import string

# Character-level tokenizer for registrable domain labels (no TLD).
# Allowed set covers LDH + underscore/specials rarely seen; unknown chars map to PAD.

CHARS = list(string.ascii_lowercase + string.digits + "-_")

SPECIAL_TOKENS = ("<pad>", "<cls>")
PAD, CLS = range(len(SPECIAL_TOKENS))
SPECIAL_OFFSET = len(SPECIAL_TOKENS)

stoi = {
    c: i + SPECIAL_OFFSET for i, c in enumerate(CHARS)
}  # reserve space for PAD/CLS
itos = {i: c for c, i in stoi.items()}
VOCAB_SIZE = SPECIAL_OFFSET + len(CHARS)  # include special tokens
ALLOWED_CHARS = set(stoi)


def normalize_domain(d: str) -> str:
    """Normalize a raw domain label into charset-safe characters.

    Example: normalize_domain("Example_Domain!") -> "example_domain"
    Concept: basic text preprocessing step before tokenization.
    """
    d = (d or "").strip().lower()
    return "".join(ch for ch in d if ch in ALLOWED_CHARS)


def encode_domain(d: str, max_len: int = 64):
    """Convert a domain label into fixed-length token ids.

    Example: encode_domain("abc", max_len=5) -> [1, 2, 3, 4, 0]
    Example (truncate): encode_domain("abcdef", max_len=4) -> [1, 2, 3, 4]
    Concept: character tokenization with padding (sequence modelling input).

    Note: the leading CLS token (id=1) is reserved as a sequence summary token,
    mirroring the common Transformer practice of reading the first position to
    represent the entire input for classification.
    """
    d = normalize_domain(d)
    ids = [CLS] + [stoi.get(ch, PAD) for ch in d][: max_len - 1]
    if len(ids) < max_len:
        ids += [PAD] * (max_len - len(ids))
    return ids