. Keyhole limpet haemocyanin in experimental bladder cancer: literature review and own results. Antiviral Res. Oct; 84(1):84-90. Epub 2009 Aug. 7. (Department of Urology, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Germany. jflinn@compuserve.com) \n [0039] Lobster Conservancy. 2004. Retrieved from http://www.lobsters.org/tlcbio/biology5.html \n [0040] Olicard C, Didier Y, Marty C, Bourgougnon N, Renault T. 2005. In vitro research of anti-HSV-1 activity in different extracts from Pacific oysters Crassostrea gigas . Dis Aquat Organ. 2005 Nov 9; 67(1-2):141-7. PMID: 16385820 \n [0041] Olicard C, Renault T, Torhy C, Benmansour A, Bourgougnon N. 2005. Putative antiviral activity in hemolymph from adult Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas . Antiviral Res. Jun; 66(2-3):147-52. Epub Apr 26. \n [0042] Pan. 2008. PAN, L., & JIN, C. (2008). A review on hemocyanins of crustacean. Journal of Fisheries of China/Shuichan Xuebao, 32(3), 484-491. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.prxy4.ursus.maine.edu/docview/883018286?accountid=14583 \n [0043] Pan, J., Kurosky, A., Xu, B., Chopra, A. K., Coppenhaver, D. H., Singh, I. P, & Baron, S. 2000. Broad antiviral activity in tissues of crustaceans. Antiviral Research, 48(1), 39-47. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.prxy4.ursus.maine.edu/docview/17741569? accountid=14583 \n [0044] Soderhall, K. 1999 . Review of crustacean immunity . Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.prxy4.ursus.maine.edu/docview/18106793?accountid=14583 \n [0045] Soderhall, K., & Cerenius, L. 1992. Crustacean immunity. Annual Review of Fish Diseases, 2, 3-23. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.prxy4.ursus.maine.edu/docview/15681912?accountid=14583 Abstract (summary) \n [0046] Stiefel, T., Porcher, H., Markl, J.,—Inventors. 1993. Use of hemocyanins and arylphorins to influence the immune system and for the treatment of tumors. USPTO # U.S. Pat. No. 5,231,081 \n [0047] Young Lee, S., & Soederhaell, K. 2002. Early events in crustacean innate immunity. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 12(5), 421-437. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/fsim.2002.0420 \n [0048] Zhang X, Huang C, Qin Q. 2003. Antiviral properties of hemocyanin isolated from shrimp Penaeus monodon . (Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, The Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, 361005, Xiamen, PR China.)",
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This application is a divisional of Ser. No. 08/437,166 filed May 8, 1995 U.S. Pat. No. 5,666,761.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The field of the present invention is agricultural systems for drying grapes and related vine products.
Grapes have long been cultivated for the production of raisins. Vineyards are typically laid out in rows of grapevines which are spaced apart and oriented for tractor access and for conducting the raisin making process. The vines are arranged with grape stakes periodically placed along each row. The grape stakes extend vertically and support one or more wires extending along the row. The wires support the vines during the growing season.
In preparation for the harvest, the areas between the rows are planed smooth. Square sheets of paper called trays are laid out on the planed areas. The workers then manually cut bunches of grapes and place them on the trays. After several days, the grapes are turned on the trays to insure complete drying. Once dried, the trays are folded up so as to retain the raisins and transported from the field.
The described process has certain drawbacks. Of greatest concern is the weather. During the critical drying process, any significant precipitation can destroy the product. If allowed to become sufficiently wet, the product will become moldy. Entire crops can be ruined by the rain in this way.
Certain disadvantages to the process are realized because the trays are placed on the ground and between the rows of vines. The foregoing problem with moisture is aggravated with the trays on the ground. A significant amount of dirt and sand can become intermixed with the raisins, resulting in the need for a greater and more costly cleaning operation. The rows are typically oriented in an East/West direction to capture the greatest amount of sunshine on the ground between rows. The rows are also further apart from one another for the same reason. The added cost of preparing the area between the vines with planing is a necessary additional expense in preparation for placement of the trays on the ground. Even with the preparation, a significant amount of products can be lost because of grapes rolling off the paper trays.
The lack of automation in this process also inhibits efficient operation. Significant labor costs are incurred in the planing, placing of the trays, placing harvested grapes on the trays, turning the grapes and gathering the raisins. The work is very laborious and physically challenging.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is directed to a method for drying grapes which includes elevated porous trays. Harvested grapes are placed on a porous horizontal mesh tray supported above the ground. The grapes are later removed when they are dried to raisins. The tray material provides an appropriate environment for drying raisins even with otherwise devastating moisture.
Thus, it is an object of the present invention to provide an improved method for the manufacture of raisins from grapes. Other and further objects and advantages will appear hereinafter.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a grape drying system.
FIG. 2 is a side view of the grape drying system of FIG. 1 with a nonporous sheet overlying the porous trays.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Turning in detail to the drawings, a system for drying grapes is illustrated. A vertical support 10 is illustrated as including a traditional grape stake 12 which may or may not be simultaneously employed to support the conventional wires used to support the vines during the growing season. Atop the grape stake 12 is a molded plastic attachment support 14. The grape stake 12 and the attachment support 14 defining the vertical support 10 extend upwardly from the ground to a point above the anticipated growth of the grapevines during a season.
The attachment support 14 may take on any convenient shape but is designed to attach to the grape stake 12 and to support trays extending between each vertical support 10. A socket 16 is defined at one end of the attachment support to slip over the end of the grape stake 12. A central post 18 extends upwardly from the socket 16. A tubular sleeve 20 extends from each side of the central post 18 to receive poles 22 extending from adjacent vertical supports 10. The poles may be of PVC pipe of sufficient wall thickness and diameter to accommodate the weight of grapes in the supported tray.
In constructing the foregoing structure, the grape stakes are preferably placed at uniform spaces along a row of grapevines. The supporting structure on the grape stakes 12 may then be assembled by placing a first attachment support 14 on a grape stake 12 at one end of the row of grapevines. A pole 22 acting as a first support element may then be inserted in the tubular sleeve 20 associated with that first attachment support 14. A second attachment support 14 on the next adjacent grape stake 12 is then positioned by first placing the tubular sleeve 20 around the pole 22 and then placing the socket 16 down on the second grape stake 12. Using this construction and method of attachment, there can be significant tolerance between the grape stakes 12 and yet the structure can accommodate a secure placement of each of the poles 22.
Side posts 24 and 26 are also formed in this embodiment as part of the attachment support 14. These side posts 24 and 26 include holes 28 for receipt of wires 30 the wires acting as second and third support elements. The holes 28, in other embodiments, may be replaced by slots, with or without locking devices, to retain the wires 30 in the event that the wires 30 are preferably disassociated with the support 14 without undue difficulty. The wires 30 are drawn taut to minimize any sagging. A convenient mechanism for maintaining tension is to extend each wire 30 downwardly to a stake 32. Conventional tensioning mechanisms such as a turnbuckle may be used.
Porous horizontal trays 34 are arranged on the foregoing structure. Black plastic porous cloth material of the type used for partial shade is contemplated. Such material is typically of nylon and is a mesh fabric. The trays 34 extend between the wires 30. Any one of a number of mechanisms may be employed to retain the trays 34 on the wires 30. One such mechanism for retaining the tray material in place is synthetic materials which adhere when pressed together such as VELCRO. Complementary strips of material are arranged in parallel adjacent to one another along the edges of the tray material 34. The tray material is folded over a wire such that the two strips adhere to one another. Hooks, grommets and the like may also be used for attachment to the wires 30.
The tray material 34 may be arranged to extend various lengths. The material may extend between grape stakes 12 or along a complete row without break. In the event that it may be of interest to remove the material when not in use, a roller assembly 36 at one end of the row may be conveniently mounted to accept rollers for rolling up the tray material 34.
The black plastic porous tray material 34 is intended for long term utility. The interstices in the cloth are preferably large enough to avoid retention of water and at the same time too small for grapes or raisins to fall through. The material must be rugged as significant weight is contemplated.
To assist in retaining the tray 34 spread open, intermediate spreaders 38 may be arranged. These spreaders 38 can be of spring wire extending between the wires 30 and preferably engaging the poles 22.
A sheeting material 40 may also be arranged with the drying system. The sheeting material 40 is preferably of clear plastic able to transmit light. The material 40 is contemplated to be arranged on top of the porous tray material 34. This material may be stowed on rollers used on the roller assembly 36 and drawn out when appropriate such as with impending rain. The same or separate roller assemblies 36 may be used for the separate trays 34 and cover sheeting 40. If the appropriate material is selected, it may be possible to simply leave the material in place throughout the drying. Fasteners may also be employed along the length of each side of the sheeting material 40 for retention on the trays 34.
To utilize the drying system, the grapes may be manually placed and the raisins manually removed. However, a more efficient system would be to include a portable lift which moves along with the pickers. The picked grapes would be positioned on the lift and a belt or other lifting mechanism would convey the product onto the trays. Once dried, a portable vacuum system could be used to quickly remove the raisins, stems and the like from the trays.
The foregoing system is contemplated to be used to advantage in laying out a vineyard. The area between rows of vines may be left fallow. The rows may be close together and oriented to better match topography and convenience. Automation of the harvesting and treating process may also be more applicable with the continuous and easily located trays. Finally, the tray material provides an appropriate environment for drying raisins even with otherwise devastating moisture. The black color and the porosity may also accelerate the drying process.
Thus, a new drying system for vine products is disclosed. While embodiments and applications of this invention have been shown and described, it would be apparent to those skilled in the art that many more modifications are possible without departing from the inventive concepts herein. The invention, therefore is not to be restricted except in the spirit of the appended claims.
|
A method for drying grapes from a vineyard using vertical supports extending above the rows of grapevines and porous horizontal trays extending above the grapevines along each row supported by the vertical supports. A black plastic porous tray material defines the trays which stretch between parallel wires supported by a periodic structure for spreading the wires. The tray material may be wrapped about the wires at its outer edges and held by synthetic materials which adhere when pressed together.
|
This abstract describes a method for drying grapes using elevated porous trays. The traditional method of drying grapes on the ground between rows of vines has several drawbacks, such as susceptibility to weather conditions and contamination with dirt and sand. The proposed method involves using a support structure with trays made of porous cloth material, allowing for better drying and preventing moisture-related issues. The system also offers potential for automation and improved efficiency in the drying and harvesting process. Overall, this drying system for vine products presents a more effective and reliable approach to grape drying.
|
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"query": "Summarize the context",
"context": "This application is a divisional of Ser. No. 08/437,166 filed May 8, 1995 U.S. Pat. No. 5,666,761. \n \n \n BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION \n The field of the present invention is agricultural systems for drying grapes and related vine products. \n Grapes have long been cultivated for the production of raisins. Vineyards are typically laid out in rows of grapevines which are spaced apart and oriented for tractor access and for conducting the raisin making process. The vines are arranged with grape stakes periodically placed along each row. The grape stakes extend vertically and support one or more wires extending along the row. The wires support the vines during the growing season. \n In preparation for the harvest, the areas between the rows are planed smooth. Square sheets of paper called trays are laid out on the planed areas. The workers then manually cut bunches of grapes and place them on the trays. After several days, the grapes are turned on the trays to insure complete drying. Once dried, the trays are folded up so as to retain the raisins and transported from the field. \n The described process has certain drawbacks. Of greatest concern is the weather. During the critical drying process, any significant precipitation can destroy the product. If allowed to become sufficiently wet, the product will become moldy. Entire crops can be ruined by the rain in this way. \n Certain disadvantages to the process are realized because the trays are placed on the ground and between the rows of vines. The foregoing problem with moisture is aggravated with the trays on the ground. A significant amount of dirt and sand can become intermixed with the raisins, resulting in the need for a greater and more costly cleaning operation. The rows are typically oriented in an East/West direction to capture the greatest amount of sunshine on the ground between rows. The rows are also further apart from one another for the same reason. The added cost of preparing the area between the vines with planing is a necessary additional expense in preparation for placement of the trays on the ground. Even with the preparation, a significant amount of products can be lost because of grapes rolling off the paper trays. \n The lack of automation in this process also inhibits efficient operation. Significant labor costs are incurred in the planing, placing of the trays, placing harvested grapes on the trays, turning the grapes and gathering the raisins. The work is very laborious and physically challenging. \n SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION \n The present invention is directed to a method for drying grapes which includes elevated porous trays. Harvested grapes are placed on a porous horizontal mesh tray supported above the ground. The grapes are later removed when they are dried to raisins. The tray material provides an appropriate environment for drying raisins even with otherwise devastating moisture. \n Thus, it is an object of the present invention to provide an improved method for the manufacture of raisins from grapes. Other and further objects and advantages will appear hereinafter. \n \n \n BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS \n FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a grape drying system. \n FIG. 2 is a side view of the grape drying system of FIG. 1 with a nonporous sheet overlying the porous trays. \n \n \n DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT \n Turning in detail to the drawings, a system for drying grapes is illustrated. A vertical support 10 is illustrated as including a traditional grape stake 12 which may or may not be simultaneously employed to support the conventional wires used to support the vines during the growing season. Atop the grape stake 12 is a molded plastic attachment support 14. The grape stake 12 and the attachment support 14 defining the vertical support 10 extend upwardly from the ground to a point above the anticipated growth of the grapevines during a season. \n The attachment support 14 may take on any convenient shape but is designed to attach to the grape stake 12 and to support trays extending between each vertical support 10. A socket 16 is defined at one end of the attachment support to slip over the end of the grape stake 12. A central post 18 extends upwardly from the socket 16. A tubular sleeve 20 extends from each side of the central post 18 to receive poles 22 extending from adjacent vertical supports 10. The poles may be of PVC pipe of sufficient wall thickness and diameter to accommodate the weight of grapes in the supported tray. \n In constructing the foregoing structure, the grape stakes are preferably placed at uniform spaces along a row of grapevines. The supporting structure on the grape stakes 12 may then be assembled by placing a first attachment support 14 on a grape stake 12 at one end of the row of grapevines. A pole 22 acting as a first support element may then be inserted in the tubular sleeve 20 associated with that first attachment support 14. A second attachment support 14 on the next adjacent grape stake 12 is then positioned by first placing the tubular sleeve 20 around the pole 22 and then placing the socket 16 down on the second grape stake 12. Using this construction and method of attachment, there can be significant tolerance between the grape stakes 12 and yet the structure can accommodate a secure placement of each of the poles 22. \n Side posts 24 and 26 are also formed in this embodiment as part of the attachment support 14. These side posts 24 and 26 include holes 28 for receipt of wires 30 the wires acting as second and third support elements. The holes 28, in other embodiments, may be replaced by slots, with or without locking devices, to retain the wires 30 in the event that the wires 30 are preferably disassociated with the support 14 without undue difficulty. The wires 30 are drawn taut to minimize any sagging. A convenient mechanism for maintaining tension is to extend each wire 30 downwardly to a stake 32. Conventional tensioning mechanisms such as a turnbuckle may be used. \n Porous horizontal trays 34 are arranged on the foregoing structure. Black plastic porous cloth material of the type used for partial shade is contemplated. Such material is typically of nylon and is a mesh fabric. The trays 34 extend between the wires 30. Any one of a number of mechanisms may be employed to retain the trays 34 on the wires 30. One such mechanism for retaining the tray material in place is synthetic materials which adhere when pressed together such as VELCRO. Complementary strips of material are arranged in parallel adjacent to one another along the edges of the tray material 34. The tray material is folded over a wire such that the two strips adhere to one another. Hooks, grommets and the like may also be used for attachment to the wires 30. \n The tray material 34 may be arranged to extend various lengths. The material may extend between grape stakes 12 or along a complete row without break. In the event that it may be of interest to remove the material when not in use, a roller assembly 36 at one end of the row may be conveniently mounted to accept rollers for rolling up the tray material 34. \n The black plastic porous tray material 34 is intended for long term utility. The interstices in the cloth are preferably large enough to avoid retention of water and at the same time too small for grapes or raisins to fall through. The material must be rugged as significant weight is contemplated. \n To assist in retaining the tray 34 spread open, intermediate spreaders 38 may be arranged. These spreaders 38 can be of spring wire extending between the wires 30 and preferably engaging the poles 22. \n A sheeting material 40 may also be arranged with the drying system. The sheeting material 40 is preferably of clear plastic able to transmit light. The material 40 is contemplated to be arranged on top of the porous tray material 34. This material may be stowed on rollers used on the roller assembly 36 and drawn out when appropriate such as with impending rain. The same or separate roller assemblies 36 may be used for the separate trays 34 and cover sheeting 40. If the appropriate material is selected, it may be possible to simply leave the material in place throughout the drying. Fasteners may also be employed along the length of each side of the sheeting material 40 for retention on the trays 34. \n To utilize the drying system, the grapes may be manually placed and the raisins manually removed. However, a more efficient system would be to include a portable lift which moves along with the pickers. The picked grapes would be positioned on the lift and a belt or other lifting mechanism would convey the product onto the trays. Once dried, a portable vacuum system could be used to quickly remove the raisins, stems and the like from the trays. \n The foregoing system is contemplated to be used to advantage in laying out a vineyard. The area between rows of vines may be left fallow. The rows may be close together and oriented to better match topography and convenience. Automation of the harvesting and treating process may also be more applicable with the continuous and easily located trays. Finally, the tray material provides an appropriate environment for drying raisins even with otherwise devastating moisture. The black color and the porosity may also accelerate the drying process. \n Thus, a new drying system for vine products is disclosed. While embodiments and applications of this invention have been shown and described, it would be apparent to those skilled in the art that many more modifications are possible without departing from the inventive concepts herein. The invention, therefore is not to be restricted except in the spirit of the appended claims.",
"response": "This abstract describes a method for drying grapes using elevated porous trays. The traditional method of drying grapes on the ground between rows of vines has several drawbacks, such as susceptibility to weather conditions and contamination with dirt and sand. The proposed method involves using a support structure with trays made of porous cloth material, allowing for better drying and preventing moisture-related issues. The system also offers potential for automation and improved efficiency in the drying and harvesting process. Overall, this drying system for vine products presents a more effective and reliable approach to grape drying."
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The response accurately summarizes the context provided, which describes a method for drying grapes using elevated porous trays to address the drawbacks of the traditional method of drying grapes on the ground. The response captures the essence of the invention, mentioning the use of a support structure with trays made of porous cloth material, the potential for automation, and the improved efficiency in the drying and harvesting process. All the points mentioned in the response are directly supported by the detailed description in the context.
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