first attempt

agent.py

@@ -1,7 +1,149 @@
-from typing import TypedDict, Annotated
+from typing import TypedDict, Annotated, Optional
 from langgraph.graph.message import add_messages
-from langchain_core.messages import AnyMessage, HumanMessage, AIMessage
-from langgraph.prebuilt import ToolNode
-from langgraph.graph import START, StateGraph
-from langgraph.prebuilt import tools_condition
-from langchain_huggingface import HuggingFaceEndpoint, ChatHuggingFace
+from langchain_core.messages import AnyMessage, HumanMessage, SystemMessage, ToolMessage
+from langgraph.prebuilt import ToolNode, tools_condition
+from langgraph.graph import START, StateGraph, END 
+from langchain_openai import ChatOpenAI
+from pydantic import SecretStr
+import os
+from dotenv import load_dotenv
+from tools import download_file_from_url, basic_web_search, extract_url_content, wikipedia_reader, transcribe_audio_file, question_youtube_video
+
+# Load environment variables from .env file
+load_dotenv()
+
+OPENROUTER_API_KEY = os.getenv("OPENROUTER_API_KEY", "")
+MAIN_LLM_MODEL = os.getenv("MAIN_LLM_MODEL", "google/gemini-2.0-flash-lite-001")
+
+# Generate the chat interface, including the tools
+if not OPENROUTER_API_KEY:
+    raise ValueError("OPENROUTER_API_KEY is not set. Please ensure it is defined in your .env file or environment variables.")
+
+
+def create_agent_graph():
+    
+    main_llm = ChatOpenAI(
+        model=MAIN_LLM_MODEL, # e.g., "mistralai/mistral-7b-instruct"
+        api_key=SecretStr(OPENROUTER_API_KEY), # Your OpenRouter API key
+        base_url="https://openrouter.ai/api/v1", # Standard OpenRouter API base
+        verbose=True # Optional: for debugging
+    )
+
+
+    tools = [download_file_from_url, basic_web_search, extract_url_content, wikipedia_reader, transcribe_audio_file, question_youtube_video] # Ensure these tools are defined
+    chat_with_tools = main_llm.bind_tools(tools)
+
+    class AgentState(TypedDict):
+        messages: Annotated[list[AnyMessage], add_messages]
+        file_url: Optional[str | None]
+        file_ext: Optional[str | None]
+        local_file_path: Optional[str | None]
+        final_answer: Optional[str | None]
+    
+    def assistant(state: AgentState):
+        return {
+            "messages": [chat_with_tools.invoke(state["messages"])],
+            "file_url": state.get("file_url", None),
+            "file_ext": state.get("file_ext", None),
+            "local_file_path": state.get("local_file_path", None),
+            "final_answer": state.get("final_answer", None)
+        }
+    
+    def file_path_updater_node(state: AgentState):
+        download_tool_response = state["messages"][-1].content
+        file_path = download_tool_response.split("Local File Path: ")[-1].strip()
+        return {
+            "local_file_path": file_path
+        }
+    
+    def file_path_condition(state: AgentState) -> str:
+        if state["messages"] and isinstance(state["messages"][-1], ToolMessage):
+            tool_response = state["messages"][-1]
+            if tool_response.name == "download_file_from_url":
+                return "update_file_path"  # Route to file path updater if a file was downloaded
+        return "assistant"  # Otherwise, continue with the assistant node
+
+    def format_final_answer_node(state: AgentState) -> AgentState:
+        """
+        Formats the final answer based on the state.
+        This node is reached when the assistant has completed its task.
+        """
+        final_answer = state["messages"][-1].content if state["messages"] else None
+        if final_answer:
+            state["final_answer"] = final_answer.split("FINAL ANSWER:")[-1].strip() #if FINAL_ANSWER isn't present we grab the whole string
+        return state           
+        
+        
+    # The graph
+    builder = StateGraph(AgentState)
+    
+    builder.add_node("assistant", assistant)
+    builder.add_edge(START, "assistant")
+    builder.add_node("tools", ToolNode(tools))
+    builder.add_node("file_path_updater_node", file_path_updater_node)
+    builder.add_node("format_final_answer_node", format_final_answer_node)
+    
+    builder.add_conditional_edges(
+        "assistant",
+        tools_condition,
+        {
+            "tools": "tools", 
+            "__end__": "format_final_answer_node"  # This is the end node for the assistant
+        }
+    )
+    builder.add_conditional_edges(
+        "tools",
+        file_path_condition,
+        {
+            "update_file_path": "file_path_updater_node",
+            "assistant": "assistant"
+        }
+    )
+    
+    builder.add_edge("file_path_updater_node", "assistant")
+    builder.add_edge("format_final_answer_node", END)
+    graph = builder.compile()
+    from IPython.display import Image, display
+    display(Image(graph.get_graph().draw_mermaid_png()))
+    return graph
+
+class BasicAgent:
+    """
+    A basic agent that can answer questions and download files.
+    Requires a system message be defined in 'system_prompt.txt'.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, graph=None):
+
+        with open("system_prompt.txt", "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:
+            self.system_message = SystemMessage(content=f.read())
+        
+        if graph is None:
+            self.graph = create_agent_graph()
+        else:
+            self.graph = graph
+
+    def __call__(self, question: str, file_url: Optional[str] = None, file_ext: Optional[str] = None) -> str:
+        """
+        Call the agent with a question and optional file URL and extension.
+        
+        Args:
+            question (str): The user's question.
+            file_url (Optional[str]): The URL of the file to download.
+            file_ext (Optional[str]): The file extension for the downloaded file.
+        
+        Returns:
+            str: The agent's response.
+        """
+        if file_url and file_ext:
+            question += f"\nREFERENCE FILE MUST BE RETRIEVED\nFile URL: {file_url}, File Extension: {file_ext}\nUSE A TOOL TO DOWNLOAD THIS FILE."
+        state = {
+            "messages": [self.system_message, HumanMessage(content=question)],
+            "file_url": file_url,
+            "file_ext": file_ext,
+            "local_file_path": None,
+            "final_answer": None
+        }
+        response = self.graph.invoke(state)
+        for m in response["messages"]:
+            m.pretty_print()
+        return response["final_answer"] if response["final_answer"] else "No final answer generated."

app.py

@@ -3,23 +3,12 @@ import gradio as gr
 import requests
 import inspect
 import pandas as pd
+from agent import BasicAgent
 
 # (Keep Constants as is)
 # --- Constants ---
 DEFAULT_API_URL = "https://agents-course-unit4-scoring.hf.space"
 
-# --- Basic Agent Definition ---
-# ----- THIS IS WERE YOU CAN BUILD WHAT YOU WANT ------
-class BasicAgent:
-    def __init__(self):
-        print("BasicAgent initialized.")
-    def __call__(self, question: str, file_name: str | None, file_ext: str | None) -> str:
-        print(f"Agent received question (first 50 chars): {question[:50]}...")
-        if file_name:
-            print(f"\tAssociated File URL: {file_name}\tFile Extension: {file_ext}")
-        fixed_answer = "This is a default answer."
-        print(f"Agent returning fixed answer: {fixed_answer}")
-        return fixed_answer
 
 def run_and_submit_all( profile: gr.OAuthProfile | None):
     """
@@ -83,11 +72,12 @@ def run_and_submit_all( profile: gr.OAuthProfile | None):
             continue
         file_name = item.get("file_name")
         file_ext = None
+        file_url = None
         if file_name:
             file_ext = file_name.split(".")[-1]
-            file_name = f"{api_url}/files/{task_id}"
+            file_url = f"{api_url}/files/{task_id}"
         try:
-            submitted_answer = agent(question_text, file_name)
+            submitted_answer = agent(question_text, file_url, file_ext)
             answers_payload.append({"task_id": task_id, "submitted_answer": submitted_answer})
             results_log.append({"Task ID": task_id, "Question": question_text, "Submitted Answer": submitted_answer})
         except Exception as e:

requirements.txt

@@ -1,2 +1,12 @@
 gradio
-requests
+requests
+langgraph
+langchain-core
+langchain-community
+langchain-openai
+langchain-tavily
+pydantic
+dotenv
+pandas
+yt-dlp
+beautifulsoup4

tools.py

@@ -0,0 +1,531 @@
+import base64
+import io
+import json
+import os
+import subprocess
+from email.message import Message
+from io import StringIO
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import List
+import av
+import pandas as pd
+import requests
+import yt_dlp
+from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
+from langchain_core.messages import BaseMessage, HumanMessage, SystemMessage
+from langchain_core.tools import tool
+from langchain_openai import ChatOpenAI
+from langchain_tavily import TavilyExtract, TavilySearch
+from pydantic import SecretStr
+
+TAVILY_API_KEY = os.getenv("TAVILY_API_KEY", "")
+OPENROUTER_API_KEY = os.getenv("OPENROUTER_API_KEY", "")
+YOUTUBE_FRAME_ASSESSMENT_MODEL = os.getenv("YOUTUBE_FRAME_ASSESSMENT_MODEL", "google/gemini-2.5-flash-preview-05-20")
+YOUTUBE_CONFIRMATION_MODEL = os.getenv("YOUTUBE_CONFIRMATION_MODEL", "google/gemini-2.5-pro-preview")
+
+# Define Tools for the Agent
+@tool(parse_docstring=True)
+def download_file_from_url(url: str, filename_override: str|None = None) -> str:
+    """
+    Downloads a file from a URL to a directory in the cwd. Prefer to use the filename associated with the URL, but can override if directed to.
+    Filename Logic:
+    1. If `filename_override` is provided, it is used directly.
+    2. Otherwise, the filename is extracted from the 'Content-Disposition' HTTP header
+       using Python's `email.message.Message` parser. The result is sanitized.
+    3. If no filename is provided via override and none can be determined from
+       the header, a ValueError is raised.
+
+    Args:
+        url: The URL of the file to download.
+        filename_override: Optional. If provided, this exact name is used for the downloaded file. Using the name associated with the URL is recommended (but may require identifying the extension).
+
+    Returns:
+        The full path to the downloaded file.
+
+    Raises:
+        requests.exceptions.RequestException: For HTTP errors (e.g., 404, network issues).
+        IOError: If the file cannot be written.
+        ValueError: If no filename can be determined (neither provided via override
+                    nor found in Content-Disposition header).
+    """
+    try:
+        with requests.Session() as session:
+            with session.get(url, stream=True, allow_redirects=True, timeout=30) as response:
+                response.raise_for_status()
+
+                final_filename = None
+
+                if filename_override:
+                    final_filename = filename_override
+                    print(f"Using provided filename: {final_filename}")
+                else:
+                    content_disposition = response.headers.get('content-disposition')
+                    if content_disposition:
+                        msg = Message()
+                        msg['Content-Disposition'] = content_disposition
+                        filename_from_header = msg.get_filename() # Handles various encodings
+                        
+                        if filename_from_header:
+                            # Sanitize by taking only the basename to prevent path traversal
+                            final_filename = os.path.basename(filename_from_header)
+                            print(f"Using filename from Content-Disposition: {final_filename}")
+                
+                if not final_filename:
+                    raise ValueError(
+                        "No filename could be determined. "
+                        "None was provided as an override, and it could not be "
+                        "extracted from the Content-Disposition header."
+                    )
+                
+                current_dir = Path.cwd()
+                temp_dir = current_dir / "temp_downloads"
+                temp_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+                
+                local_filepath = os.path.join(temp_dir, final_filename)
+
+                with open(local_filepath, 'wb') as f:
+                    for chunk in response.iter_content(chunk_size=8192):
+                        if chunk:
+                            f.write(chunk)
+                
+                #print(f"File downloaded to: {local_filepath}")
+                return_str = f"File downloaded successfully. Local File Path: {local_filepath}"
+                return return_str
+
+    except requests.exceptions.RequestException as e:
+        print(f"Error during download from {url}: {e}")
+        raise
+    except IOError as e:
+        print(f"Error writing file: {e}")
+        raise
+    # ValueError will propagate if raised
+
+@tool(parse_docstring=True)
+def basic_web_search(query: str, search_domains: list[str]|None = None) -> str:
+    """
+    Perform a web search using Tavily. Useful for retrieving relevant URLs and content summaries based on a search query.
+    The content returned by this tool is limited. For more detailed content extraction, use the `extract_url_content` tool.
+    If you would like to limit the search to specific domains, you can pass a comma-separated string of domains (['wikipedia.org', 'example.com']).
+
+    Args:
+        query (str): The search query to perform.
+        search_domains (None | list[str]): Optional. A list of domains (E.g., ['wikipedia.org', 'example.com']) to restrict the search to. If None, searches across all domains. 
+    
+    Returns:
+        str: a json formatted string containing the search results, including titles, content snippets, and URLs.
+    """
+    search_tool = TavilySearch(
+        api_key=SecretStr(TAVILY_API_KEY),
+        max_results=5,
+        include_raw_content=False,
+        #include_answer=True,
+        include_domains=search_domains
+    )
+    
+    results = search_tool.invoke({"query": query})
+    
+    if results and isinstance(results, dict) and len(results["results"]) > 0:
+        return_dict = {
+            #"answer": "The following is an unconfirmed answer. Confirm it by extracting cotent from a url." + results.get("answer", ""),
+            "results": []
+        }
+        for result in results["results"]:
+            if "title" in result and "content" in result and result['score'] > 0.25:  # Filter results based on score
+                return_dict["results"].append({
+                    "title": result["title"],
+                    "url": result["url"],
+                    "content": result["content"],
+                })
+        if len(return_dict["results"]) == 0:
+            return "No results found. If the query is too specific, try a more general search term."
+        return json.dumps(return_dict, indent=2)
+
+    else:
+        return "No results found. If the query is too specific, try a more general search term."
+
+@tool(parse_docstring=True)
+def extract_url_content(url_list: list[str]) -> str:
+    """
+    Extracts the content from URLs using Tavily's extract tool.
+    This tool is useful for retrieving content from web pages.
+    This tool will most likely be used after a web search to extract content from the URLs returned by the search.
+    
+    Args:
+        url_list (list[str]): The URLs to extract content from.
+    
+    Returns:
+        str: The extracted content or an error message if extraction fails.
+    """
+    extract_tool = TavilyExtract(api_key=SecretStr(TAVILY_API_KEY))
+    extract_results = extract_tool.invoke({'urls': url_list})
+    
+    if extract_results and 'results' in extract_results and len(extract_results['results']) > 0:
+        for i, page_content in enumerate(extract_results['results']):
+            del extract_results['results'][i]['images']
+            if len(page_content['raw_content']) > 40000:
+                extract_results['results'][i]['raw_content'] = page_content['raw_content'][:40000] + '... [truncated]'
+        return json.dumps(extract_results['results'], indent=2)
+    else:
+        return f"No content could be extracted from the provided URLs: {url_list}"
+    
+
+
+def bs_html_parser(url):
+    response = requests.get(url)  # Send a GET request to the URL
+
+    # Check if the request was successful
+    if response.status_code == 200:
+        return BeautifulSoup(response.text, "html.parser")  # Parse and return the HTML
+    else:
+        return None  # Return None if the request fails
+
+def get_table_title(table_tag):
+    """
+    Extracts a title for a given table tag.
+    It looks for a <caption>, then for the closest preceding <h1>-<h6> tag.
+    """
+    title = "Untitled Table"
+    
+    # 1. Check for a <caption> element within the table
+    caption = table_tag.find('caption')
+    if caption:
+        caption_text = caption.get_text(strip=True)
+        if caption_text: # Ensure caption is not empty and use it
+            return caption_text
+
+    # 2. If no caption, look for the closest preceding heading tag (h1-h6)
+    headings = ['h1', 'h2', 'h3', 'h4', 'h5', 'h6']
+    # find_all_previous gets all previous tags matching criteria, in reverse document order.
+    # limit=1 gets the closest one (the last one encountered before the table).
+    preceding_headings = table_tag.find_all_previous(headings, limit=1)
+
+    if preceding_headings:
+        heading_tag = preceding_headings[0]
+        
+        # To get the cleanest text, prefer 'mw-headline' if it exists,
+        # otherwise, clone the heading, remove edit sections, and then get text.
+        
+        # Try to find a specific 'mw-headline' span first (common in Wikipedia)
+        headline_span = heading_tag.find("span", class_="mw-headline")
+        if headline_span:
+            title_text = headline_span.get_text(strip=True)
+        else:
+            # Fallback: create a temporary copy of the heading tag to modify it
+            # without affecting the main soup.
+            temp_heading_soup = BeautifulSoup(str(heading_tag), 'html.parser')
+            temp_heading_tag = temp_heading_soup.find(heading_tag.name)
+            
+            if temp_heading_tag:
+                # Remove "edit" links (span with class "mw-editsection")
+                for span in temp_heading_tag.find_all("span", class_="mw-editsection"):
+                    span.decompose()
+                title_text = temp_heading_tag.get_text(strip=True)
+            else:
+                # If cloning somehow failed, take raw text (less ideal)
+                title_text = heading_tag.get_text(strip=True)
+        
+        if title_text: # Ensure title_text is not empty
+             title = title_text
+             
+    return title
+
+@tool(parse_docstring=True)
+def wikipedia_reader(url: str) -> str:
+    """
+    Extracts sections, paragraphs, and tables from a Wikipedia page.
+    
+    Args:
+        url (str): The URL of the Wikipedia page to extract content from.
+    
+    Returns:
+        str: A JSON string containing sections, paragraphs, and tables.
+    """
+    soup = bs_html_parser(url)
+    if not soup:
+        return "" # Return empty if soup creation failed
+
+    def extract_links(soup_obj):
+        links = []
+        for link in soup_obj.find_all('a', href=True):
+            href = link.get('href')
+            # Filter for internal page links (sections)
+            if href and href.startswith("#") and "#cite_" not in href and len(href) > 1:
+                links.append(url+href)
+            # Original logic for other links starting with the base URL (might need adjustment based on desired links)
+            # elif href and href.startswith(url):
+            #     links.append(href)
+        return links
+    
+    links = extract_links(soup)
+    
+    def extract_paragraphs(soup_obj):
+        paragraphs_text = [p.get_text(strip=True) for p in soup_obj.find_all("p")]
+        return [p for p in paragraphs_text if p and len(p) > 10]
+    
+    paragraphs = extract_paragraphs(soup)
+    
+    def extract_tables(soup_obj):
+        tables_with_titles = []
+        for table_tag in soup_obj.find_all("table", {"class": "wikitable"}):
+            title = get_table_title(table_tag) # Get the title
+            try:
+                # Pandas read_html expects a string or file-like object
+                table_html_str = str(table_tag)
+                # Using StringIO to simulate a file, as read_html can be sensitive
+                df_list = pd.read_html(StringIO(table_html_str))
+                if df_list:
+                    df = df_list[0] # read_html returns a list of DataFrames
+                    tables_with_titles.append({"title": title, "table_data": df.to_dict(orient='records')})
+                else:
+                    tables_with_titles.append({"title": title, "table_data": None, "error": "pd.read_html returned empty list"})
+            except Exception as e:
+                
+                tables_with_titles.append({"title": title, "table_data" : None, "error": str(e)})
+        return tables_with_titles
+    
+    tables = extract_tables(soup) # This now returns a list of dicts
+
+    return_dict = {
+        "sections": links,
+        "paragraphs": paragraphs,
+        "tables": tables
+    }
+    
+    return json.dumps(return_dict, indent=2, ensure_ascii=False)  # Return as JSON string
+
+
+# Singleton class for Whisper model
+# we use this so we don't have to load the model multiple times, just once the first time the tool is used
+class WhisperTranscriber:
+    _instance = None
+
+    def __new__(cls):
+        if cls._instance is None:
+            import torch
+            from transformers import AutoModelForSpeechSeq2Seq, AutoProcessor 
+            from transformers.pipelines import pipeline
+
+            device = "cuda:0" if torch.cuda.is_available() else "cpu"
+            torch_dtype = torch.float16 if torch.cuda.is_available() else torch.float32
+            model_id = "openai/whisper-large-v3"
+
+            model = AutoModelForSpeechSeq2Seq.from_pretrained(
+                model_id, torch_dtype=torch_dtype, low_cpu_mem_usage=True, use_safetensors=True
+            )
+            model.to(device)
+
+            processor = AutoProcessor.from_pretrained(model_id)
+            pipe = pipeline(
+                "automatic-speech-recognition",
+                model=model,
+                tokenizer=processor.tokenizer,
+                feature_extractor=processor.feature_extractor,
+                torch_dtype=torch_dtype,
+                device=device,
+            )
+
+            cls._instance = pipe
+        return cls._instance
+
+
+@tool(parse_docstring=True)
+def transcribe_audio_file(file_path: str) -> str:
+    """
+    Transcribes an audio file to text using OpenAI's Whisper-large-v3 model, caching the model after the first load.
+
+    Args:
+        file_path (str): The path to the audio file to transcribe.
+
+    Returns:
+        str: The transcription of the audio file.
+    """
+    pipe = WhisperTranscriber()
+    transcription = pipe(file_path)["text"]
+    return transcription.strip() if transcription else "No transcription available."
+
+
+@tool(parse_docstring=True)
+def question_youtube_video(video_url: str, query: str) -> str:
+    """
+    Returns an answer to a question about a YouTube video. 
+    The video is streamed and one frame is captured every `capture_interval_sec` seconds.
+    These frames are sent sequentially to a multimodal model to answer the question about the video.
+    The final answer is aggregated from the answers to each frame.
+    
+    Args:
+        video_url (str): The URL of the video to capture frames from.
+        query (str): The question to answer about the video.
+        
+    Returns:
+        str: The answer to the question about the video.
+    """
+    CAPTURE_INTERVAL_SEC = int(os.getenv("CAPTURE_INTERVAL_SEC", 2))  # Default to 2 seconds if not set
+
+    # First, we need to get the video stream URL using yt-dlp
+    ydl_opts = {
+        "quiet": True,
+        "skip_download": True,
+        "format": "mp4[ext=mp4]+bestaudio/best", 
+        "forceurl": True,
+        "noplaylist": True,
+        "writesubtitles": True,
+        "writeautomaticsub": True,
+        "subtitlesformat": "vtt",
+        "subtitleslangs": ['en'],
+        }
+
+    with yt_dlp.YoutubeDL(ydl_opts) as ydl:
+        info_dict = ydl.extract_info(video_url, download=False)
+        assert isinstance(info_dict, dict), "Failed to extract video information. Please check the video URL."
+        stream_url = info_dict.get("url", None)
+    
+    # Second, we use FFmpeg to capture frames from the video stream
+    ffmpeg_cmd = [
+        "ffmpeg",
+        "-i",
+        stream_url,
+        "-f",
+        "matroska",  # container format
+        "-",
+    ]
+
+    process = subprocess.Popen(
+    ffmpeg_cmd, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE
+    )
+
+    container = av.open(process.stdout)
+    stream = container.streams.video[0]
+    time_base = stream.time_base
+    if time_base is None:
+        raise ValueError("Could not determine time base for the video stream. Please check the video URL and try again.")
+    else:
+        time_base = float(time_base)
+
+    # Third, we need to use a multimodal model to analyze the video frames.
+    if stream_url is None:
+        raise ValueError("Could not retrieve video stream URL. Please check the video URL and try again.")
+    else:
+        image_model = ChatOpenAI(
+            model="google/gemini-2.5-flash-preview-05-20",  # Example multimodal model
+            api_key=SecretStr(OPENROUTER_API_KEY),  # Your OpenRouter API key
+            base_url="https://openrouter.ai/api/v1",  # Standard OpenRouter API base
+            verbose=True  # Optional: for debugging
+        )
+        image_model_system_prompt = SystemMessage(
+            content="You will be shown a frame from a video along with a question about that video and an answer based on the previous frames in the video. "\
+            "Your task is to analyze the frame and provide an answer to the question using both the current frame and the previous answer. " \
+            "If the previous answer is reasonable and the current frame can not answer the question return the previous answer. " \
+            "For example, if the question is about the color of a car and the previous answer is 'red' but the current frame shows no car, you should return 'red'. " \
+            "If the question is about the greatest number of something in the video, you should return the number counted in the current frame or the previous answer, whichever is greater. " \
+            "For example, if the current frame has 5 objects but the previous answer is 10 objects, you should return '10'. " \
+            "Be concise and clear in your answers, and do not repeat the question. " \
+        )
+
+
+    # Then, we loop through the frames and analyze them one by one, skipping frames based on the capture interval
+    next_capture_time = 0
+    aggregated_answer = ''
+    response = ''
+    
+    answers_list: List[dict] = []
+
+    for frame in container.decode(stream):
+        if frame.pts is None:
+            continue
+
+        timestamp = float(frame.pts * time_base)
+        if CAPTURE_INTERVAL_SEC is None or timestamp >= next_capture_time:
+            # Convert the frame to an image format that the model can process
+            buf = io.BytesIO()
+            img = frame.to_image()
+            img.save(buf, format="JPEG")  # using PIL.Image.save
+            jpeg_bytes = buf.getvalue()
+            frame_base64 = base64.b64encode(jpeg_bytes).decode("utf-8")
+
+            # Explicitly type the list to hold instances of BaseMessage
+            msgs: List[BaseMessage] = [image_model_system_prompt]  
+
+            frame_query = query
+            
+            if aggregated_answer:                
+                frame_query += f"\nPrevious Answer: {aggregated_answer}"
+                frame_query += "\nProvide a concise answer based on the previous answer and the current frame. " \
+                    "If the current frame does not answer the question but there is a previous answer, return the previous answer. " \
+                    "REMEMBER: This question is not about the current frame! It is about the video as a whole. ALWAYS PAY ATTENTION TO THE PREVIOUS ANSWER!"
+            
+            msgs.append(HumanMessage(content = [
+                {
+                    "type": "text", 
+                    "text": frame_query
+                },
+                {
+                    "type": "image", 
+                    "source_type": "base64",
+                    "mime_type": "image/jpeg",
+                    "data": frame_base64
+                }
+            ]))
+
+            response = image_model.invoke(msgs)  # Pass the image bytes to the model
+            # Extract the answer from the model's response
+            assert isinstance(response.content, str), "The model's response should be a string."
+            answer = response.content.strip()
+            answers_list.append({"timestamp": timestamp, "answer": answer})
+            if answer:
+                aggregated_answer = answer
+            if CAPTURE_INTERVAL_SEC is not None:
+                next_capture_time += CAPTURE_INTERVAL_SEC
+
+    process.terminate()
+
+    final_answer_model = ChatOpenAI(
+    model="google/gemini-2.5-pro-preview",  # Example multimodal model
+    api_key=SecretStr(OPENROUTER_API_KEY),  # Your OpenRouter API key
+    base_url="https://openrouter.ai/api/v1",  # Standard OpenRouter API base
+    verbose=True  # Optional: for debugging
+    )
+
+    final_answer_system_message = SystemMessage(
+        "You are a brilliant assistant who is eager to help and extremely detailed oriented. " \
+        "A group of individuals have been asked the same question about a video. " \
+        "None of the individuals have seen the entire video. " \
+        "Each individual, when asked the question, was provided a frame from the video, as well as the previously reported answer based on the previous frame. " \
+        "Your job is to report a final answer for the question about the video. " \
+        "Ideally, the final answer has already been reported correctly by the last individual. " \
+        "However, this is similar to the game a telephone, where the true answer can become corrupted along the way. " \
+        "Assess all of the answers. If you can confirm the final answer is correct, simply return it. " \
+        "If you notice that the final answer is incorrect, then identify the correct answer and report that. " \
+        "You will also have access to the video title and description, which may help you identify the correct answer. " \
+        "Be concise and only respond with the correct final answer!"
+    )
+
+    answers_list_str = "\n".join([f"Answer {i+1} at {ans['timestamp']:.2f}s: {ans['answer']}" for i, ans in enumerate(answers_list)])
+    
+    final_query = (
+        f"Video Title: {info_dict.get('title', 'No title found')}. "
+        f"Video Description: {info_dict.get('description', 'No description found')}. "
+        f"Question about video: {query} "
+        f"Answers provided by individuals: \n{answers_list_str}\n\n "
+        "Provide a concise final answer to the question about the video based on the previous answers. "
+        "Include a short explanation of why you chose this answer. "
+        "Format the answer like so: "
+        "Explanation: <your explanation here>. "
+        "Final Answer: <your answer here>. "
+    )
+    
+
+    final_msgs = [
+        final_answer_system_message,
+        HumanMessage(content=[
+            {
+                "type": "text",
+                "text": final_query
+            }
+        ])
+    ]   
+    final_response = final_answer_model.invoke(final_msgs)
+    assert isinstance(final_response.content, str), "The final model's response should be a string."
+    final_answer = final_response.content.strip()
+        
+    return final_answer
+