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Land’s End Company’s Supplier Selection Aspects Case Study Who is likely to comprise the buying center in the decision to select a new supplier for Lands’ End? Land’s End Company’s buying center comprises of buyers and quality assurance personnel. The buyer stipulates fabric value, structure, and sizing standards. Additionally, they look for superlative alternative sources of products. Once this is complete, the quality assurance staff collects statistics meant to assist in comprehending the supplier’s value and to carry out an evaluation on value, service, and seller. Which of the buying center members are likely to play the roles of users, influencers, buyers, deciders, and gatekeepers? The package handling department most likely comprises the users because the products are resold after they are used. They are, therefore, not used in production. The agent acts in the interest of the company to influence suppliers who have the fabrics and materials to sell. Buyers, on the other hand, are likely to be the purchase executives who enter into a long term contract with the selected suppliers. Decisions are most likely made by top-level managers. It is the duty of the executive officers to enter into contracts that will bind the partners of Land’s End into agreements hence making them the decision-makers. The assurance personnel would most likely be the gatekeepers because they ensure that the right suppliers are selected. Which stages of the organizational buying decision process does Lands’ End follow when it selects a new supplier? Lands’ End first gathers information on the quality of materials produced by the potential suppliers before making a selection. The company then looks at other possible alternatives by comparing the prices to find a cheaper one. In addition to that, it tries to liaise with companies that offer the same product but of a higher quality. The decision to buy lies with the manager that handles the new contract. Finally, they consider the value of the contract it makes by using Post Purchase Behavior. What selection criteria does the company utilize in the process? The company believes that its customers are most likely to adjust to prices easily but the quality of the items cannot be compromised. The company, therefore, exploits a vital information gathering procedure because it assists it to evaluate the value of the materials, appreciate the suppliers’ values, and distinguish whether Land’s End’s standards are achieved. Purchases that Lands’ End buyers typically face in each of the three buying situations: straight re-buy, modified re-buy, new buy There are various situations faced by buyers such as Straight re-buys which involve making another order without doing any evaluation or making changes on the specification. This may happen due to the fact that stakeholders may be okay with the current state of the items hence making it easier for the company to reorder at the initial cost. Modifying re-buys, as the name suggests, is about changing some aspects of the product based on the preference and choice of consumers or the decision-makers in the company. The last situation is characterized by first-time purchases where additional items, such as men’s suits, are introduced to its product line. This is called the new-buy-purchase situation. It can be applicable in cases where consumers frequently complain of missing portions in a product or in situations where a new product is highly demanded by the target market.
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Tasers use a short spasm of voltage to temporarily incapacitate the victim. The use of tasers by security officers has been brought under much fire with some people arguing that it causes death and others viewing it as the best substitute for the guns. This paper aims to shed more light in to the use of Tasers. Use of taser is good and safe Most of the agencies that support the use of tasers argue that there is no any medical evidence proving that tasers will cause any death as it is claimed. Taser supporters argue that tasers are safer to use than guns, chemical sprays, and/or use of batons. Guns in most cases result to injury or even death, sprays will affect everyone in the vicinity, and batons may cause fractures. A taser will only incapacitate the victim for some time. A tasers can be used at some distance from the victim and this makes it safe for the law enforcement officers. Some doctors argue that the use of tasers is relatively safe claiming that “The chance of dying after being shot by a taser or stun gun is about one in 870” (Juan, 2008, p. 1).They claim it is the wrong use rather than the tool itself that is responsible for deaths. Taser international claims that there is no medical report linking taser application to death. Use of taser is bad and unsafe It has been claimed that the use of tasers is not safe and at times it is likely to cause death. A report by Amnesty International (2008) claimed that, “The number of people who died after being tasered in the USA reached 334 between 2001 and August 2008” (p. 1). Some agencies have claimed that the use of tasers in cases where police officers have the victims under control is rising and is unwarranted as these amounts to abuse of the tool. Tasers have been reported to be used on children, pregnant women and old women who may not have been a threat to safety. It has also been argued that the use of tasers amounts to abuse of human rights (Amnesty, 2008). Taser placement in the “linear use of force continuum” 1 The placement of a taser in the “linear use of force continuum” has its advantages and disadvantages. The placement of taser in the “linear use of force continuum” may not be advisable. This is because the linear model is arguably not flexible to all the case scenarios that a law enforcement officer may find himself in. The model may prompt the use of taser even when not warranted. Some situations may demand the use of taser even before the level of use of the taser is reached while other situations may demand use of other methods. Use of tasers on drug related cases Most deaths arising from use of tasers are usually found in cases where the victim is a drug addict especially for cocaine abusers as Juan (2011) argued “the use of cocaine boosts the shock value of a taser or stun gun by 50 to 100 per cent” (p. 1). This means that the placement of tasers on the linear model may not be advisable especially when dealing with drug cases. From the evidence linking taser deaths with drugs abusers it is not advisable to place taser on a linear model because its use may result to death if the victim is on drug addict. Due to the available evidence such as the report by New South Wales (2008) “at least 37 (74%) of the people subjected to a Taser application were known to have been injured during the incident” (p. 1) and the number of claims made against Taser international, it is important that use of tasers be taken with extreme caution. It may be necessary to place tasers at the highest level possible such that it is at the same category as the use of guns and other lethal weapons. The reason being taser use may be likely to cause death just like any other lethal weapon especially when dealing with drug addicts (New South Wales, 2008). Conclusion Use of tasers has been faced with both enthusiasm and criticism as well. Agencies that support the use of tasers claim that it is one of the safest available options when used appropriately and with a lot of care. Critics have made claims that taser use has caused a lot of deaths and has been abused while others insist that its use amounts to violation of human rights. Placement of taser in the linear use of force continuum needs to be handled with care since its use may result to deaths especially in drug related cases. However to be on the safer side it is advisable to strictly control its use, extensively train the users and use it when it is absolutely necessary. References Amnesty, I. (2008). USA: Safety of Tasers questioned as death toll hits 334-mark. Amnesty International . Web. Juan, S. (2011). Can stun guns and tasers cause death . The Register. Web. New South Wales. (2008).The use of Taser weapons by New South Wales Police . New South Wales Police Force . Web. Footnotes This is a set of terms are used to refer to a set of procedures that police officers ought to use when engaging a suspect. The procedures are liner and they what a police officer ought to do when a suspect behaves in a given way. Web.
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Love Concept from Different Aspects Essay The word ‘love’ originated from the Old English word ‘lufu’ meaning ‘to desire’ and the Latin word ‘lumber meaning ‘to please.’ Love is generally defined by the Dictionary as ‘a strong liking’ or ‘a passionate affection for another person (Windgassen). Love is an intricate part of human nature, one that is indispensable in our lives and one that makes our lives worth living). It spawns varying feelings in individuals; different individuals experience love in varying fashions due to which love is difficult to define. The best definition of love is one passed on by the Greeks more than 2,500 years ago. It classifies love into 4 types – Eros, Filial, Caritas, and Agape (Windgassen). Eros is love associated with eroticism. It exists between couples and also includes the sexual feelings individuals experience towards their own bodies when they lack a partner or spouse. Totally self-serving in nature, it is a desire linked with sexuality and powered by basic carnal lust and an inborn pattern of behavior often responsive to specific stimuli while lacking the balancing swaying power of reason and experience. It is not immoral , but a basic, necessary, crucial, and healthy feeling that requires recognition and expression within the scope of relationship, sincerity, self-love, and mutuality. Eros is considered the most problematic type of love because individuals frequently struggle to love themselves as well as others with moral soundness as well as intimacy (Windgassen). Filial is love associated with family. It is founded on blood relationships. As compared to Eros, Philial contains greater virtue because it is not self-serving but moves beyond one’s self, and it is not driven by instinct. Phil’s distinctive characteristics are that it has a restricted scope and that it is powered by a commitment to those relatives (Windgassen). Caritas is love for all humanity. It desires only what is good for another person or a group of people irrespective of whether the person/s are acquaintances or not. Caritas is similar to Philial in that it is selfless, but it is different due to its wider scope, encompassing people in the family, workplace, and in all other areas of contact (Windgassen). Mother Teresa’s life and work are one of the best exponents of Caritas; it made others feel, in the words of C.S. Lewis: “We love to know we are not alone” (Wisdomquotes.com). Agape is love for the universe (Windgassen), well explained by Victor Hugo’s quote: “Life is the flower for which love is the honey” (Wisdomqutoes.com). Agape desires what is good for all humanity as well as all living beings and the very earth itself. It is the greatest level of love that manifests itself as boundless love without possessiveness and self-interest. Agape is similar to Caritas and Philial in that it is selfless but different from both as it has the widest scope of all types of love – due to which it is very rare for people to practice it (Windgassen). References * “Love Quotes.” Wisdomquotes.com. 2006. Web. * Windgassen, Diana. “What is the Meaning of Love?” Associated Content, Inc. 2006. Web.
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How Media Industries Control Human Lives Coursework Nowadays, all our leisure time is controlled by media industries. They are everywhere, no matter if one watches films or reads books, listens to the radio or music, goes to a cinema or a theatre. They surround us, sometimes in the strangest ways possible. They are an inseparable part of human experiences, and this is why there is a need to understand how they influence and change people – a process that is not noticeable on the first sight but leaves its traces no matter what. Media industries can be defined as complexes of organizations that create and distribute media texts – i.e. various types of artwork and information designed for human consumption. Some well-known examples are Marvel, Disney, BBC, Nintendo, The Times, etc. Modern media industries can communicate with consumers through 12 types of media: radio, video, publications, social media, messaging, digital communities, video games, apps, graphics, public speaking, art, music, performances. Each type has its pros and cons and provides certain content that is appealing to different groups of people in the society. While media industries do not fail to provide humankind with endless content, it is also important to note the influence they have on their audience. For example, some people put a lot of trust into certain news reporters, and an incorrect piece of news from a well-trusted source may actually be misleading or even dangerous. An example of that may be a “Jaws” movie about a bloodthirsty shark that led to an increase of shark killings because the film made people think about these animals as way more dangerous creatures than they actually are. More than that, people tend to absorb ideas depicted in a piece of media and then reapply them in real life. Due to that, a company influential enough can reinforce their executives’ opinions in works of art and informational texts or videos, thus, changing people’s attitudes or behavior. “The government cannot force news outlets to report solely positive things about their people of power; every country doing that is no longer democratic”. However, media industries are also important for humanity because they are the only source of information around the world. The work of journalists and news reporters allows people to know what happens in the world; without them, it would be impossible to learn about current events and politicians and, therefore, form political opinions. This is why media industries are very important for democratic countries: their populations rely on news as the source of knowledge about their political figures. It is natural that every government would want to control the news to represent their candidates and parties in a better light; however, it is impossible in a number of countries because of strict freedom of speech and self-expression laws. The government cannot force news outlets to report solely positive things about their people of power; every country doing that is no longer democratic. As much as it is important to keep media industries independent, it is also essential to remember that every industry’s ultimate goal is to make money out of their content. The main point of media texts created by industries is to attract new consumers. It means that the companies need to make their product more attractive – star popular celebrities, introduce a thrilling storyline, amaze their audience with special effects, etc. However, vital topics that need more coverage and attention are not represented. The companies produce movies with shallow plots, gossips about celebrities in magazines, songs with the similar love lyrics and a lot of other things that are entertaining but useless. All in all, it is essential to know about media industries because they strongly influence the lives of almost all people in the world. They change one’s beliefs and attitudes, help form a political opinion, introduce people to new concepts and ideas, underline the importance of art and its creators in the society. However, they do so mainly for profits, which is important to keep in mind while consuming their content.
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Eat, Pray, Leave: A Consumerist Approach to Nature There is no denial that people have been taking nature for granted for too long. Because of the unreasonable use of the natural resources, environmental pollution and inadequate protection (WWF, n. d.), people have led a number of species to extinction; moreover, due to the increasing rates of consumerist approach towards the food which nature provides for people, the number of species has started decreasing even more rapidly. Therefore, people have either to reconsider their diet, or to watch most of the animals and plants disappearing fast. The Problem, Unveiled: The Self-Centered Humankind Despite the obvious progress, people cannot control the natural processes. Therefore, it is extremely dangerous to intrude into the latter. Once having started to use natural resources, people will never be able to stop. Because of careless attitude towards the small amount of natural resources and huge rates of consummation, some species are already extinct, and some have become highly endangered. The issue concerns not only plants, but also animals and fish (Landais, 2007, January 26). Eating whatever they want, people have been disregarding the fact that natural resources are exhaustible. According to O’Sullivan, the recent event in Italy revealed the rates of people’s negligence towards nature: “The country’s foreign minister, Franco Frattini, commented that the banquet was distasteful at a time when Italy’s bears are ‘almost extinct and we are trying with great effort to bring them back to the mountains that have hosted them for centuries’” (O’Sullivan, n. d.). Because of high rates of fish consummation, a number of fish has become endangered. Yet these species are still consumed. Moreover, to produce enough veal and beef, people have to use the nature’s forest resources as pastures. The above-mentioned leads to forest destruction. Finally, the lack of balance between the consumed food and the feedback to the nature leads to a natural crisis. The latter can finally drive to a planet-scale catastrophe. Evaluating the Consequences: The Game Is not Worth the Candles Before proceeding with the solutions, people have to ask themselves a question, “How did this happen?” To understand why the consumerist attitudes have taken such a drastic scale, one must consider the way people treat natural resources. The example above shows that people have a great problem in their relationships with nature. The problem is that the humankind has been taking nature for granted. Probable Solutions: Helping Rare and Endangered Species As it has been mentioned above, the consequences of a thoughtless use of natural resources will be drastic. Even now, one can track some of the outcomes of people’s eating habits. For example, the following species have disappeared completely over the past few decades: However, there is no time to panic. Even at the given stage, there is a way out. To start with, people should practice sustainability approach. Using natural resources only when necessary, people will be able to right the wrongs. In addition, it will be needed to contribute to nature as opposed to constant consummation. Spreading awareness, one can enhance the process: “More than one million people have now watched The End of the Line, a groundbreaking expose of the consequences of overfishing, according to an evaluation of the film’s impact” (Levitt & Thomas, 2011, February 18). Speaking of the endangered species, people should reconsider their ration, indeed, to save the former. There are several ways to do so. Vegetarianism is the most radical approach. However, it will not suit anyone. Another method to solve the problem is the approach of biodiversity. Guided by the principle of giving back to the environment as much as people take away from it, sustainability approach presupposes that biodiversity should be encouraged with the help of developing a reasonable diet for people. Providing enough elements which are vital for people does not mean that the endangered species should be used as food or resources for fur and leather products. While providing people with the necessary vitamins and minerals, one can still take care of the endangered species. The latter can be substituted by the species which are quite numerous. Giving the endangered species a couple of centuries to repopulate, one will be able to make the natural resources plentiful again. Conclusion: There Is Still Some Hope Left. Biodiversity and Sustainable Environmental Policies As it has been mentioned previously, there is a way out of this complicated situation. People need to understand that their self-centeredness is self-defeating. Moreover, the focus on the consumerist approach will finally kill not only people, but also the remaining species. Therefore, the way people eat must be reconsidered once and for all. It is unreasonable to make all people survive on bread and water. However, at present, the world is in another extreme. Eating everything what they please, people destroy the delicate balance of nature. Therefore, not only what we eat, but also how we eat must be changed. Reference List Landais, E. (2007, January 26). 40% of food ‘is genetically modified.’ Web. Levitt, T. & Thomas, A. (2011, February 18). The End of the Line: How a film changed the way we eat fish . The Guardian . Web. O’Sullivan, F. (n. d.). Threatened species on the menu worldwide . Web. WWF (n. d.). Threats to oceans and coasts . Web.
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The Consumer Financial Protection Agency Act of 2009 Essay Table of Contents 1. Conclusion 2. Recommendations 3. Way forward 4. Reference List An act is a law enacted as legislation. The Consumer Financial Protection Agency Act of 2009 was first presented to States Congress (Senate and House of Representatives) in the United States for discussion in July 8 2009. The act covers any financial product or service to be used by a consumer for personal, family, or household purposes. According to Postner (2009), the Agency has authority over financial products and services ensuring consumers have adequate information on financial products and services so as to make rational decisions. The agency should also be responsible for designing standard products. The agency’s decree is to seek to espouse intelligibility, straightforwardness, justice, answerability, and access in the market for (consumer) financial products or services. Its objectives according to Govtrack (n.d.) include; ensuring that all consumers especially the marginalized have access to financial services, protecting consumers from any form of exploitation and ensure equality in treatment of all consumers, ensuring easy access and use of any information that may help consumers make good decisions in regard to financial products and services, and ensuring smooth running of the financial products and services and bringing out ideas that may bring about growth and development in the markets. Wright and Zywicki (2009) highlight the major setbacks of the Consumer Financial Protection Agency as; * It uses high bureaucracy levels which may lead to increased expenses and wastage of time in carrying out the procedures, * It has been seen as a major cause of financial crisis as many people result in borrowing to buy houses they could not afford and hence being unable to pay their mortgages and * It may reduce competition and availability of credits to consumers and may also limit customer choice. Evans and Wright (2010) observe the effects of the Consumer Financial Protection Agency to be; Increased interest rates paid by consumers, reduced borrowing capacity of consumers hence reducing consumer spending and low rate of new jobs created in the economy. Conclusion Although the Consumer Financial Protection Agency has been viewed to have many negative aspects, here are some of the positives aspects I have realized; it ensures that the financial products are of high quality and beneficial to consumers by adhering to set standards. It allows for fair competition and outlaws prepayment penalties and protects consumers against malicious lenders. Recommendations There should be no stiff regulations on borrowers. Regulation should ensure that lenders deal with informed borrowers hence avoiding deception Consumers should be given adequate information on changes on rates that may arise during payments of loans There should be penalties on lenders who deceive consumers by taking advantage of their ignorance on financial products and services. Way forward Implementation of the Consumer Financial Protection Agency Act will affect providers and consumers of financial products and services in some ways; it will lead to sweeping of consumer financial protection. The act will lead to formation of Consumer Financial Protection Agency which will ensure that other existing financial protection laws are executed in a proper manner. It will also control consumer financial products, authorize disclosures, and necessitate businesses to offer consumers “plain vanilla” products to ascertain quality and standard and strictly enforce penalties against any malpractices. The agency will also prohibit adjustable-rate mortgages since consumers usually don’t put into consideration the possibility of future increase in interest rates and ban pre-payment penalties on mortgages. Reference List Evans, D.S. and Wright, J.D. (2010). The Effect of the Consumer Financial Protection Agency Act of 2009 on Consumer Credit. George Mason Law & Economics Research Paper No. 09-50; Loyola Consumer Law Review, Vol. 22, No. 3, 2010, pp. 277-335. Govtrack (n.d). Text of H.R. 3126: Consumer Financial Protection Agency Act of 2009. Retrieved from https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/111/hr3126/text Postner, A.R (2009). Treating Financial Consumers as Consenting Adults. Wall Street journal , New York: Dow Jones & Company. Wright, J D. and Zywicki, T. J. (2009). Three Problematic Truths about the Consumer Financial Protection Agency Act of 2009. Lombard Street, Vol. 1, No. 12, September 14, 2009; George Mason Law & Economics Research Paper No. 09-48 .
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Female Character in the Shakespeare’s Othello Essay Introduction To appreciate the role of women in Othello, one may examine the play from a feminist perspective. This way, an individual can pass judgment on the various social values as well as the status of the women in the backdrop of the Elizabethan age. Othello is an archetypical depiction of the expectations of the highly patriarchal Elizabethan community. This is on the premises that many of the female characters irrespective of their perceived importance are diminished and objectified by their male counterparts. This essay discusses in detail the perceptions of society about women in the context of the play. How female characters are perceived in the play A woman’s chastity and fidelity are held in high regard. When Desdemona is perceived to be unfaithful, the consequences are integral in driving the action and ultimate tragedy of the play, although the perception was an erroneous one. The men in the play appear to have different opinions on women. Iago appears to despise them while Cassio and Othello assume a more conventional approach because they idolize them. However, for the majority, a woman does not appear to have much value beyond her femininity and beauty. In fact, from a feminist viewpoint, it is a double tragedy since the actual tragedy of the needless death of Othello and his wife would have been avoided if Emilia and Desdemona had previously been allowed a voice. It is apparent, however, that in the play a man is judged by his actions. He also has to answer for those of his wife. As a result, Othello passes fatal judgment on both himself and his wife, albeit based on a misconception. Women, on the other hand, are not allowed to prove or even defend themselves. Desdemona, for instance, is judged not by virtue of her character, but what others think about her. This is self-evident in the fact that even when there is a dispute about her, she is ironically not called in to give her evidence. Her father determines that she has been forced into marriage with Othello and starts planning to rescue her without first attempting to consider she may want to have a say on the matter. When she claims to love him, Brabantio is convinced she must have been bewitched. He does not believe her capability of making an independent decision about loving Othello. It is apparent that when the virtues and personalities of women are held in high esteem, their roles are restricted and diminished by the inability of men to perceive them on an equal or objective basis. Emilia, Iago’s wife, is another woman in the play who engenders the diminished role that has been ascribed to the fairer sex by the dominant one. Her voice is constantly silenced by her husband, who has made abundantly clear that he does not respect her intellect. He speaks with such spitefulness and rudeness to Emilia that Desdemona appears confused whether the woman had a right to express her feelings. On several occasions, Iago puts Emilia down and rudely dismisses her. In the scene, she gives him a handkerchief he arrogantly refuses to tell her why he wants it. However, she is still willing to lie for him, although she is ignorant of what he is plotting. The arrogance of men in the face of their women is satirized by the fact that Othello has the answers that would have enabled him to see reason, but he dismisses them because they were supplied by Emilia. , because she is a woman, according to him, she is simple-minded and could be easily coerced to lying for Desdemona. It appears that the primary role of women in the play is for them to act as a basis on which men are evaluated. The chastity of the woman is used as a means through which men are measured in the eyes of society. The promiscuity of a woman is seen not so much as a moral failure on her part, but foolishness in her man that drives Othello into a murderous rage. In a way, women are also used to keep score and determine the social class. For example, Othello is seen as undeserving of the white woman because of his inferior race. Conclusion In conclusion, women have been diminished in the face of men. Even the main female character, Desdemona, is introduced as intelligent and self-assured, but after she becomes Othello’s wife, her independence and self-assurance diminish. She is relegated to the role of a silent wife who dies due to her husband’s folly. Ironically, even when she is killed, she does not dare to impugn his reputation. The honor of a man is far more important than the life of a woman. Judging from the treatment and perception of women in the play, it is abundantly clear that in the Elizabethan period, women are meant to be seen and not heard.
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“Disgraced” and Its Influence on the Real Society Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Main body 3. Conclusion 4. Works Cited Introduction It can be a surprise for many but social fairness is not available even for the citizens of developed countries. Unfortunately, there occasionally happen some cases of discrimination on gender, race, nationality, and others. There is no tradition to conceal this state of affairs from the public, which is supported by numerous pieces of art, articles, and books on the topic. Among all them, Disgraced by Akhtar is currently worth noticing. The play reflects a reality that is going on in society and makes people consider their attitudes to their ethnicity. Main body To begin with, the author shows that some people can hide their origins if it helps them eliminate the prejudices of others. There are a few examples of this statement in the play, and they deserve more detailed comments. Thus, Amir’s nephew changed his name from Hussein to Abe. He states that things are much easier for him since he made it (Akhtar, p. 12). Amir condemns his nephew for this change; the man even refuses to call him this new name. At the same time, Amir is also the one who changed some of the personal details. When his colleagues asked him at work where his parents were born, he answered India instead of Pakistan to get ahead and preclude possible problems (Akhtar, p. 34). The situations with Abe and Amir are quite similar, and Amir’s different responses to them follow a quite simple explanation. In this very manner, the playwright does his best to show that people can understand and even justify their actions, while others will deserve severe reproaches for the same. So, the play indicates that ethnicity can be a problem even nowadays and some people can neglect it for particular reasons. Disgraced deserves additional attention since it depicts issues of modern society in their true colors without an intention to hide something or entertain the audience. Actions in the play take place against the background of the real world, which explains the presence of some challenging issues in the text. Firstly, the characters discuss the contradictory position of Islam in France (Akhtar, p. 58). This European country has witnessed a lot of problems recently, and the play pays special attention to this fact. Secondly, the author touches on the topic of September Eleventh, i.e., one of the most tragic events for the United States. Being a Muslim, Amir reveals he was proud of that terrorist attack (Akhtar, p. 62). Among other things, it means he cannot get rid of his roots no matter how hard he tried. His confession supports the substantial prejudice nowadays that all American Muslims are “potential terrorists or terrorist sympathizers” (Bayoumi, p. 141). These are the best examples of how the play reflects a reality that is going on in the world. Conclusion In conclusion, Disgraced is said to be a remarkable piece of art, discussing quite essential issues for the present society. The play does not attempt to color the actual state of affairs; the real setting and background are introduced to depict the existing difficulties for people of a particular origin. Unfortunately, the playwright does not state how it is possible to improve this state of affairs. Sometimes, however, solely drawing peoples’ attention to a problem can be enough to make everything change. Based on the information, the play is a must-read for people who want to live in a world free of prejudice and discrimination. Works Cited 1. Akhtar, Ayad. Disgraced. Little, Brown and Company, NY, 2013. 2. Bayoumi, Moustafa. This Muslim American Life: Dispatches from the War on Terror. NYU Press, 2015.
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The Book of Exodus in the Bible Essay The book of Exodus in the Bible is the second after Genesis. It is among the books of Torah. It mainly explains the salvation of Israelites from mistreatments by the Egyptians. It outlines the events that occurred as the Israelites were in the process of leaving Egypt for Canaan under strict protection of God. However, the views held by Islam and Judaism varies a lot with those embraced by Christianity (Hopfe & Woodward, 2012). Jews treat Exodus as one of the most significant events in their lives. They link their nationhood to everything that happened on their journey from Egypt to the land of independence in Canaan. Exodus remains the foundation stone of their unity as a nation, which reminds them of their mistreatment and salvation from Egypt as they maintained togetherness. They also treat it as a symbol of God’s fulfillment of the promise He made to their father Abraham. Jews believe that God brought the passage to them in order to make them unique from the rest of the people in the world (Arnow et al., 2013). Christianity, which mainly originated after the coming of Jesus Christ, views Exodus differently. During the celebration of Passover before the death of Jesus Christ, the disciples started looking at the event from a different perspective. This view of the disciples then spread down to the subsequent generations of Christianity (Arnow et al., 2013). Christians only celebrate the occasion to remember the death of Jesus Christ. They believe that the problems Jesus went through started on the day that people were celebrating Passover to mark the journey to Jews’ freedom during the era of Moses as their prophet. Christians then changed the definition of Passover from celebrating the freedom of Jews, to celebrating Jesus’ death and his comeback to life (All About Religion, 2002). Islam also views Exodus differently. The occurrences in Exodus spread in most parts of the Quran, with the aim of warning leaders and individuals who are out to mistreat others. Unlike Judaism, which celebrates Exodus, Islam thinks that the experiences by the Israelites were mainly to teach people on the dangers of having excess powers and mistreating other people. They do not regard it as an event that deserves celebrations, as Judaism does. They also view Exodus as a teaching on patience. This is because Israelites remained patient when God promised that He would take them to a comfortable land in Canaan (Arnow et al., 2013). When it comes to the characters in Exodus, Quran identifies the woman who picked Moses from the river differently from Christianity and Judaism. As Judaism and Christianity say that the daughter of Pharaoh took Moses from the river, Quran is of the opinion that the wife of Pharaoh took him from the river. There is a difference in the significance of the character in the three religions. Islam considers the wife to Pharaoh as significant in the rescue of Moses while Christianity and Judaism view the daughter of Pharaoh as the one who played the significant role of rescuing Moses (Jordan, 2003). In conclusion, the ideas about Exodus are almost similar in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Differences arise in the significance of the occurrences to the respective religions. The Jews consider Exodus a symbol of their freedom as a nation. Christianity changed its meaning to mean the death of Jesus, while Islam views it as a normal teaching of how people should live with each other. References All About Religion. (2002). Judaism, Islam, Christianity comparison – Are there similarities? Judaism, Islam, Christianity – Comparison , 1-2. Web. Arnow, D., Boys, M. C., & Shafiq, M. (2013). The Significance of Exodus/Passover in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Exodus in Bible and Qur’an , 1-7. Web. Hopfe, L. M., & Woodward, M. R. (2012). Religions of the World. Upper Saddle: Pearson. Jordan, A. (2003). Perspectives on Religious Issues. Cheltenham: Nelson Thornes.
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Productivity of a Nursing Unit Essay According to the American Nurses Association (ANA), corrective staffing of nurses per unit cannot be attained through legislation; rather, the decision on the number of nurses per unit should be made with special reference to skills needed per unit, the outcomes of care provided, and the characteristics of the working environment. The number of nurses per unit is an important determinant of its productivity and it differs depending on the shift, day of the week, or changes in the environment. The staffing level per unit and the amount of work are important determinants of the quality of healthcare given. The two factors can be enhanced further if the nurses are well trained. This way, they will be in a good position to provide professional care to the patients and once this is done, the unit will have attained one of its goals; providing quality healthcare (Brown, 2000: 143). Research has shown that as the number of nurses per unit increases, the level of complications and the duration of stays at the hospital decreases. Following this, it becomes possible to save medical costs, improve national productivity, and save lives. It is estimated that a 1% increase in the number of nurses can help save at least five lives by averting deaths (Hoffman, 2001: 123). This addition further reduces the patient’s number of hospital days. This is advantageous both to the individual as well as the government (Eastaugh, 2002: 123-126). As we increase the number of nurses per unit, we increase their productivity since their professional care is of benefit both to the individuals and the nation. It is important to note that as we increase the number of nurses per unit, it becomes easy for them to manage their work. As noted earlier, the amount of work per unit depends on the time of day or changes in the working environment. More nurses are needed during the day than at night; this means more nurses have to be present during the day so that they can share the work available. To attain productivity, nurses working on the day are assigned roles according to their experience on that unit. Those who are less experienced are assigned roles that do not call for professional skills (Brown, 2000: 111). With more nurses, patients are attended to well and the degree of illnesses and infections is brought towards zero. Reducing the number of nurses and making use of services of non-licensed personnel would only worsen the situation. Roles and responsibilities of nurses can only be undertaken successfully if the nurses are not overloaded with work; this gives them enough time to attend to each and every patient adequately. The health of the patients would be at risk since they would not receive enough attention from the nurses available and in addition, the non-licensed personnel may not give them professional care. The healthcare services given by non-licensed nurses may not be up to standard hence may endanger the lives of the patients (Finkler, Kovner & Jones, 2007: 123). ANA is of the view that the number of nurses per unit cannot be determined by legislation; rather, other factors should be put into consideration. The productivity of any nursing unit is dependant on the number of nurses and the work available. As we increase the number of nurses per unit, we fight illnesses and deaths effectively. The idea of reducing the number of nurses is uncalled for since this may put the life of the patients at stake. Non-licensed nurses cannot act on behalf of trained nurses since they may not be in a position to provide professional healthcare. References Brown, M. (2000). Nursing management: issues and ideas . New York: Jones & Bartlett Learning. Eastaugh, S. R. (2002). Health care finance: cost, productivity & strategic design . New York: Jones & Bartlett Learning. Finkler, S.A., Kovner, C.T. and Jones, C.B. (2007). Financial management for nurse managers and executives (3rd Ed.) . St. Louis, Missouri: Saunders Elsevier. Hoffman, F. M. (2001). Nursing productivity assessment and costing out nursing services . New Jersey: Lippincott.
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Socializing Agents in Shaping One’s Life Essay Socializing Agents Socialization is one of the most important factors in the life of an individual. Some of the socializing agents include the family, the school, religion, and the peer group. These socializing agents play a crucial role in shaping my life in college. My family is relatively large considering that it is an extended family. My parents have always instructed me to be social to other relatives, friends, and neighbors. We frequently visit other relatives, including aunts and uncles. My uncles and aunts visit us regularly to discuss matters affecting the larger family. My parents have always been nice to my friends since they have never questioned their credibility. When I bring them home, they always receive warm treatment from my parents. During holidays, I visit my cousins and spend some time with them talking about issues affecting the youths in the modern society. They would also come to visit me often, especially during the weekends. My parents have always cherished holiday trips. They usually take the whole family to various places within the country during holidays. From my parents’ experience, I have come to appreciate the importance of unity and cooperation in the family. I have learned that any close friends should be treated as members of the extended family. This has helped me to achieve my educational dreams. I find it easy to socialize with other members of society, given the fact that my family has a number of friends. The church has played an important role in ensuring that my family lives peacefully. During the early years of education, I learnt through my teachers that teamwork plays a critical role in achieving various objectives. This has helped me in my group discussion. My age mates have influenced my life positively because I have learned acceptable lifestyles from them. I find life in college much easier because of the above socializing agents. Summary The focus will be on my family. My family has influenced my life in a number of ways. My family helped me in acquiring values that are respected by many members of the extended family. My family believes in socialization because it is always willing to learn new things in life. My parents have always insisted that one should always take care of other people who are not members of the family because they might be of help in the future. My mother has always insisted that I should know people and learn to respect them because they will be of help one day. I have learned through my family that I have a responsibility of ensuring that I create a conducive environment that would make everyone feel respected and loved. My father advises me that I should be the caretaker of my friends, not because I expect the same from them, but because it is my responsibility to do so. My parents have always insisted that I have to pray regularly because it would help me to develop spiritually. These values have defined my personality even at the college level. My family instilled the above norms directly and indirectly. My parents would teach me how to talk to adults, peers, and younger relatives and friends. They also taught me how to keep time by helping me in writing the timetable. The way my parents related to other family members and friends taught me how I should behave. This means that children should watch their parents and try to emulate their behavior because this is how I gained the family culture. My family has always worked tirelessly to develop my character. My family has been the major source of inspiration in my entire life. My parents are my role models, and I have tried to behave like them in my life. They are selfless and are always ready to help anyone in need. They have taught me to emulate perfect habits from them. Through their constant encouragement and teachings, I have acquired my current personality. This shows that various socializing agents play different roles in character development. However, the family is the most important because it is the primary socializing agent. It influences the behavior of a child directly. Other agents influence the behavior of a child indirectly.
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Gender Inequality Index 2013 in the Gulf Countries Essay (Article) Table 1 – Gender Inequality Index 2013. The values on the Gender Inequality Index of the three GCC countries in the Table 1 The Gender Inequality Index is the term that refers to the measure of gender inequalities, as well as the losses to human development of a particular nation caused by those. The index can take values from zero to one, where zero stands for no disparities between women and men, and one implies the total inequality. Three countries I have chosen for the analysis are the United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia. According to the table, the United Arab Emirates is the 40th country in the GII Ranking 2012 (the first country on this list has the lowers GII value while the last one is associated with the greatest gender inequality in the world). The GII of the UAE is 0.241. In Kuwait, the situation is slightly worse. The GII there is 0.274, and the country goes 47th on the list mentioned above. As for Saudi Arabia, it is one of the several nations located at the bottom of the GII Rank. It goes under the number 145 on the list, where the maximum number is 148. Only three more countries have higher Gender Inequality Indexes. Those are Niger (0.707), Afghanistan (0.712), and Yemen (0.747). Saudi Arabia has not gone far from those, and its GII is 0.682. The reasons for the differences in the values of the index in the three GCC countries First of all, differences between GIIs of these three countries are caused by divergences in values that constitute the Gender Inequality Index as such. There are three of them: reproductive health, particularly maternal mortality, empowerment, made up by the percentage of women in the parliament and the percentage of those with secondary education, and, finally, the labor market participation that is determined by the proportion of women in the labor force. These values for the United Arab Emirates are the following: maternal mortality per a hundred thousand women is 12, the percentage of females in the parliament is 17.5%, 73 women out of a hundred have secondary education, and almost the half (43.5%) of the labor force is constituted by women. As for Kuwait, maternal mortality rate and the percentage of females in the labor force are mainly the same as those of the UAE: 14 women per 100,000 and 47% respectively. However, the ratio of women in the parliament is noticeably lower (7.7%), and that explains why the GII of Kuwait is slightly higher than the one of the UEA. Finally, parameters that determine the GII of Saudi Arabia differ significantly. Maternal mortality in this country is rather high (24 women per 100,000), and while more than the half of women (60.5%) have secondary education, only 13% of the labor force is taken by females. Consequently, that explains why the Gender Inequality Index is so high in Saudi Arabia. In broader terms, the differences between GIIs of these countries are caused by their cultures, religions, histories, etc. Religion is hardly an issue here since all three countries are Islamic, and their holy book does not state that females must cover all their bodies, except for the eyes. Still, the majority of the population in Saudi Arabia claim they must. Another potential reason for differences in GIIs is history. The most significant changes in the lives of women in Kuwait and the UEA happened when these two countries discovered oil in 1950-1960. That is when females got more opportunities outside their homes and families, began to think about their own literacy and health. Nevertheless, Saudi Arabia also has its share of the world’s reserves of oil. Then, why has not it tried to expand the role of women as well? Perhaps, the point is that Saudi Arabia discovered oil twenty years earlier when none of the neighborhood countries had thought of women’s rights. Maybe this nation just needs more time to adjust to the present-day world.
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Firm description 2. Mission and vision statement 3. Competitive environment 4. SWOT analysis 5. Marketing strategy ‘The Building’ 6. Financial projection ‘Budgeting and Pricing’ 7. Implementation controls 8. References Firm description After a comprehensive research about the healthcare services accessible to the residents of Idaho County in the Saudi Arabian Kingdom, it was concluded that it is important to establish a novel healthcare institution. Bartlett Hospital will focus on offering novel and great products to the residents. In addition, the institution will focus on offering distinguished quality, cheap services, and accessibility to all forms of treatment. There is a keen interest on making Bartlett Hospital an exemplary institution whereby it will set an example for other health institutions to emulate. As a result, the quality of healthcare services will improve in the entire Saudi Arabian Kingdom. Other healthcare institutions will emulate Bartlett Hospital and try to offer high quality services. Hence, healthcare institutions will bring in equipment for treating various kinds of conditions. This will ensure that patients are treated in Saudi Arabia as opposed to being moved to other countries and hospitals in search of treatment. The overall result will be improvement in the healthcare services in Saudi Arabia. Mission and vision statement The Bartlett Hospital will be a community healthcare institution that will focus on offering healthcare services to all residents of Idaho County in Saudi Arabia. In addition to the healthcare services, the institution will also offer research and teaching. At Bartlett Hospital, every person will be highly valued. The institution will be dedicated to leadership and excellence. This will be demonstrated through offering exemplary spiritual, emotional, and physical care to all the clients. Second, there will be a balance between the continued dedication for caring for the neediest people and offering highly expert services to the wider community. Third, the hospital will promote a work environment where every individual is given utmost respect, value, and has equal opportunities for professional and individual growth (Zuckerman, 2012). Fourth, there will be advancement in education regarding healthcare services. Fifth, the institution will promote a discovery culture and support classic research. The institution will be highly focussed on strengthening relationships with education institutions, health institutions, community, and agencies. Moreover, the use of resources at the institution will aim at demonstrating social responsibility. The dedication of the staff and stakeholders to the institution’s mission will promote the maintenance of a caring culture, which is the trademark at Bartlett Hospital. Bartlett Hospital’s vision is to be the choice institution for employees, physicians, and clients as a result of the comprehensive research and education programs. Moreover, the institution will focus on offering unique services that meets the health needs of Idaho residents. In this regard, there will be implementation of exclusive wellness and patient care programs. Bartlett Hospital will be guided by the core values of reverence, dignity, trust, teamwork, cooperation, integrity, and heritage. Competitive environment According to Sheaff (2002), the healthcare environment in Idaho is exceptionally competitive. Therefore, promotion and marketing will be used to market the unique products offered by the institution. In addition, Bartlett Hospital will invest in unique and outstanding products and services, which will make the institution exceptional. SWOT analysis A SWOT analysis will be useful for planning effective programs and strategies. Bartlett Hospital will invest in the following strengths; a solid dedication to the community’s mission, outstanding employees, unique hospital facilities, exceptional healthcare quality, and highly esteemed organizational efficiency. On the other hand, some of the weaknesses that may slow down the implementation of the programs include critical staff shortage, absence of basic care network, and insufficient resources. Bartlett Hospital has the following opportunities; an increase in community healthcare programs, the growing metropolitan community, and escalated managed care business. There are threats as a result of the reduced government reimbursement, the specialty physicians are being competed for, and increased healthcare provider networks’ competition (Zuckerman, 2012). Marketing strategy ‘The Building’ Bartlett Hospital aims at responding urgently to the escalated strategic needs. Therefore, the management will have a key role in shaping the manner in which the institution will react to novel economic and competitive problems that result from transformations in healthcare. The marketing strategy will purpose at developing and upholding unique and solid brands; leveraging and setting physician relationships; promoting client loyalty, receptiveness, and engagement; ensuring unique patient experiences; promoting value and quality; and concentrating on long- term effectiveness (Fortenberry, 2010). Financial projection ‘Budgeting and Pricing’ It is estimated that the institution will require one thousand dollars to ensure implementation of all the programs, payment of employees, and service provision. This money will be generated though government grants and aids from non- governmental organizations. Implementation controls To ensure the survival of Bartlett Hospital, there is a vital need for financial controls. There is a need to consider the rapidly fluctuating healthcare environments. The management will be extremely keen of how to deploy the exceptionally limited capital resources. In this regard, the management will ensure the use of innovative methods as opposed to contemporary methods. This will ensure that the healthcare needs of the residents are met using the available resources. In addition, external auditors will be invited quarterly to assess the use of resources. References Fortenberry, J. (2010). Healthcare Marketing: Tools and Techniques (3rd ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Sheaff, R. (2002). Responsive healthcare . New York: Open University Press. Zuckerman, A. M. (2012). Healthcare Strategic Planning (3rd ed.). Chicago, IL: Health Administration Press.
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OPSM Company Work Environment Case Study Few features of OPSM’s approach to learning and developing should be noted. It is important that the company has started with a foundation that was later used to implement other programs. It is quite necessary because there were no previous processes. Also, development gaps were and addressed with a use of a particular feedback tool. It is crucial that managers have had a previous experience with it. A leadership program is also an interesting decision because the success was not guaranteed. However, the risks have paid off. Overall, the importance of career development cannot be disregarded because it motivates employees. Currently, many barriers prevent the implementation of such programs in companies. It is very hard to get the support of stakeholders because they often request the detailed data about the expenses and how fast investments will pay off. Also, it is hard to make a correct prognosis for such program. Another significant problem is that a board of directors and a leadership team in most companies are very conservative most of the time and prefer to use traditional methods. However, they should be informed about the potential of such programs. Also, it must be said that resources of some organizations are limited, and they cannot afford to implement initiatives like this. Mentoring is a particular process in which two individuals are involved, and one helps another to reach career goals. Such relationship is especially important in the environment of the university. It is beneficial for both participants. Mentor learns how to be a professional and dramatically improves his or her skill, and leadership ability is also developed. A mentor should have the desire to share his experience with a student. The apprentice is being offered valuable advice and information that would be useful. Also, mentor’s network plays a significant role in the career development of the protégé. Both sides should be motivated and must understand their roles. I would consider many possible factors when creating a mentoring program for a new lecturer. A teacher should provide assistance to a student not less than two times a week for several hours. The development of the schedule is essential to make sure that the process is successful, and the desired effect is achieved. Also, it is important that he or she helps with a particular discipline to improve the skills. It is highly necessary to create an environment to support the process. Also, a teacher should make reports to keep track of the progress. Mentoring should be a paramount experience for a recently recruited lecturer because it improves knowledge, and communication skills are also developed. Sexism in the workplace is an enormous problem in the modern society that needs to be discussed, and particular measures must be taken to prevent such incidents. First of all, it should not be tolerated by any workers. If a person is treated differently because of one of the characteristics such as gender it can be described as discrimination. Managers should implement strategies to fight with this problem. There should be ways to report cases of sexism in the workplace. Also, a manual that describes such procedures can be developed with a help of a professional. It is important because employees should feel comfortable and safe in the work environment because depression and stress may negatively affect their performance.
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Pair-Group Activities for Second Language Learning Case Study Pair-group activities are fundamental for learning the second language (L2) as it helps to master communication skills and acquire appropriate competencies. However, this sort of cooperation during classes is a complex one because of multiple challenges arising between individuals engaged in team-work. These might include a lack of motivation to perform these tasks that comes from the poor understanding of pair-group activities’ purpose (Loewen, 2014). Additionally, learners can experience emotional discomfort triggered by the necessity to cooperate with other individuals. Finally, students can have a critical difference in knowledge that makes their communication more complex. Eliminating these barriers is central for final success as it ensures that skills will be mastered and promote better L2 understanding. One of the possible strategies to overcome listed difficulties is to ensure that all students are equally prepared. It means that they possess similar knowledge of vocabulary, grammatical structures, and speech to know how to perform tasks. The given approach will help to eliminate the discomfort that might emerge because of the critical differences in knowledge and ensure that all learners will be able to understand the task. Another method presupposes the provision of opportunities to communicate with multiple partners while performing this sort of activity (Loewen, 2014). This strategy guarantees that all learners will interact with each other because of the existence of many options. Finally, it is essential to select the content that will be interesting for students as it will provide the basis for discussions and debates promoting the improvement of speaking skills and L2 mastering. The utilization of these strategies can help to eliminate the majority of difficulties arising when organizing a group work and attain the appropriate result. Discussing the proposed case study, several aspects should be considered as drawbacks. First of all, the model selected by an educator is effective enough to discuss the needed vocabulary and feel the gaps in knowledge; however, regarding the existing guidelines for implementing group work, there were no clear instructions about the purpose of the given task and timeframe needed to complete this assignment. It can result in a lack of time for other activities and loss of control over the situation. Additionally, there should be clear instructions about the number of peers with whom students should interact to avoid chaos and ensure that all learners are included in the process. Disregard of these instructions can constitute a certain problem and corrupt results of the planned speaking activity. To avoid negative results, some improvements can be offered. First of all, an educator should outline the limit for this exercise to be controlled. At the same time, considering the existing guidelines, all students should be provided with an opportunity to communicate and engage in pair-group activities. That is why a teacher should outline several students that can be asked while making a proposed exercise as it will ensure that all individuals will have an opportunity to participate and master their L2 skills. Finally, there is a need for follow up activities to evaluate all provided answers and correct mistakes that emerge during the communication. Adding these elements into the exercise, an educator will be able to attain better results and ensure that the given sort of activity will help to achieve the planned goals including better knowledge of the vocabulary and its use in communicative situations. Reference Loewen, S. (2014). Introduction to instructed second language acquisition . New York, NY: Routledge.
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It is necessary to note that heart failure is often caused by a variety of other diseases and people are often unaware of the high risk of development of this health condition (The Harvard School of Public Health, 2010). According to Huff (2011), 80% of patients involved in the research conducted recently have poor health literacy. Notably, heart failure is often a result of an unhealthy lifestyle. In other words, it is preventable in the majority of cases if a person has a healthy lifestyle. The present leaflet is aimed at the adult population (between 30 and 50) who may know about (or be unaware of) heart failure (see Appendix 1). The purpose of the leaflet is to draw people’s attention to the problem and encourage them to seek more information (on the Internet, asking their doctors, and so on). The present population needs specific attention as these people are in the risk group of developing the disease. It has been acknowledged that people are now trying to have healthy lifestyles though some ignore this necessity. Such leaflet may encourage people to change their minds and be more responsible. It is necessary to note that the leaflet contains some data and images. To make a leaflet eye-catching, it is common to use images (Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, n.d.). A graph with the rate of people with a certain disease is utilized to make the viewer see the degree of danger. Admittedly, some data in the text may be missed as people often skim leaflets, but the same data in a graph tends to draw people’s attention. The leaflet includes highlighted text to help the view follow it easily. Hence, the most valuable information can be identified easily. Finally, the leaflet includes two helpful links to websites containing a lot of information on the disease and ways to prevent it. Therefore, the leaflet reaches its goals as people have some links to start their research on the matter. Furthermore, plain language was employed to address the target audience (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, n.d.). Even though the audience is the adult population, these people are not health care professionals in the vast majority of cases. Therefore, the leaflet does not contain specific terms, and the diseases mentioned in it are commonly known. It is also noteworthy that a significant part of the adult population speaks English as the second language (English literacy may be quite low) and complicated words and structures could be misunderstood.
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Gender and Bullying Issues in Nursing Essay (Critical Writing) In the Age of Universal Healthcare in Canada, Why is There Still a Healthcare Gap with Women? Healthcare services tend to vary for men and women due to their physical and psychological differences. In particular, women present specific needs associated with pregnancy, child delivery, menopause, and breast cancer, while men suffer more from heart failures, prostate cancer, and mental disorders. The healthcare gap between men and women exists because the above peculiarities are not taken into account as appropriate (Panisello & Pastor, 2015). The contemporary gender-specific diagnostics and treatment lack reaching their paramount goal that is to comprehend the differences in expectations and needs of an individual patient. Several factors impede the resolution of the identified problem in the field of healthcare-associated with gender. First, females are underrepresented in scholarly studies since males act as a major part of respondents. As a result, the findings are applied as evidence-based practices for both men and women, while their needs may be completely diverse. Second, the majority of caregivers are women, who lack proper education and continuous training that should be updated along with the changing environment. Since women have to care about their family and work simultaneously, such a situation creates additional burdens (Pederson, Raphael, & Johnson, 2010). Third, another issue leading to the mentioned gap is that plenty of women cannot feel secure in their homes due to domestic violence, while men are prone to street crime only. It creates mental issues and psychological health problems, which are deteriorated under a lack of access to healthcare services caused by low income, cultural prejudices, and public transport concerns. Thus, there is a range of factors that determine the health care gap between men and women, and the latter is to be considered differently by introducing relevant policies and practices as well as increasing females’ presentation in research studies. What Does Zero Tolerance for Bullying and Harassment Look Like in your Workplace? In Nursing? A lack of tolerance for workplace harassment and bullying is likely to lead to the deterioration of the situation and further misunderstanding and tension in an organization. In my workplace, zero tolerance is promoted by leadership strategies. For example, our managers are aware of the role of teamwork and proper relationships with colleagues, patients, and supervisors. They strive to provide timely managerial support and organize meetings to discuss problems arising between two people or groups. Even if a particular nurse is an excellent caregiver, he or she may be toxic to other members of the team, which creates threats to the very nursing processes and processes. In nursing, zero tolerance to bullying and harassment is the best way to build a transparent and welcoming environment for both newcomers and experienced nurses, who would cooperate to achieve the most effective and pertinent patient outcomes (Etienne, 2014). However, it is essential to educate leaders and nurses to prevent and address workplace bullying by presenting specific training and tasks aimed at intergrading staff members and leaving no place for improper treatment. To successfully mitigate harassment in nursing, it is essential to employ communication strategies, conflict resolution techniques, and self-care attitudes. The interest in such programs should be evoked through collective discussions as well as face-to-face conversations with every staff member. Another indicator of zero tolerance for workplace bullying is an immediate reaction of a leader to the emerged problem that may be expressed in applying relevant strategies to eliminate the issue. Both leaders and nurses should support training aimed at addressing bullying among nurses, thus ensuring a comprehensive approach to resolving the identified problem. References Etienne, E. (2014). Exploring workplace bullying in nursing. Workplace Health & Safety , 62 (1), 6-11. Web. Panisello, M. L., & Pastor, I. (2015). Health with equality: A proposal for the incorporation of the gender perspective in health care systems. Ciência & Saúde Coletiva, 20 (5), 1555-1563. Web. Pederson, A., Raphael, D., & Johnson, E. (2010). Gender, race and health inequalities. In T. Bryant, D. Raphael, & M. Rioux (Eds). Staying alive: Critical perspective on health, illness and healthcare (pp. 205-237). Toronto, Canada: Canadian Scholars’ Press.
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“Common Sense” Pamphlet by Thomas Paine Essay (Book Review) Thomas Paine was a deist. He chose to quote the bible in most of his writings because he understood the readers. He knew that in order for his book to receive the attention he needed, he had to choose a means that was receptive to the ears of his audience (Paine and Kramnick 30). A majority of Americans had accepted Christianity as a religion. And many of them knew about Christianity. Since religion was one of the ways one could use to influence the decision, he chose to use the Bible. He shows how King George III was like the Pharaoh of England (Paine and Kramnick 45). He also gives an account of how God created the people and how they requested for a King against his will. In so doing, he is against the establishment of a Kingdom in America. He says that one of the sins of the Jews was to accept Monarchy. Paine goes on to explain that David became a famous and successful ruler not because he was King, but because he was a man after God’s heart. He shows the great power that the King in England wields over them as compared to the Biblical kings. He uses this as an illustration, to make the citizens stop believing that the King had good intentions for America. He goes ahead to explain that with Monarchy, citizens do not have a chance to air their views (Paine and Kramnick 45). The monarch uses its power to influence decisions even if they are unpopular with the subjects. He makes the readers understand that if they accept to establish a Kingdom, then it could set a precedent that the next ruler would be the heir apparent to the King. If they chose elective politics, then it would also set a precedent for the generations to come. Thomas Paine urged citizens to develop patriotism for their country. He said that America was big enough to grow self-rule and stop depending on Britain. They had advanced in the economy and had enough wood to make ships and boats of war. They did not have to hire them from other nations. They could form their strong army that no other country could rival, including Great Britain (Paine and Kramnick 20). Patriots need to know that their colonizers only had a selfish interest in the nation. They chose their best men to fight for a cause that was not their choice. Britain’s enemies were not American competitors. Britain should fight its war and leave America to form its government (Paine and Kramnick 45). Common sense asks the readers to know that the interest of America is in making peace and trading with other nations. It was not to make enemies everywhere, as Britain had caused them to believe. People had coined a statement that because America had flourished under Great Britain, the same was to happen in the future of the nation. Paine argues that it was a fallacy to keep them tied to Britain forever, and yet they had the right to rule themselves. America would have flourished much more if the European power had not come to interfere with their trade. He argues that their goods could find a market and earn America more income than it was because of the customs that it had to pay to Great Britain (Paine and Kramnick 50). The monarch only defends America for the sake of trade and dominion and not because it has good interest in America. The writer argues that the ancient prejudices and sacrifices to superstition had caused America to remain in oblivion. There was no need for reconciliation if Britain was an open enemy. The two countries are miles apart. There was no need to subject such a powerful nation under Britain’s control. Works Cited Paine, Thomas, and Isaac Kramnick. Common Sense . Harmondsworth Middlesex, England: Penguin Books, 1986. Print.
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Evolution of Predator and Prey Pairings Essay Introduction The world is undergoing various transformations in order for all species to adapt to the inevitable changes on the environment. This has led to cases of inventions and innovations as human beings strive to find better ways of fitting in the society. On the other hand all other living things are undergoing evolution albeit at a very minimal level in order to enable them fit in the environment (Katz 2009). In the ecosystem various food chains and webs continue to change as competition between preys continue to rise. This essay evaluates the evolution of predator and prey pairings and how it leads to the evolution of prey species. In ecology a predator is defined as an animal or organism that feeds on other organisms while the prey is the victim (Scott 2010). The relationship between predator and prey is important in order to ensure there is a balance between the prey and predator populations. Predators play an important role of ensuring that the prey population is regulated to avoid overpopulation. However, recent studies have revealed a strange pairing of predators and preys due to continuous adaptations that threaten the existence of prey in any ecosystem. This is due to the fact that the predators are evolving at a faster rate than their preys. It should be understood that all organisms need to evolve at the same rate given the fact that they reside in the same ecosystem. This is revealed in the relationship between the lion and the Thompson gazelles in a case study done in one of Africa’s game parks known as the Serengeti located at the Kenya Tanzania border. The study revealed that lions have become faster and developed high sensitivity in order to hunt gazelles with ease. As the park continues to undergo changes due to global warming gazelles are adapting slower than lions and this enables the later to stand higher chances of survival compared to the former. The study revealed that the association between the lions and the gazelles ought to be balanced and efforts are being made to ensure the gazelle population is kept constant to avoid their extinction. Given the fact that prey and predator pairings threatens the survival of the prey there are other external factors that contribute to the elimination of the prey species (Bothman 2010). All these organisms live in the same ecosystem and are thus subjected to the same environmental conditions. Whenever these conditions threaten the existence of species they do not do so in isolation of the prey or predator alone. These conditions threaten the lives of both groups of organisms and coupled with the feeding behavior of the predators the preys are therefore subjected to a higher risk of getting extinct compared to the predators. However, the populations of predators face great risks from other factors that may help in reducing chances of prey extinction due to the fact that as more predators continue to be killed by diseases, poaching and forest fires their population reduces. Therefore, there will be fewer predators feeding on the prey and this gives the population of the later higher chances of increasing. It is estimated that within the next twenty years almost twenty percent of animals living in various regions of the world will become extinct if proper interventions are not put in place. Conclusion Human intervention in the ecosystem plays an important role of ensuring all species of living things are protected against extinction. More research needs to be conducted to ensure protective measures are taken to protect all endangered species. References Bothman, J. (2010). Carnivore Ecology in Aroid Lands (Adaptations of Desert Organisms) . New York: Springer Publishers. Katz, R. (2009). Evolution. New York: Createspace Publishers. Scott, J. (2010). Evolution . Stamford: Cengage Learning.
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Essay The Earth is the reflection of many forms of life rather than just a planet of the solar system. Humanity lived in complete harmony with nature till we faced the era of industrialization development. World history experienced a great variety of ecological processes being connected with changes in the structure and composition of ecological communities. It is important to identify ecological processes and determine their types faced throughout history. Thus, ecological processes stimulate the functioning of the ecosystem; they are related to natural phenomena determining the ecosystem’s patterns. To the global ecological processes, one can refer the following phenomena faced by humanity: biotic interactions, natural disturbances, nutrient cycling, population dynamics, and various hydrological processes. In most cases, the analysis of ecological processes appears to be rather complicated due to the complexity of their structure and composition. Ecological processes and natural changes closely interact in the development of the ecosystem. They can be predetermined by site conditions, weather impact, or some artificial interference with nature. An example of an ecological process can be tree death suffered in major parts of the world. The causes of this phenomenon are connected with hurricanes and wildfires. Besides, there can be some external facts caused by industrialization development and various forms of people’s interference with nature. Taking into account the fact that trees form strong support to the ecosystem and are storage compartment producers, tree death can become a serious ecological problem. Nevertheless, this process directly influences the increasing level of resources being important for human life. So, it proves the close connection between ecological processes, natural problems, and human activities functioning together through world history. (Franklin, 2000). The introduction of the globalization era appeared to be an integral part of a modern ecological system. Developing countries have a direct impact on the environment through the usage of natural resources for economic expansion. It is important to stress that deteriorating ecology and the constant process of economical development throughout the world closely interact. It can be explained by such factors as water contamination or, for example, the process of groundwater levels dipping. Nowadays people suffer ecological crises due to extensive technological interference of humanity with nature. Contradictions between the natural environment and society are based on problems connected with soil, waterways, and atmosphere; one should state that ecosystem cannot be improved through various strategic modifications and reforms – that is the principal arguable factor to the solution. Technology cannot solute natural problems, so, human expectations are gradually adjusted to a deteriorating ecology. Nowadays the developing countries are the basic threats to the natural environment and ecosystem condition. (McLaughlin, 2001). Environmental changes resulting in ecosystem changes are considered to be the phenomena of positive feedback mechanisms. The mechanism of negative feedback takes place in case if an environmental change results in compensating process mitigating this change. Positive feedback is very important for the natural balance in the environment; to such phenomena, one can refer ocean warming and the ice-albedo mechanism. Speaking about negative feedback, it is necessary to stress that this process leads to adaptive behavior, such as sustaining the same temperature or level. Examples of this process are the maintenance of air composition or glucose in the blood. One should underline the undesirable results connected with the negative feedback disruption. For example, in case of negative feedback failure, one can experience an increase in glucose level in blood many times and as a result, a person suffers diabetes. A dramatic change in the ecological process and activities of modern social institutions are closely connected. It can be explained by new methods of adaptation to the physical and cultural environments to be worked out by social organizations. Complete change touched all spheres of human activities such as agriculture, hunting, plant, and fish industries. Transformations in ecological-cultural processes made people create new adaptive strategies of activity change. New methods are related to the development of socio-ecological configurations being able to function in new conditions effectively. The strategies are to be aimed at the establishment of new institutions and programs on the international level to understand human modifications worldwide. (Carpenter, Feedback Mechanisms in Climate). The analysis of ecological systems and processes proved their close interaction with social activities. Such factors as economic development and industrialization, in general, have a direct impact on the functioning of ecosystems. It should be stressed that unpredictable global changes resulted from human activities transformed human opportunities connected with sustaining significant features of our planet. People are to adapt to the new conditions trying to protect nature from further undesirable changes. The development of various programs aimed at ecosystems protection and support will make natural conditions better and enlarge the variety of natural resources worldwide. References Franklin, Jerry. Tree Death as an Ecological Process. The causes and consequences of tree mortality. 2000. McLaughlin, Tom. Bookchin on Technology. Black Rose Books, Montreal. 2001. Carpenter, M. C. Feedback Mechanisms in Climate. Web.
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Pros and Cons of Mandatory Continuing Nursing Education Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Pros 3. Cons 4. References Introduction For a long time, the debate of whether there should be mandatory continuing nursing education has been a contentious issue. This debate has been placed in the context of ensuring that the equality of nursing education is improved over time. Moreover, the mandatory continuation of nursing education is deemed to help harness public health. On the other hand, there are concerns that this mandatory continuing nursing education is neither a necessity nor a requirement in nursing. Pros Upgrade on nursing education: Over the years, there has been a continued change of technology in the nursing field. This can also be evidenced by the ever-changing patient care techniques. With the mandatory continuing nursing education, the benefits of new medical breakthroughs are imminent. This education will also be integral in understanding the new and emerging disease threats. The latest medical and nursing innovations are made possible through mandatory continuing nursing education. In addition, this education improves competency among nurses (Ferguson, 2006). Patient outcomes: The outcome of the patient is improved through education. It should be noted that the ultimate goal in nursing is to ensure that the patients’ outcome is improved. Education through journals and new clinical trials harness clinical and nursing skills and knowledge (Ferguson, 2006). Improved professionalism: Just like any other profession, nursing requires continued education (Griscti & Jacono, 2006). Professionalism requires a certain commitment to learning new changes in the very same discipline. Networking: Nursing professionals meet other professionals when they attend meetings. Therefore, such can be termed as a benefit of mandatory continuing nursing education. Moreover, by readings websites, nursing blogs, and journals, certain elements of experience and knowledge are shared among the nurses (Griscti & Jacono, 2006). Cons Cost: One of the limitations for mandatory continuing nursing education is the cost associated with the education. In most cases, the health care facilities are required to pay the employees fees in this education. In addition, it is also costly to pay for the education, while patients are left unattended by the same nurses. This education requires materials such as video and magazines, which are additional costs. Moreover, the newly acquired skills and knowledge requires additional training and orientation with new equipment, which also add up to additional costs (Xiao, 2006). Time limit: To complete the whole education program, time will be a factor. Sometimes, the time factor will require the nurses not to attend to patients, therefore, placing the patients’ health at risk. Impracticability: It should be noted that sometimes the education offered to the nurses by the various professionals also varies. This means that there is also quality variance in activities and abilities. This makes the practicability of the practices learned difficult. Mandatory continuing nursing education promotes specialization. Once there is specialization in the education program, the implementation of the same also becomes difficult (Xiao, 2006). Moreover, nurses who have gone through the education program usually find it hard to re-enter into practice. This is evidenced in nurses who are aged and no longer adopt new practices with ease. Finally, the new education program does not necessarily mean that nurses will become competent or knowledgeable. References Ferguson, A. (2006). Evaluating the purpose and benefits of continuing education in nursing and the implications for the provision of continuing education fro cancer nurses. Journal of Advanced Nursing , 19(4): 640-646. Griscti, O & Jacono, J. (2006). Effectiveness of continuing education programmes in nursing: Literature review. Journal of Advanced Nursing , 55(4): 449-456. Xiao, L., D. (2006). Nurse educators’ perceived challenges in mandatory continuing nursing education . International Nursing Review , 53(3): 217-223.
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Colonialism and the End of Internal Slavery Essay The Atlantic slave trade was considered among the main pillars of the economy in the western region between the 16 th and 19 th centuries. African people were transported via the Atlantic Ocean and sold to the elites as properties. Unfortunately, some of the African leaders acted as intermediaries attacking and capturing fellow Africans and selling them to the Europeans. The symbiotic business relationship led to the rise of the slave trade across the world until its ban by the American and British governments in 1807 (Inikori 39). The concerns of human rights activists pushed for the Civil War in the United States which ultimately led to the abolishment of slavery. Furthermore, the slave trade was no longer compatible with industrial capitalism, and as a result the western countries were willing to seek alternative means of boosting their economies. In the late 19 th century, the Europeans spread across Africa in the name of ending slavery, facilitating civilization, and introducing education. However, none of these factors were the main reason for colonization. Colonialism was not meant to end slavery but to explore and exploit Africa’s resources at all costs. Although slavery had been abolished by the beginning of the 19 th century, there were still merchants and countries which participated in the illegal slave trade. As a result, the white saw local slavery as an opportunity to win Africans’ trust by condemning and fighting against the kingdoms which acted as intermediaries. Internal slavery was more inhumane compared to the external practice because black people were mistreating and selling their friends and families for rewards (Inikori 41). Consequently, when the colonialists managed to oppose and eradicate internal slavery, Africans were convinced that the former’s intentions were pure. Nonetheless, the West’s show of kindness in ending slave trade in Africa was a demonstration of hypocrisy. The internal slavery was only a result of the trans-Atlantic slavery which was championed by the Europeans. The Yoruba of Nigeria, Ashanti of Ghana, and the Bono State are some of the African kingdoms which actively participated in local slave trading. Similarly, the members of the Nyamwezi of Tanzania and the Imbangala of Angola captured slaves on behalf of foreign merchants (Inikori 45). The prominence of the trans-Atlantic slave trade made slavery an acceptable business cementing regional business relationships such as the trans-Saharan. The practice which had developed among the Africans was a mirror of the Atlantic slave trade introduced by the Spanish, British, French, Portuguese, and the Dutch. Consequently, fighting against slave trade was mere pretense because the Europeans were the originators of the practice. The main reason for colonization was not to abolish internal slavery but to explore and exploit the resources in Africa. In the mid-18 th and early 19 th centuries, the countries in the West experienced the industrial revolution characterized by advanced manufacturing processes (Inikori 53). As a result, capitalism became the new political and economic system with a few individuals owning the industries. This group saw the trans-Atlantic slave trade as a source of cheap and readily available labor and, therefore, invested a lot of money in the business. Unfortunately, slavery became incompatible with capitalism as the elite began to buy Africans as a symbol of wealth and the practice was no longer crucial to Europe’s economy. Colonialism became the alternative to supporting the western countries and the leaders in charge sent representatives to conquer African countries in the name of ending slavery and spreading civilization. To conclude, slavery is considered among the worst immoral practices in the world to date. However, in the early times, it was also seen as a means of businesses and the countries in Europe and America invested heavily in the activity. The trans-Atlantic slave trade which led to local slavery among the Africans benefited western nations by supplying them with cheap labor. However, when slavery proved to be ineffective in supporting industrial capitalism, the western countries picked colonialism as an alternative approach to boosting their economies. Consequently, the British, Spanish, Dutch, and other colonialists camped in Africa not to end local slavery but to exploit its resources. Work Cited Inikori, Joseph E. “Slavery in Africa and the Transatlantic Slave Trade”. The African Diaspora , edited by Austine Jalloh and Stephen E. Maizlish, A & M University Press, 1996, pp. 39-55.
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Juvenile Delinquency is a Product of Nurture Research Paper Juvenile delinquency refers to the indulgence of criminal activity at a young age (below 18 years in the United States). Since minors are not as mature as adults, they are prone to make mistakes, commit crimes and engage in impulsive risky activities. Studies have shown various reasons for juvenile delinquency including psychological issues, coming from a broken family, social training, and being victims of violence. The reasons for teenagers to engage in criminal behavior ranges from upbringing (nurture) to biological factors (nature) (World Youth Report, 2013). This argumentative essay posits that adolescents commit crimes because of environmental factors and not because their biology predisposes them to be criminals. Charles Beccaria in his1977 book “On Crimes and Punishment” stipulates that there are three reasons people become criminals. The first category of criminals becomes criminals because of environmental factors (nurture and upbringing). These criminals have been exposed to unfavorable conditions in their lives such as violence and poverty and turn to criminal behavior as a coping mechanism. The second category of criminals turns to a life of crime because they were predestined to become criminals. In this category, the criminals were biologically predisposed to become criminals. They may have a physical or mental condition such as psychopathy or schizophrenia that makes their actions out of their control. The final approach to criminality shows that some people become delinquents because of rational choice. In this approach, people deliberately choose to commit a crime. The criminal weighs the pros and cons of committing a crime and acts logically without the involvement of nature or nurture. From Beccaria’s perspective, both nature and nurture can sway a youth to turn delinquent. Ivlita Gogua, 2020, provides five causes of juvenile delinquency including family issues, violence, imitation, homelessness, and psychological issues. In family issues, she explains that children who grow up without a supportive family (indifferent parents) or in stable households have a high tendency of becoming delinquents. Under violence, she elaborates that often, juvenile delinquents are victims of violence. They may experience violence in school, in the family, or from friends and peers. They develop sociological issues, deter their communication skills, and become bullies to cope. Gogua explains that some juveniles become criminals because someone they look up to is a criminal (imitation). During childhood, motives, values, and patterns of behavior are formed. In adolescence, they use what they learned during childhood to define their identity and to establish themselves in society. Therefore, if they grew up around crime (from family members or in their peers), they may decide to imitate it. Moreover, psychological factors such as depression, excessive aggression, complexes, and fears can push an adolescent into a life of crime. Finally, Gogua discusses homelessness as a contributing factor for delinquency. Children living in the street due to poor social or economic conditions may turn to hooliganism. Even though she points to psychological factors as causes of juvenile delinquency, most of the reasons in her study revolve around environmental factors. Various methods have been recommended in criminology in the prevention of juvenile delinquency. Most scholars and law enforcers point to early intervention to assist children and their families before they turn delinquent. In the national database, various juvenile delinquency prevention components have been provided including model programs to educate parents on how to raise mentally, physically, and psychologically fit children, provision of after school recreational activities to keep children busy and reduce chances of criminal behavior, encouraging community involvement among teenagers such as joining church youth groups, boy scouts and volunteer work (www.youth.gov, 2021). Additional strategies to reduce juvenile delinquency include increasing prenatal and infancy nurse home visitation to provide support to mothers in low-income families, provision of training programs for parent-child interaction, enforcement of prevention programs for bullying, implementation of juvenile delinquency prevention programs in the justice system to provide intervention assistance to youth who enter the system, and opening of the juvenile correctional facility that endeavor to restore and rehabilitate delinquent adolescents, using functional family therapy to avert repeat offenses. Scare tactics that have been used for decades to scare the delinquents away from criminal behavior have been proven inefficient. Tactics such as “Scared Straight” and “Juvenile Boot Camp” as well as slogans such as “get tough on crime” show a violent solution to a violent victim. As explained earlier, often, juvenile delinquents are victims of violence, and therefore, using scare tactics is making them a victim again. As a result, better strategies were identified to support delinquents and rehabilitate them back into society as functional and law-abiding adults (Impact Law, 2021). All the prevention tactics developed by the national agencies point to correcting the environment the teenagers are growing in and not altering their biology. The causes of juvenile delinquency to the prevention tactics prove that juvenile delinquency is a product of a broken society. Violence begets violence and love begets love. If children grow up in a society filled with care, are non-violent, and appreciative of everyone regardless of their differences, then they are more likely to be better functioning members of the society. Furthermore, children who grow up in households where they are showered with love, and appropriate parental guidance on what is wrong and right, will imitate these behaviors well into their adulthood. In conclusion, as much as in some cases biology can be a factor in juvenile delinquency, it is the environmental factors that determine how productive a person grows up to be in society. Works Cited: Beccaria, C. On Crimes and Punishment, 6th Ed. (1977). Trans. Henry Paolucci. Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill. Gogua, Ivlita. Juvenile Delinquency: Causes, Prevention and The Ways Of Rehabilitation. Penal Reform (2020). Web. Juvenile delinquency. World Youth Report (2013). Web. Juvenile delinquency prevention. Impact law: criminal law. (2021). Web. Juvenile justice prevention and early detection. Youth topics. (2021). Web.
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The Role of Free Will and Determinism Research Paper Considering that free will means that no one can be punished, having free will justifies some punitive practices and punishments. Thus, the presence of free will is important for marking a person as guilty and subsequent punishment. Often those who deny free will bear no responsibility for their crimes. Free will means the obligation to personalize actions, which also affects decision-making. In such a case, the policeman’s decision to incarcerate normally violent and dangerous offenders will be justified, which will protect the rest of society. However, there is still no consensus on free will and responsibility. Causal indeterminism is the theory that free actions do not have to be caused by anything, nor do they have any intrinsic causal structure. It argues that free actions must be uncaused, while others admit they can be caused by non-deterministically. The main disadvantage of such a theory is that the individual’s luck argues it (Pleasants, 2019). According to this argument, if some previous events cause action, it is not up to the person to perform it. Thus, based on this theory, many people can justify their actions only by chance while exonerating themselves from responsibility. Speaking of free will, one should also say about how it moves, namely, about the soul. The human soul remains responsible for all committed actions since they have reasons for them. It is much more difficult to give a clear definition of the concept of the soul than of matter (Pleasants, 2019). Since ancient times, it has been believed that the physical shell of the soul, the human body, acts as matter, so we can easily define matter. We can define the soul as the consciousness of matter, its mental world, responsible for it. Reference Pleasants, N. (2019). Free will, determinism and the “problem” of structure and agency in the Social Sciences. Philosophy of the Social Sciences, 49 (1), 3–30.
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The 2011 Canadian Federal Election Essay The most important result of the 2011 Canadian federal election cannot be defined in one particular instant because many instances were defining moments. There was a mass exodus from the normal traditions to a new generation of politics in Canada. The New Democratic Party (NDP) leader Jack Layton labeled it the “wind of change” in Canadian politics. The NDP ranked second for the first time in Canadian history, the Greens party got the first parliamentary seat, more women were elected into parliament, and the Quebec Bloc and Liberal party landed humiliating defeats in their strongholds and all these events marked a dramatic end to a hotly contested election. The results indicate a development of Canadian politics to completely new level. Increased competition and consequent reduction of dominance of few parties indicate that democracy is maturing although the campaigns were less issue driven. The election campaigns began with the Liberals issuing their manifesto that contained issues on healthcare and green renovation tax. The other parties quickly followed the same road thus the campaign quickly shifted to personalities. Therefore, the Canadian campaign dwelt more on personalities than issues. The NDP leader attacked the Liberal leader on his performance as opposition leader. The Liberal leader, Ignatieff, failed in defending himself and considering his inexperience, he began losing grounds.
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The Oral History’s Concept Essay Why oral histories are important even with these limitations and how would you address these issues when you do your final research project. A personal interview with an older Asian Pacific Islander American (APIA) woman Oral history as the term goes is a study of historical information about persons, families, important events, or everyday life. It’s also about the collection of people’s accounts about their own occurrences. Oral history is not folklore, rumor or gossip and oral historians tend to authenticate their answers by scrutinizing them and place them in a precise chronological framework Oral historians are also concerned about storage of their findings for later usage by scholars as they are aware that the day by day recollections of the community, not just the wealthy and prominent persons, but also the poor and insignificant have historical significance. If they do not accumulate and bank those recollections or accounts, then one day they will vanish perpetually. Oral history struggled to achieve information from different outlooks and most of these cannot be found in written sources. Importance of oral history Oral history is important because it provides depth, texture, flavor, nuance and color to mission history and analysis. As social history, it fills in gaps, gives a voice to the hidden people, embellishes, substantiates and corrects the official record (Isabella Thorburn October 2001). Oral history also provides an older generation with a way of connecting to the young, for instance, third generation believers (students in a seminary) interviewed first generation believers in rural Latin America and wrote up the stories, then went back to the churches to re-tell the stories. This created a mutual appreciation and understanding and ensured that the early roots of the church were neither ignored nor despised. Oral history can bring to light hidden features of a story, assist with issues that have been forgotten or had been dealt with by giving a voice to those who remember and have never been listened to. It can supplement diaries thereby encouraging and ensuring a collective sense of family. Oral history which has the virtue of being efficient, immediate and eyewitness allows for divergent points of view, for the perspective of the voiceless (illiterate) and recovering forgotten knowledge. Most people are illiterate and have no voice in the stories historians tell. Asian/Pacific Islander American women are omitted in the historical writings in spite of their lived realities. History focuses mostly on men’s immigration, labor and politics and thus one learns very little about Asian/Pacific Islander American women because they are rendered invisible. Asian women have been historically portrayed as submissive and exotic and so women’s studies has sought to transform historical knowledge and practice by centering women’s view points and experiences. The fields have questioned traditional interpretations and methodologies, promoted alternative approaches such as oral history, identified additional and often undervalued sources including personal journals and newspapers. The struggle to make Asian/Pacific Islander American women visible and to give them voice and also to acknowledge their role in community and nation building are as a result of the establishment of Asian /Pacific American Studies in on United States campuses. Many scholars have commented on the degree to which women of color are marginalized in history and other fields. In Asian American studies, race is the main category master tale that remains male centered hence the historical significance of women is made invisible when their lives, interests and activities are considered to be the same as those of men and given the prevalence of scholars in the field with Asian American interest yet the examination of their perspectives, voices and history of native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander American women is rare. Asian American women face various barriers such as mental health issues, substance abuse, gambling, HIV/AIDS, gender issues and youth employment and domestic violence and this makes it difficult for them to move around freely. An Asian American woman’s college life is not one of the best experiences because there are many complex reasons why young Asian American women have one of the highest suicide rates. First, Asian American college students in their twenties often deal with major academic pressures especially after getting accepted into college, they are expected to excel academically so that they can ultimately get a professional job that guarantees money and stability. Most of the women are faced with depression which makes it even harder for them to cope with their studies. Most of them are faced with cultural problems. Like larger movements, the Asian American women started their movements with small informal groups engaged in personal support and political study and evolved into larger, formal organizations that addressed the status and concerns of Asian American women throughout the nation. The development benefited the movement in important ways; by actuating the potential of women activities, widening their contribution in the movement, politicizing formerly inactive women and it pushed them to participate in the common struggle for equality and empowerment.
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Mapping the Innovation Process at Etihad Airways Essay Introduction Innovations play an important role in the company success. They allow remaining the competitive edge in the market and maintaining profitability. The innovation process assumes several stages each of which is characterized by its peculiarities and specific features. The aim of this essay is to map the innovation process at Etihad Airways which is the national air carrier of the United Arab Emirates. The Innovation Process at Etihad Airways Searching Searching is the first stage in the innovation process. It assumes the search of relevant information about the competitive environment and the determination of the threats and opportunities. According to the WTM Euromonitor report, “global air online value sales are expected to reach US$382 billion by 2016, driven by Western Europe and North America” (“The WTM Euromonitor Report” p. 2). The expected growth in the sector indicates to the importance of the online tickets sales by the airways. It is a signal of the growth opportunities in the industry. However, the rapid expansion of the low-cost airlines can be viewed as the potential threat to the other companies in the industry. The results revealed in the WTM Euromonitor report show that the low-cost carriers are increasing their market shares (“The WTM Euromonitor Report” p. 2). Selecting Selecting is the second stage in the process. The information gathered at the previous stage is the basis for the determination of the most important areas for improvement. The decision should be based on the strategic goals of the company. According to James Hogan, CEO of the company, the corporate strategy of Etihad Airways can be described by two important points: the vast differentiation with 138 nationalities working for the airline and 475 destinations the passengers are offered to fly to as well as the economy of scale (Schaal n.p.). Both the differentiation and the scale are achieved due to the investments in four other airlines, namely Airberlin (29%), Air Seychelles (40%), Aer Lingus (appr. 3%), and Virgin Australia (10%) (Schaal n.p.). Taking into account the corporate strategy and the information gathered, it is reasonable for the company to develop its online tickets sales accelerating the speed of the customers servicing and reducing the cost of sales. “Hogan noted that emerging technologies will be vital in attracting and retaining passengers, and he vowed that Etihad will have Wi-Fi connectivity throughout its fleet by August 2014” (Schaal n.p.). That is why the emphasis in the innovation process should be put on the Internet technologies. Implementing At the stage of implementation, the innovative features of the new service should be clearly identified. First of all, the knowledge based should be acquired by the company through strategic alliance or investment in the low-cost airline. The stake in the LLC will contribute to the reduction of the cost at the consolidated level and to the increase of a customer base. The acquisition of the competitor is one of the ways of gaining the competitive advantages. Secondly, the margins of the project should be calculated under different scenarios providing the clear relation between the expected risk and reward. The diffusion of the innovation should be forecasted at this point. Although it is hard to forecast it precisely, one of the suggested ways is to model the s-shaped trend by means of using the Bass model (Sönke p.14). A subjective judgment should be applied here anyway (Sönke p.14). Thirdly, a new service, for instance the new online service, should be managed carefully during the initial adoption. This means the determination of its weaknesses which can be improved. Finally, the adoption needs to be analyzed and certain measures should be calculated to make it sustain in the market. The profound analysis of the stage of the innovation in its life cycle is crucial at this point. It allows determining the areas of improvement and possibility of reinnovation as well as the amounts of the necessary investments. Learning Learning is the final stage in the process. It is the stage when the results of the innovation implementation should be analyzed. The factual margins should be compared to the expected ones in order to calculate the overall efficiency of the project. Having the results supported by the exact figures, the company can find out which knowledge or technologies it lacks. Besides, at this stage, new models for diffusion of innovations forecasting can be acquired. Finally, the company can reconsider its approach to the innovation process as a whole, if it finds it weak. Conclusion Mapping the innovation process requires the understanding of the industry peculiarities. Etihad Airways is the airline carrier which operates in the highly competitive environment. The threats and opportunities of the environment should be determined at the initial stage. The innovation process of the company should be accomplished in the frameworks of its corporate strategy. The analysis of the competitive environment allowed selecting the areas of development in the company services. After that, the undertaken project can be implemented. Finally, the company should estimate the efficiency of the innovation and evaluate its strength and weaknesses. Works Cited Albers, Sönke n.d., Forecasting the Diffusion of an Innovation Prior to Launch . PDF file. Web. Schaal, Denis. “ Etihad CEO Believes There’s Lots of Equity in the Airline’s Strategy .” Skift 20 June 2013. Skift.com . Web. The WTM Euromonitor Report. Global Airlines: Key Threats and Opportunities Facing Global Airlines . Web.
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Denby Constabulary Redesigning Arrest Process Case Study The Job Design changes made at the Police Task reallocation One of the requirements is that tasks be hierarchically relocated to optimize resource utilization from the custody officer secured on to the jailer. That could reduce staffing costs, better time utilization, and enable the jailer to accommodate booking-ins in re-allocated tasks through further evaluation of the measures needed. Civilization Reduce payroll costs by increasing workforce roles with the civilization concept underlying the process. That is in addition to using industry managers into leadership positions in the police force to improve the quality of leadership. Centralization Centralization requires a tradeoff between less staff and money saved from less staff. The strategies that could the Police follow to reduce their apparent cost to the public That can be addressed by the use of security instruments such as cameras, DNA testing, IT administration systems, to reduce the role of police as people-based. That is in addition to supplementing the police services by the use of private security firms to perfect the roles performed by the police which gradually leads to lower costs. That is in addition to customer-centric roles previously taken by the police, other government bodies, and reduction of the headcount of the police personnel. The difference between managing costs by budget and an activity-based approach It is an ABC model with two distinct approaches. These include the cost assignment ABC views as costs on activities that drive cost determination on the used resources, and activity drivers used to identify resources. The process assignment ABC views the cost-driven view to determine the cost of executing a given effort. ABC calculates different cost types, based on resource supply variations with activity levels based on organizational variations of the resources supply commitments to optimize unused capacity. A compromise between committed costs and capacity to exactly measure resource utilization is necessary using ABC. References Greasley, A. (2003). Case 21 Denby Constabulary. In R. Johnston (Ed.), Cases in Operations Management (3rd ed., pp. 116–118). Prentice Hall.
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An IaaS Management Architecture Essay Table of Contents 1. Abstract 2. Introduction 3. Case Summary 4. Architecture Description 5. Commercial Vendors 6. Conclusion 7. References Abstract In an attempt to create a comprehensive IaaS solution, DTGOV introduces several mechanisms into the IaaS architecture. These systems are expected to ensure scalability, reliability, optimal utilization of resources, and user identity security. With these systems in place, the solution is capable of handling a wide range of tasks typical for the architecture. Introduction An IaaS management architecture is a complex entity. For it to comply with safety and usability requirements, several components must be assembled and configured. The following paper provides an overview of the architectures used in a solution described in the case study. Case Summary DTGOV is aiming to create a comprehensive architecture for managing its infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS) solution. Due to the complexity of the system, the solution needs to incorporate several components critical for its performance. First, it is necessary to ensure the integrity of the network used by IaaS, which is achieved by implementing logical network perimeters that establish a network topology. Second, it is important to maintain resource availability, which can be done by deploying virtual server clusters managed by a combination of monitoring and workload distribution mechanisms. Third, separate systems should be able to communicate with each other. This goal is achieved by incorporating identity and access management (IAM) and single sign-on (SSO) systems to propagate the authorization data across the entire IaaS using a uniform security context. Finally, the system needs to scale in response to changing usage conditions. DTGOV solves this task by configuring automated scaling listeners and providing template configurations for virtual servers. Architecture Description The first key component used by DTGOV in its IaaS is a resource cluster. As a rule, clusters are established to improve performance by grouping diverse IT resources in respective groups. The scheme provided in the case study identifies two types of clusters. The first is a server cluster comprised of virtual servers. Such a cluster can be established by configuring hypervisors to implement virtual server instances optimally in terms of hardware specificities and regional location (Liu, Jin, Xu, & Liao, 2013). The architecture can be further enhanced by a reservation of resources for redundant instances, which was used in the case at hand. Clustering also allows for the migration of instances between physical servers, providing the system with additional scalability. The second type is a database cluster, which utilizes numerous storage devices to replicate data managed by the system. The purpose of such a cluster is data integrity and safety. The cloud storage device mechanisms mentioned in the case are likely implemented using the virtualization platform. The use of a load balancer and a failover system is consistent with typical approaches to the described component. Next, the resource management system is an important part of the IaaS at hand. The multitude of tasks set by cloud consumers and cloud providers requires effective allocation of resources that need to be automated to be executed on time. In the case of DTGOV’s system, resource management is done primarily by the virtual infrastructure manager (VIM). The VIM tasks include managing template configurations for virtual server images, deploying new virtual instances in response to the increasing demand, and coordinating information received from failover system mechanisms (Beloglazov & Buyya, 2013). In addition, the VIM is responsible for monitoring the consistency of security policies throughout the cloud environment. The next component is the identity and access management (IAS) system. Leveraging this architecture allows managing different types of user identities, assigning access control privileges and attributes, managing user identities and groups, and issuing identity credentials. In addition, IAM provides additional security by minimizing overlapping trust boundaries and denial of service threats (Dukaric & Juric, 2013). In the case of DTGOV, IAM is used in combination with a single sign-on (SSO) system, responsible for the propagation of authentication information across different systems within the environment. The data received from IAM and SSO systems is handled by a custom-built application (e.g. a service broker) that generates universal runtime authentication credentials that can be used during the session by involved IT resources. Finally, it is necessary to point out the use of an SLA management system. The system in question consists of several SLA monitoring agents that collect SLA data by predefined parameters and an SLA measurements database to which the data obtained by monitors is submitted. The metrics obtained from the SLA management system are gathered by the VIM and can be used to adjust the performance of the services in response to the detection of exceptional conditions. Commercial Vendors Several vendors offer products that could be used for the solution developed by DTGOV. The most apparent example is Amazon EC2, a computing environment capable of hosting all of the identified systems. The product in question can be adjusted by including pre-configured templates, provides necessary network configuration options, and features a flexible pricing scheme. Conclusion IaaS is a complex structure that requires numerous systems to function properly. The systems introduced by DTGOV at the current stage of development ensure scalability, reliability, optimal utilization of resources, and user identity security. The resulting IaaS management architecture can be considered compliant with industry safety requirements. References Beloglazov, A., & Buyya, R. (2013). Managing overloaded hosts for dynamic consolidation of virtual machines in cloud data centers under quality of service constraints. IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems, 24 (7), 1366-1379. Dukaric, R., & Juric, M. B. (2013). Towards a unified taxonomy and architecture of cloud frameworks. Future Generation Computer Systems, 29 (5), 1196-1210. Liu, H., Jin, H., Xu, C. Z., & Liao, X. (2013). Performance and energy modeling for live migration of virtual machines. Cluster Computing, 16 (2), 249-264.
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Psychology and Its Theoretical Diversity Essay The Diverse Nature of Psychology Paper Evaluate the influence and impact of theoretical diversity on psychology’s major concepts (0-15%) While speaking about theoretical diversity and its impact on major concepts of psychology, one is to keep in mind that theoretical psychology is mostly associated with theoretical and philosophical aspects of science. As far as theoretical diversity combines cognitive, clinical, biological, and many other approaches, it is evident that its impact on psychological major concepts is great. Economic, political, and social influences also take place. Theoretical diversity in psychology allows considering some points deeper, it includes various approaches and positions. In my opinion, this notion is closely related to the phenomenon of psychological diversity, which means “differences in the way people organize and process information. In other words, differences in the way people think” (Puccio, 1999, para. 2). For this reason, one can state that theoretical diversity allows thinking differently. Taking into account numerous approaches the phenomenon is based on, it is obvious that diversity allows taking numerous decisions, which depend upon cognitive, social, etc. factors. Identify two examples of subdisciplines within psychology (0-10%) Subdisciplines of psychology I would like to consider in detail are clinical psychology and rehabilitation psychology. Generally, I would like to point out that subdisciplines mean specific areas of investigation. Clinical psychology includes “assessment, diagnosis, consultation, treatment, program development, administration, and research about numerous populations, including children, adolescents, adults, the elderly, families, groups, and disadvantaged persons” (“Clinical Psychology”, n.d., para. 3). Rehabilitation psychology is focused on patients with chronic diseases. Identify two examples of subtopics within the chosen subdisciplines (0-5%) So, stress-related disorders, brain injury, chronic pain, etc. are considered to be examples of subtopics rehabilitation psychology is related to. The examples of subtopics clinical psychology includes are depression and even schizophrenia (these two disorders are recognized to be the most difficult cases the subdiscipline is related to). Discuss how those subdisciplines and subtopics identified can be applied to other disciplines and venues in contemporary society (0-5%) Generally, nobody will deny the fact that psychology is related to many other disciplines. For instance, various psychological studies are considered to be an integral part of management, sociology, law, etc. However, there is a need to highlight that clinical psychology and rehabilitation psychology is recognized to be more specific areas than other subdisciplines, but its subtopics (i.e. stress-related disorders, depression) have a direct relationship to other sciences. In other words, one can conclude that subdisciplines are also nearly related to other sciences. For instance, management studies and various social investigations prove the interdependence between the persons’ emotional state and their ability to work or to perform some other multiple tasks. So, for this reason, one can state that there is a certain connection between the sciences. Let’s consider one example in detail. For instance, workplace diversity is closely related to management studies. This phenomenon is related to differences and similarities between the people who work in the same organization. The relation of workplace diversity to psychological studies is really important, as conflict theory (psychology) studies interpersonal relations between the employees of the same organization. Constant conflicts between one person and the team or between all team members can cause depression or stress-related disorders in those who are less psychologically stable. So, the subdisciplines as well as their subtopics are related to other sciences. Relate the subdisciplines and subtopics to your theoretical perspective (0-5%) There are many theoretical perspectives in psychology. In my opinion, clinical psychology and rehabilitation psychology are closely-related disciplines and they could impact my developmental perspectives. These perspectives mean not only physical development, but also my intellectual, personality, and emotional growth. On the other hand, a developmental perspective is also related to social and cognitive aspects. I suppose that clinical psychology and rehabilitation psychology cover numerous aspects of other psychological subdisciplines investigate. For this reason, one can conclude that the chosen subdisciplines study the causes and consequences of the disorders and the diseases deeper. This allows considering social, biological, behavioral, and other aspects. Discuss your psychological contribution to society in the areas of work, education, health, and leisure. How has studying psychology impacted your world so far? While speaking about my psychological contribution to society, I would like to consider some basic points concerning the impact of psychology on my world. Thus, it is necessary to state that most of the emotional disorders appear because of the stress people experience. For this reason, the primary aim of all psychological subdisciplines is to limit the effects of stress or to detect its causes. I try to explain to people I communicate with the consequences of stress. However, I suppose that the most difficult task is to find the solution to how to cope with various problems, which cause unpleasant feelings and disharmony. All the subdisciplines of psychology include the study of cause-and-effect relations of various disorders and the ways to prevent psychological diseases. I try to avoid unpleasant situations and to find optimal decisions when I face difficulties. References Clinical Psychology. (n.d.). What is Clinical Psychology? Web. Puccio, G. (2009). Psychological Diversity: Implications for Teaching and Learning. Web.
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In fact, coffee is known to cut appetite, burn fat and boost metabolism. At the same time, the diet can affect health negatively, namely, cause improper digestion, heartburn, and other problems. The purpose of this paper is to discuss whether the coffee diet is applicable in most cases and express a personal opinion. In my point of view, trying to lose weight by drinking coffee often is not a very good idea. I certainly would not use this method to get thinner because the influence of the coffee diet on the health condition is likely to be serious while the results can be dubious. Coffee itself is quite rich in calories, and many people prefer to add sugar and milk to the cup. In this case, the diet would not help for sure; on the contrary, it would exacerbate the overweight issue and in addition, cause cellulite. In my opinion, the coffee diet is not suitable for people of any type. Maybe those who prefer drinking black coffee without sugar and milk will see a short-term weight loss but in the long run, the diet is certainly not viable. Taking too much coffee can be even dangerous that is why it is better to cut out the product. Short benefits of quitting coffee include lower blood pressure and a better understanding of the organism’s needs: being a strong source of energy, coffee sometimes prevents one from understanding that it is time to sleep. As for the long-time effects, reduced risk of developing diabetes, stroke, and Alzheimer’s disease and better physical performance belong to them. This allows concluding that the coffee diet is not a very good one. I do not believe that it might be regarded as a proper way of losing weight because it is not very effective and can cause serious health conditions. That is why if I were going to improve my figure I would choose a healthier and more resulting way.
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Therapeutic Interventions in Community Regarding Health Term Paper Health is when a person is physically, socially, psychologically well, and not that disease is absent (Dummer, 2009). On the other hand, community health is when the quality of life of the community is at its highest (Saucier & Sharyn, 2010). To facilitate the community’s quality of life, the community health nurse intervenes therapeutically via empowering the community with health information and providing strategies on health and wellness that facilitate the community’s quality of life in all aspects (Dummer, 2009). Therefore, the therapeutic intervention aims at promoting health, preventing illness, treating diseases, and rehabilitation (Saucier & Sharyn, 2010). The community health nurse performs several therapeutic interventions that promote the health of the community and the clued health education, environmental engineering, and medication therapy (Dummer, 2009). Under health education, the community health nurse empowers the community with information that helps them remain on the wellness side of the health and illness continuum (Sines, Saunders,& Forbes, 2010). For instance, the community health nurse can teach the community healthy eating habits so that they do not acquire diseases associated with poor eating habits like malnutrition, obesity, stroke, high blood pressure, and diabetes (Dummer, 2009). On the other hand, environmental engineering involves collaboration between the community and the community health nurse (Sines, Saunders, & Forbes, 2010). In this case, the community health nurse assists the community members to identify an environmental problem that is a threat to health and the way of alleviating the problem (Saucier & Sharyn, 2010). For example, if the problem is stagnant water, the community can intervene by draining it because stagnant water is a risk factor for malaria disease (Saucier & Sharyn, 2010). Finally, medication therapy helps in health promotion in a variety of ways (Dummer, 2009). To begin with, a drug like vitamin A improves the nutritional status of the body and increases the eye’s functioning (Dummer, 2009). Additionally, a drug like the family planning pills promotes the health of the mothers by reducing the risk of disease associated with pregnancy and childbirth (Dummer, 2009). Prevention of illness reduces the incidence of diseases resulting in a healthy community (Sines, Saunders, & Forbes, 2010). Therefore, concerning the prevention of illness, the community health nurse therapeutically intervenes by community development, health campaigns, medication use, and community education (Saucier & Sharyn, 2010). Community development involves restructuring the environment so that diseases neither occur nor spread (Saucier & Sharyn, 2010). For instance, the community health nurse can demonstrate to the community how to construct a house that is spacious and well ventilated because such a house prevents the spread of airborne diseases ( Dummer, 2009). On the other hand, health campaigns focus on creating awareness about preventable diseases like diarrhea and tuberculosis (Saucier & Sharyn, 2010). In this case, the community health nurse can campaign about proper handwashing techniques because dirty hands are a carrier of diseases (Dummer, 2009). Medication use also plays a significant role in diseases prevention (Saucier & Sharyn, 2010). For instance, vaccination prevents diseases like polio, measles, tetanus, and diphtheria (Dummer, 2009). Furthermore, deworming reduces the chances of worm infestations (Sines, Saunders, & Forbes, 2010). Finally, community education equips the community with knowledge and skills on how to avoid the occurrence of diseases (Dummer, 2009). In line with this, the community health nurse can educate the community on the importance of personal and environmental hygiene (Saucier & Sharyn, 2010). In case of the occurrence of a disease in the community, the community health nurse should therapeutically intervene through the provision of medication, follow-ups, and counseling (Dummer, 2009). For instance, if there is an outbreak of a disease like cholera, the community health nurse should ensure that the required medications are available and the movement of people is restricted so that the disease does not spread (Sines, Saunders, & Forbes, 2010). On the other hand, if there is a prevalence of a disease like tuberculosis in the community, it is the responsibility of the community health nurse to follow up with the infected people to ensure that they adhere to the treatment regimen (Dummer, 2009). This is important because if they adhere to the treatment regimen they will recover but if they default, they will develop multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis that is difficult to manage (Saucier & Sharyn, 2010). Finally, counseling is an important component in the treatment of disease, and in this case, the community health nurse should counsel the sick people on the importance of rational drug use because irrational drug use prevents recovery and exacerbate the signs and symptoms of the disease (Saucier & Sharyn, 2010). Rehabilitation is a vital component of community nursing because all the chronically sick people go back into the community after recovery (Saucier & Sharyn, 2010). Therefore, the community health nurse should intervene therapeutically by psychotherapy, psycho-education and follow-ups (Saucier & Sharyn, 2010). Psychotherapy involves the community health nurse teaching the patient how to cope with the damage caused by the disease while psycho education involves teaching the significant others and the community how to cope with patient’s condition (Saucier & Sharyn, 2010). Moreover, the community health nurse follows up the discharged patient to ensure that the patient takes his medication, observe healthy eating habits and attends the follow up clinics (Saucier & Sharyn, 2010). This follow up is important because it promotes the patient’s health and prevents deterioration of the patient’s condition (Dummer, 2009). In conclusion, therapeutic interventions in the community lead to a healthy community (Sines, Saunders,& Forbes, 2010). Therefore, the community health nurse should strive to provide therapeutic services to the community because a healthy community results into a healthy nation (Dummer, 2009). Referenses Dummer, M. (2009). Nursing in the Community. Michgan: Appleton and Lange. Saucier, K., & Sharyn, J. (2010). Community Health Nursing: Caring for the Public Health. New York: Jones and Barlete Learning. Sines, D., Saunders, M., & Forbes, J. (2010). Community Health Care Nursing. North Carlifornia: John Wileys and Sons.
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Spatial Strategies for Auto-Parts Retail Network Report The author of this article looks into demand and delivery services in an auto-part retail store, and how they relate to the amount of revenue gained by the store. Furthermore, the author looks into factors relating to supply and demand and how they can be worked out to increase the revenue of the store without affecting customer loyalty. Therefore, the author brings out major changes that a store can do to overcome the challenges of increasing revenue, and, at the same time, giving its customers better and quality services. The author gives concrete and elaborate findings that if an auto-part retail shop adopted an area-based delivery strategy, the store would be able to improve on its efficiency, and, at the same time, bring a match between the revenue generated from a sale to a specific customer and the trips made to the said customer. The article gives concrete arguments. However, there are some concepts in the arguments that are not refutable. A retail store, as argued, comprises of customers, distribution centres, and a bridge between the two, which in this case, transport. Irrefutable. Therefore, it is important that all of these three aspects of a retail store be considered when analyzing and coming up with conclusive support for the arguments, and the author has effectively considered all the above in the arguments given. The use of a Geographic Information System, commonly referred to as GIS, is very important in determining the viability of a certain customer in relation to locality and sales with respect to the nearest distribution centre. For example, Supercheap Auto, in their website, have established or created an area where you can input your data, and the GIS will locate the nearest store from where you can place your order. This will not only reduce the cost of transportation but also the time required to deliver the product, thus boosting on revenue generated without compromising on customer loyalty. On the demand analysis, the authors pose the question, “are all customers equal, or are some more equal than others”? According to business ethics, all customers should be treated equally regardless of the number of sales a store makes towards them. However, in as much as all customers should be given equal treatment, there are repercussions involved. These repercussions should be considered where prioritizing your customer based on the revenue they bring to the store. Therefore, it will be prudent to go against the general business rule and consider some customers more important than others as long the revenue generated through this set of customers is agreeable. Therefore, in this contest, it does not matter where the customer is located from the point of sale as long as the revenue generated can cater for the delivery cost and still retain maximum profitability. As a matter of fact, the demand analysis discussed counters the general aspect of the spatial model as stipulated by the author. However, he gives a conclusion that there are customers who should be considered more important gauging on the revenue they generate into the store. On service delivery analysis, it was evident that stores incur reduced revenue as a result of delivering products to customers who are based in widely spread and large areas and have low sales. However, the conclusion of ignoring this client is not the answer to the underlying problem and goes against the protocols of any business. Businesses need to expand, therefore, the solution will be to link these customers together and deliver the goods at a specific date prior to each making their individual orders. On the other hand, service given to the customer should be of high quality and does not exclude delivery time. Therefore, if a store finds out that it is experiencing an influx of demand from a certain region, the best way to counter it without affecting its revenue is to open a new store at a location that will best serve the whole region with minimum distance travelled. The author has clearly explained how this is done and how effective it is, through his service usage analysis passage. Additionally, the implementation of a website such as that implemented by major auto-parts stores like Supercheap Auto, Repco and Autobarn which have incorporated a store locator will play a great role in using the closet store to deliver goods to the customer. It is important for a store to do a thorough survey on its market before opening new stores, to eliminate the issue of distributing centres of the same store from competing for the same customers. Therefore, based on the market area analysis, it is important to set up a distribution centre that can serve more than 80% of its clientele at a distance of not more than 15 minutes drive. However, in this part, it will be unwise for the store to close a distributing centre just because it is within another centres range, as most customers usually pop-in to the nearest store. As a matter of fact, this will result in loss of revenue for the store. The passage in the article brings out a clear picture of what should be done, and based on the argument of the author; it will be prudent for an auto-part store to follow the direction of each passage if it were to increase the revenue it generates.
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Human Resource and Analytics Report Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Barriers to Successful HR Analytics Adoption 3. What is to be Done 4. Reference Introduction Human Resource (HR) Analytics is an essential tool for HR professionals as it enables them to create better working environments and maximizing employee productivity, thereby having a significant impact on an organization’s bottom-line. However, the primary issue facing HR Analytics is that it relies on data sources, which are weak measures of return on investments, and this consequentially limits the strategic influence of the HR and lowers employee well-being. Recently, the amount of data stored and manipulated by HR has increased such that there has been a need to inculcate big data analytics into its processes. For instance, the advancement of the human resource information system (HRIS) has made it possible to conglomerate data that was initially stored separately (Angrave, Charlwood, Kirkpatrick, Lawrence, & Stuart, 2016). However, although the inception of big data analytics is beneficial as it enables the collection of large volumes of employee data, its use still poses a significant ethical risk. Overall, the integration of big data technology in the HR industry is still developing; therefore, this suggests that the relatively high potential of big data HR analytics has not been fully exploited. HR analytics is centered on the following four principles: creation, capturing, leveraging, and upholding the value offered by human capital. The limitation of this article is that it emphasizes on what should be done rather than how it should be done (Angrave et al., 2016). Therefore, this further mirrors the fact that there are still numerous barriers impeding the successful adoption of HR analytics. Barriers to Successful HR Analytics Adoption The primary barrier affecting successful HR analytics adoption is the weakness in the HR profession and analytics industry itself. Concerning the profession, the barrier is mirrored by their silo mentalities that limit their manipulation of human capital as metrics. Conversely, in the analytics industry, the problem lies with the manner through which the analytics products are being promoted and sold. For instance, the process through which HRIS is procured, which is the benchmarking of new HRIS systems installed against that of older HRIS systems, is both time and cost consuming. Furthermore, the HRIS is often inclined towards using the “best practice” approach, which limits its efficacy and capabilities. Other problems with HR analytics are centered on the changing corporate environment, from “talent to people”, and the development of products that fail to tackle the new environmental challenges. Overall, these before-mentioned barriers have resulted in firms being reluctant to invest in developing their HR analytics capabilities. What is to be Done One provocative way through which the limitations of the adoption can be mitigated is through an outside-in process. However, the “outside-in” approach is impractical as different firms have different environments, which ultimately affects the efficiency of the process. This is further mirrored in the empirical literature, which evidences a correlation between modelling and algorithm-based approaches and reduced job quality and performance (Angrave et al., 2016). Moreover, HR professionals should seek to challenge reports generated by proprietary analytical software to get an optimal solution that is most applicable to their organization. However, although controversial, the best alternative is through academics. On the one hand, through the inclusion of academic researchers, firms can develop more advanced forms of longitudinal, multivariate econometric models required to perform end-to-end analytics. However, on the other hand, the efficacy of academics in bridging the gap is dependent on HRIS analytics packages, the ability of academic researchers to elucidate the practice of HR analytics and confront ontological and methodological issues. Reference Angrave, D., Charlwood, A., Kirkpatrick, I., Lawrence, M., & Stuart, M. (2016). HR and analytics: Why HR is set to fail the big data challenge. Human Resource Management Journal, 26 (1), 1-11. Web.
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Introduction 2. Direct material costs 3. Direct labor costs 4. Manufacturing overhead costs 5. Flow of costs 6. Works Cited Introduction This memorandum gives a breakdown of the manufacturing costs of a combine harvester. The determination of these costs has been arrived at after carrying out comprehensive research on the process of manufacturing the product. The production of a combine harvester goes through distinctive stages, namely, cutting the steel into blanks, welding the form parts, painting, welding the grain tank, final assembly, and quality control. There are material costs and other costs that are incurred at each stage. The final product is easy to maintain, dependable, and easy to use. The costs will be grouped into three broad categories. These are direct materials, direct labor, and manufacturing overheads. Analysis of the manufacturing costs of the product will act as a guide for setting the price. Discussion of the costs is below. Direct material costs The major raw material in the production of a combine harvester is sheet steel. The company receives large quantities of steel. The steel goes through the process of cutting, drilling, shaping, and welding to make the body, external panels, and grain tanks. The round bars and square steel are also cut and drilled for axles, driveshafts, augers, and supporting structures. The company also has complex subassemblies for the engine transmission and other important components. Other raw materials such as axels, hubs, tires, paint, oil, gas, hydraulic lines, wiring materials, and polyurethane are also purchased externally. The manufacturing process is carried out using computer-controlled units to ensure efficiency and precision (Vanderbeck and Mitchell 370). The cost of direct materials used in the production process is estimated with the formula below. Cost of direct materials = cost of opening direct materials + cost of direct materials purchased – the cost of closing inventory of direct materials Direct labor costs The direct labor costs represent the wages paid for the production of a combine harvester. It excludes the wages and salaries paid for activities other than the production of a combined harvester. As much as the manufacturing of the harvester is computerized, workers are required to operate the machines. Therefore, there is an element of direct labor in the production of the product. The direct labor costs will be made up of “the salaries and wages paid to the workers in the manufacturing plant, payroll taxes, company-paid medical insurance, life insurance, worker’s compensation insurance, company-matched pension contributions, and any other benefits that are paid for by the company” (Weygandt, Kieso, and Kimmel 174). The value of the workers can be estimated using the formula presented below. Value of employees = work time * wage earned Manufacturing overhead costs This final category is made up of all other costs other than direct materials and direct labor costs. Some of the manufacturing overheads are payment of utilities such as electricity, sewer, gas, and water for the plant; insurance for the plant; property taxes, repairs, and maintenance of the plant; depreciation of factory equipment; factory supplies; payment of factory employees (other than direct labor); and safety and environmental costs. It is worth mentioning that some of the costs are for the entire production plant. They relate to all the products that are manufactured in the production plant. Therefore, since the company deals with the manufacturing of an array of products, these costs should be apportioned to the combine harvester. Several techniques are used to apportion these costs. Furthermore, selling, marketing, and administrative costs should be excluded when estimating the cost of the product (Weygandt, Kieso, and Kimmel 175). Flow of costs Since the company deals with the manufacturing of goods, the flow of costs is significant, because it shows the balances of raw materials, work in progress, finished goods, and cost of goods sold. The company makes use of both a last-in-first-out and a first-out-last-in basis to value the inventory and to track the flow of accounting information. The journal entries below are for the cost of manufacturing a single combine harvester. Details Debit Credit Raw materials Accounts payable (cash) $75,000 $75,000 To record the purchase of raw materials on credit (cash) Overhead cost pool Account payable $25,000 $25,000 To record indirect production costs Work in progress inventory Raw materials inventory $75,000 $75,000 To record the transfer of raw materials to work in progress Finished goods inventory Work in progress inventory $75,000 $75,000 To record the completed combine harvesters Work in progress inventory Overhead cost pool $25,000 $25,000 To record the manufacturing overhead allocated to combine harvester Cost of goods sold Finished inventory $100,000 $100,000 To record the sale of a combine harvester Works Cited Bhimani, Alnoor, Charles Horngren, Srikant Datar, and George Forster. Management and Cost Accounting, England: Pearson Education Limited, 2008. Print. Drury, Colin. Management and Cost Accounting, Boston: Cengage Learning, 2008. Print. Hirano, Hiroyuki. The Just-in-Time Production System, Florida: CRC Press, 2009. Print. Rios-Mercado, Roger and Yasmin Rios-Solis. Just-in-Time Systems , New York: Springer, 2011. Print. Vanderbeck, Edward, and Maria Mitchell. Principles of Cost Accounting , Boston: Cengage Learning, 2015. Print. Weygandt, Jerry, Donald Kieso, and Paul Kimmel. Managerial Accounting: Tools for Business Decision Making , London: John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2010. Print.
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Epistemology, Ontology, and Researcher Positionality Essay The qualitative research process is a multifaceted sequence of scientific decision-making that predetermines the overall approach to the issue under investigation and the outcomes of a study. The choice of epistemological, ontological, and methodological paradigms significantly influences and often limits the scope of possible tools for conducting research according to the planned aims and goals. Therefore, unlike in quantitative research, in qualitative inquiry, a researcher’s preference for particular approaches might hinder the objectivity of the findings and impose a higher risk for bias. However, the awareness of such characteristic features of the qualitative research process and the influential role of the researcher’s positionality allows for predicting the bias and addressing it effectively for more reliability and credibility of the research. In this researcher lense paper, I will introduce the epistemological and ontological paradigms I prefer to use in my qualitative research and the anticipated ways the alignment with them might affect the issues under investigation and research findings. Within the perspective of epistemological paradigm choices, a researcher is commonly inclined to one way of assuming knowledge or another. According to Walliman (2011), epistemology is “the theory of knowledge, especially about its validation and the methods used” (p. 16). Among the options available among the epistemological paradigms, I am most aligned with constructivism since it provides an opportunity for integrating one’s experience into the research. As defined by Dezin and Lincoln (2013), constructivism falls under the category of relativist ontological paradigm and subjectivist epistemological paradigm, which address “local and specific constructed and co-constructed realities” as well as “created findings” (p. 202). Therefore, constructivism is a paradigm that relies on individual constructions when defining the nature of knowledge, which particularly resonates with my vision of proper conducting of qualitative research. In particular, the choice of constructivist grounded theory as a preferred theoretical perspective aligns with my research lens. Since constructivism is inductive and necessitates an individual’s active participation in interpreting the investigated phenomena, the grounded theory complements the methodological opportunities and allows for researching the changes in a phenomenon under the influence of the altered conditions. Overall, as stated by Willis (2007), qualitative research is particularly dependent on the inquirer’s perspective because one is “devoted to a particular research method, it is often because that method is an expression of their paradigm” (p. 147). Thus, my preference for constructivist grounded theory is the expression of my paradigm. Within the context of researcher positionality, constructivism sets a basis for possible subjectivity and bias due to a high level of likelihood of influencing the studied phenomenon by personal attitudes. As stated by Dezin and Lincoln (2013), the inquirer posture in constructivism implies that a researcher is a “passionate participant” as a facilitator of multivoiced reconstruction (p. 2016). Indeed, I tend to incorporate my personal experience and accumulated knowledge to participate in the study I am conducting, not merely observing the issue from a distance. I am likely to assimilate with the investigated issue and apply the attitudes and ideas I possess to examine the issues better and retrieve scientific findings. In particular, race, cultural background, and individual experience play a significant role in conducting qualitative research (Milner IV, 2007). As a Latino individual coming from a family of immigrants and living in a minority community, I have witnessed many struggles that my peers faced when trying to obtain opportunities for a good education and life. My journey is also challenging since I have become a college student in an environment where graduation from school is not very common. Having observed the difficulties that underrepresented individuals encounter, I am inclined to act in the direction of improving the opportunities for vulnerable populations by motivating them. This vision aligns with the grounded theory that reality is interpretive and constructed of subjective ideas that allow for contextualizing and interpreting phenomena to identify theoretical explanations. The seemingly prejudiced approach to interpreting ethnicity and race issues might incline my so-called ‘insider’ view toward bias in the research. Indeed, due to the reflexivity in qualitative research, my assumptions might hinder the objectivity of findings (Berger, 2015). However, the awareness of my positionality allows me to address the potential for bias and direct my interpretive and constructivist paradigms toward the purposes of advocacy. In such a manner, the goals of my research will be effectively achieved and the findings mean. In summation, the identified epistemological and ontological paradigms demonstrated that my personal experience, educational history, and overall alignment with the constructivist approach to the qualitative research process define my researcher’s lens. The constructivist grounded theory allows for interpreting reality by applying my personal experience. I am aware that such an approach might produce opportunities for bias and hinder the authenticity of inquiry. To eliminate the risk of bias, I will exercise reflection throughout the research process to ensure the objective presentation of data and discussion of findings. A well-defined plan of action and awareness of possible bias will allow for producing reliable and credible research results. References Berger, R. (2015). Now I see it, now I don’t: Researcher’s position and reflexivity in qualitative research. Qualitative Research, 15 (2), 219-234. Dezin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (2013). The landscape of qualitative research. Sage. Milner IV, H. R. (2007). Race, culture, and researcher positionality: Working through dangers seen, unseen, and unforeseen. Educational Researcher, 36 (7), 388-400. Walliman, N. (2011). Research theory, Research methods: the basics. Routledge. Willis, J. W. (2007). Foundations of qualitative research interpretive and critical approaches . Sage
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Conciseness in “The Tell-Tale Heart” by Edgar Allan Poe Essay Edgar Allan Poe’s remarkable work “The Tell-Tale Heart” is widely known by the scholars of the literary society. The specific topic of this short story can be discussed from various points of view, but it is clear that Poe was able to create an impactful work. The main arguments towards the development of the contemporary short story will be discussed in this essay, and the similarities between these visions and the statements in “The Tell-Tale Heart” will be described. Artists’ expectations of future changes in the poetic expressions are often insightful in their nature. As such, Edgar Poe presents his understanding of the short stories’ advancements in the essay “The Tale and Its Effect” (Poe, 1842). One of the main arguments provided regards the format of these works, stating that demand has risen for the brief prose tales (Poe, 1842). Such writing is seen as more favorable for the audience, as they possess higher integrity and immersion (Poe, 1842). In my opinion, it is an exceptionally valid statement, as the conciseness of the work allows the reader to focus on the narrative entirely. Longer novels are usually intended to be read in more than one sitting, which is more troublesome and requires additional motivation. The story “The Tell-Tale Heart” is a magnificent example of Poe’s visions. The narrative of this work is clear and concise, and each action is presented in a way that is understandable but not too descriptive. The beginning of the story is short and engaging, advancing strictly to the main events (Poe, 1998). The author does not stall to provide any additional explanations on the antagonist or the old man, but the narrative is still grasping the reader’s attention. However, the author’s description of dialogue with the policemen and the main character is a little prolonged, failing to achieve the overall goal of brevity. The sound that the man hears after the officer’s arrival is discussed very thoroughly, as well as the hero’s thoughts. In conclusion, Poe’s work on “The Tell-Tale Heart” can be called exemplary. The overall sense of anxiety and curiosity captivates the reader from the very start. The writer presents the story in a quick, hurrying manner, which does not let the audience divert their attention elsewhere. The events are described masterfully, with enough detail, and the antagonist’s descent into insanity is incredibly dark and alluring. References Poe, E. A. (1842). The tale and its effect. In N. Hawthorne (Ed.), Twice-told tales (p. 725). American Stationers. Poe, E. A. (1998). The tell-tale heart . Wonder Publishing.
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Human Instincts as an Informative Tool Research Paper Instincts can be said to be an animal’s autonomous response to their internal and environmental stimuli. Such responses are very primitive but very powerful that many a times they overshadow their exhibitor’s mental power (Pianka 1). These responses are more often than not protective, but at times they can be said to serve nature’s interest. Classical examples of the above said are reflex actions that enable an animal to instantly flee from impromptu dangers, and behaviors that make mating possible. I agree with William McDougall that humans just like other animals do demonstrate instincts but sway a little from his view, in similarity, degree of utility and context in use of such instincts in comparison with other animals. Animals unlike humans are fully dependent on instincts to survive and to propagate life, sole reason being that their brain power is very primitive in conscious applications, and that they can survive without consciously using it at all. Humans on the other hand have a fully developed brain, engineered to perform intelligent functions, like reasoning and decision making. Use of instincts in humans is most applied at child birth, in neonates and early child hood when the brain is underdeveloped to perform the basic survival functions like locating mother’s breasts and suckling, crying when troubled and sleeping when comfortable. Dependence on instincts diminishes on ward as they grow and as their brain develops. Adult humans’ use of instincts is very limited to the basic biological functions and is very common to what is exhibited by other animals in the same family. Love, sympathy, modesty, hunger, sex and self-assertion are some of instincts that humans posses, according to William MacDougall. Love as feeling of affection when fully developed cannot be branded an instinct since it bears aspects of choice. The very first attraction of one person to another is what is similar and universal to all other animals and purely depended on senses. What happens after the first instance of attraction is what distinguishes man from the rest of animals. Even as animals use this instinct of attraction to express love through mating, feeding and protecting their young ones, they cannot be said to be conscious of their actions. A good example is a faithful dog that singles out its owner from a big crowd but fails to pass the mirror test, implying that it is completely unaware of itself. Man after the first momentarily instance of attraction goes ahead to employ his mental power to determine whether his object of desire is worthy his committed pursuance (Pianka 1). The other human instincts quoted by McDougall i.e. sympathy, modesty, hunger, sex and self assertion follow the same. Man usually takes them to another level of mental processing; to act on them, refine them, control or stop feeling them altogether. A man feeling and expressing sympathy for his suffering friend may remodel the feeling as common sense may demand, to empathy to be able to help his friend out of his troubles. Animals on the other hand may experience a short lived sympathy, a good example is chicken which looses all its brood to a predator, it immediately demonstrates short lived actions of distress, soon afterwards it forgets and perches ground as if with its brood. Hunger, sex and self assertion are some of the instincts that man carries with himself to adulthood, there is much remodeling to these, this comes with continuous development and application of his mental power. The way an adult man responds to drives of hunger and sex differs a lot from the way a child will, and much more from the way animals do. Animals’ response to hunger and sex is instant given the opportunity and right instincts; a child’s response to instincts of hunger is instant with or without food. An adult’s man response to these will be more determined by his mental prowess than his mare instincts. Self assertion and modesty are classical examples of instincts that man carries with himself without much interference by his mental power. Such instincts can be said to be borne more in his subconscious faculties than his conscious mind. These can be branded adoptive instincts because they will enable man behave differently in different environments. For instance, a man will act in an assertive manner if feels intimidated or when reproached. A man will carry himself with modesty in respectful environs, like religious centers, and respectful authorities. Few animals exhibit modesty as an instinct. Man uses instincts mostly as an informative tool to acquaint himself with the changing environment; whatever actions he takes in respond to such bodily inputs is determined by many other factors like the mind, timing and available opportunities. Man instincts can be said to share same qualities with other animals in the bodily inputs of information with the changing environment, but sharply differ in the timing, level of consciousness and manner of response to such bodily inputs. Works Cited Pianka, Eric. Can Human Instincts be controlled? 2009-April 22, 2010. Web.
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JIT Principles and Practices Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Going, Inc. Production Needs 3. Going, Inc. Future Staffing and Production Requirements 4. Conclusions 5. References Introduction Business practices are always associated with numerous strategies and policies that entities use to achieve better performance results. Just-in-time management is one of such techniques, and the case of Going, Inc. can be comprehensibly analyzed using its basic principles. Going, Inc. Production Needs As the case reveals, the main production needs of Going, Inc. include the ideas of increasing the production capacity, improving the ratings for quality, order accuracy, and flexibility, and reducing the lead-time and overall costs of production (MGT, 2010). Accordingly, Going, Inc. requires steps to be taken in the bulk of its production activities, and JIT is the best way for Going, Inc. to use. Defined as “a philosophy of continuous improvement” (Schmidt, 2000), JIT is understood as a process of demand-based manufacturing. Thus, the first step Going, Inc. should take to handle its production needs is to adjust its manufacturing process to the actually observed market demands. Such an approach is also called the pull system, and is opposed to the push system (Abraham, 2008, pp. 111 – 112). The essence of the pull system lies in the fact that the company that adopts it, keeps little to no inventory on the manufacturing sets, bases its production capacities on actual updated demand figures, and can reduce its lead-time by the effective layout design (Pasricha, 2005, p. 187). Accordingly, Going, Inc. should consider the idea of the pull system as one of the basic JIT principles it can use for satisfying its production needs. Further on, the company can adopt the complex of reliability, sharing of information, and flexibility as the three basic principles of JIT defined by Abraham (2008, p. 150). These ideas are expected to improve the three rating concerns experienced by Going, Inc., i. e. quality, flexibility, and accuracy ratings. The point here is that reliability is the concept referring to the firm ties between a manufacturer and its suppliers, based on which the former can rely on the latter in respect of quality of supplied materials, as well as their timely and accurately calculated supplement (Abraham, 2008, p. 151). The other two principles allow developing the cooperation between the manufacturers and suppliers, and this is what Going, Inc. actually needs to solve its production needs issues. Going, Inc. Future Staffing and Production Requirements Another point of concern for Going, Inc. is forecasting of production staffing needs. If production needs can, and should, be forecasted by the specifically designed department designed within the organizational structure of Going, Inc. (Pasricha, 2005, p. 59), the issue of future staffing projections is more complicated. According to Pasricha (2005, pp. 61 – 62), proper future staffing process should involve: * Identifying and monitoring the number of staff at the moment; * Identifying the staffing needs of every particular department; * Considering possible changes of job functions and associated staff shortages or excessive staffing cases; * Analyzing the future staffing in the context of expected company expansion and associated potential staff shortages. Conclusions Accordingly, the above steps are recommended for implementation by the manufacturing department of Going, Inc. due to their scholarly grounded effectiveness and expected applicability to the specific production and staffing needs. Provided the discussed ideas are implemented properly, Going, Inc. can expect considerable improvements in respect of the key process measurement criteria it defined as the most problematic. References Abraham, A. (2008). Accounting for Managers . Cengage Learning EMEA. MGT. (2010). Manufacturing Division. Web. Pasricha, H. (2005). Designing Networks with Cisco. Firewall Media. Schmidt, M. (2000). Just-In-Time Manufacturing. Web.
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The Transformation of Caribbean Carnival Celebrations Essay The Caribbean islands are known for their rich culture and exotic festivals, which were shaped by an unparalleled tropical setting. However, due to the migration from the Caribbean and the formation of large Caribbean communities in the US, Canada, and European countries, the carnivals were transformed and helped the diaspora shape its sense of identity. Many countries in the Caribbean saw their population leave in search of better employment opportunities. However, due to Jamaica’s size, it remains one of the main sources of migration in this region (Glennie & Chappell, 2010, para. 5). Even though Jamaica is a peaceful country located in a beautiful part of the world, it is a country with a weak economy, one of the slowest growing developing economies in the world (Jamaica Overview, 2016). The fact that the country relies heavily on tourism means that there are few job opportunities outside tourism. In 2015, the unemployment rate was estimated at 30 percent for youth (Jamaica Overview, 2016, para. 5). The high unemployment rate and the change in the migration policies led to the mass migration of Jamaicans to the US, Canada, and the UK, which started in the 1960s. The largest Jamaican populations are now living in these three countries, although other European countries have their own smaller Caribbean communities. In the US, the largest Caribbean Communities live in New York City and Florida. Over the years, Caribbean Americans contributed to the development of every aspect of the American Economy. Many skilled workers took important roles in medicine, teaching, and retail, and influenced political activity (Chamberlain, 2002, p. 23). The culture of the Caribbean is now celebrated during National Caribbean-American Heritage Month. Outside the US, the Caribbean migrants saw much more moderate success, mainly due to racial discrimination. However, nowadays Afro-Caribbeans are well represented in European arts, literature, and sports (Chamberlain, 2002, p. 24). From a cultural standpoint, the Caribbean diaspora is very diverse since almost everyone in the Caribbean came from somewhere else. The culture of the Caribbean is a combination of European, African, Asian, and other influences, and continues its globalization through the ongoing migration. The prominent feature of the Caribbean culture is its carnivals, which started on the islands of Trinidad and Tobago and spread to other islands of the Caribbean and the diaspora all over the world. In the late 19th century, the carnival was condemned by the whites as a violent and immoral activity. Attempts were made to stop the carnival from happening but were met with heavy resistance, which led to the acknowledgment of the carnival by the government. By the middle of the 20th century, the carnival was completely in control of the government, and the subsequent increase in funding and participation from the majority of sectors led to the popularization of the carnival and made it more commercialized. Nowadays, the carnival is the main attraction of the Caribbean islands of Trinidad and Tobago, although many other islands of the Caribbean hold their similar festivals. Also, the expansion of the Caribbean diaspora to the US, Canada, and the UK led to the creation and popularization of international Caribbean-style carnivals. Nowadays, the majority of the biggest cities in the US, Canada, and Britain play hosts to their carnivals. There are more than 60 festivals in the US, Canada, and Europe (Nurse, 1999, p. 674). The most prominent ones include Notting Hill in the UK, Labour Day in the US, and Caribana in Canada. The international Caribbean carnivals became a popular transnational celebration (Nurse, 1999, p. 662). Also, overseas festivals helped unite Caribbean communities and keep their cultural identity. From the sociological standpoint, the festivals abroad serve as a bond for immigrants and their families, since millions of participants of the overseas carnivals come from the Caribbean islands. The overseas Caribbean carnivals help the diaspora overcome the feeling of isolation and restore a link to their ancestral history. Since the overseas festivals are products of globalization and are not identical to Trinidad and Tobago festivals, many notable aspects of modern festivals are the products of other immigrant cultures. Some elements of the festivals, such as the Jonkonnu masks, are borrowed from the Jamaican culture. Others, like Brazilian samba drummers and dancers, are elements of South American and Brazilian culture. Caribbean carnivals were formed as a result of the struggle against slavery and are by their nature participatory. Thus, white populations, Japanese, Arabs are found now to be active participants of the overseas carnivals, not only as administrators but as masqueraders and drummers. The carnival has developed into a multicultural activity with a much broader appeal. The festivals became an integral part of their host cities tourism. The overseas carnivals have influenced the carnivals of England and other European countries, which now draw inspiration from the Caribbean carnival. The expansion of the Caribbean diaspora led to the integration of the Caribbean culture into the European and American culture. The Caribbean carnival helped the diaspora shape its sense of identity and merge with the white population while keeping the connection to its historical roots alive. Nowadays, more people can experience Caribbean festivals all over the world. References Chamberlain, M. (2002). Caribbean Migration: Globalized Identities . Abingdon: Routledge. Glennie, A., & Chappell, L. (2010). Jamaica: From Diverse Beginning to Diaspora in the Developed World . Web. Jamaica Overview . (2016). Web. Nurse, K. (1999). Globalization and Trinidad Carnival: Diaspora, Hybridity and Identity in Global Culture. Cultural Studies, 13 (4), 661-690. Web.
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How to Be Happier Essay (Book Review) In the article “How to Be Happier,” the author identifies ten steps that are necessary for improvement of mood and satisfaction in life. They include understanding meaning of happiness, managing time, making connections between work and leisure, getting adequate sleep, exercising, developing close relationships, helping the needy, being grateful, and nurturing one’s spirituality. These steps are useful and effective because they aim to increase happiness through improvement of mood and satisfaction. An important step is realization that financial success does not determine an individual’s level of happiness. Even though financial instability brings misery and suffering, it does not guarantee happiness. Time management is an important aspect in improvement of mood and satisfaction. It increases happiness by creating a feeling of control over one’s life. Proper time management makes achievement of goals easy, as it facilitates dedication of adequate time to different goals and activities. Mental disposition applies as a predominant factor to human happiness. Therefore, it is important to act happy and maintain a positive outlook on life. Acting happy, staying positive and smiling, triggers production of hormones that improve mood. Engaging in physical exercise is an excellent way of achieving satisfaction. It reduces stress, depression, and anxiety. In addition, it gives individuals energy to complete tasks and achieve goals. Getting adequate sleep is another way of improving mood. Happy people are always active and busy, thus need adequate sleep for rejuvenation. Inadequate sleep leads to fatigue, reduced alertness, and stress that result in gloomy moods. One of the most important aspects of increasing satisfaction in life is establishment of close relationships. Friends are needed during difficult times when life is depressing and unbearable. In addition, close relationships are important for socialization and development of a sense of belonging. It is important to appreciate and value friends because they play an important role in achievement of happiness in life. It is imperative to have compassion and a caring heart in order to be happier. Helping the needy makes people feel good and satisfied. In addition, it gives them peace of mind. Research has revealed that gratitude is an important condiment for happiness. It inculcates a positive outlook on life by concentrating on good things, as well as ignoring unfavorable situations and circumstances. It is important to be grateful for good health, family, friends, and freedom because it increases one’s well-being, mood, and satisfaction. Lastly, it is important to nurture one’s spirituality. Spiritual affiliations give people reasons to live, help others, and do good deeds. These steps are important for improvement of happiness and satisfaction in life. I think that they should be followed by anyone who wishes to be happier. Depressed and stressed people usually harbor sadness and bad moods. This is because of emotional and psychological challenges that they face. However, following the ten steps could improve their situations. It is important to share these steps with clients because happiness is everyone’s desire. Quality of life depends on how happy an individual is. In particular, I would share these steps with people undergoing difficult times in life. Improving mood and satisfaction is one of the ways used to deal with difficult times in life. Since everyone faces challenges in life, these steps could be useful to all people regardless of age, race, gender, religion, or socioeconomic class.
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Limited exposure to sunlight and decreased dietary intake, increased skin pigmentation, and geographical location causes vitamin D deficiency (Reichrath, 2008). Lack of vitamin D causes rickets in children; it causes osteomalacia in adults besides having long lasting effects in human health (Darke, 2006). Vitamin D comes from direct sunlight and naturally, from animal products like egg yolks and fish liver oils. Research Objective The research aims at reviewing the various factors that contribute to vitamin D deficiency between children and adults and the various measures put in place to prevent diseases such as rickets among children. Examination of Vitamin D was done against the percentage of calcium intake. Importance of the subject The subject is important because vitamin D is essential in the development and growth of a healthy human skeleton from birth to death. Vitamin D maintains calcium homeostasis in the body by increasing the ability of the intestines to absorb calcium (Ernesto, 2001). Lack of vitamin D in the body affects the way different organs in the body operate such as the kidney, cardiovascular systems, and skeletal muscles. It can cause various diseases and pathological conditions, for example, cancer, and type II diabetes (Holick, 2011). Adequate vitamin D is beneficial to human health. It reduces the risk of contracting bone diseases, reduces the extent of pain, heart diseases, autoimmune and cognitive function (Hauschka, 2009). The subject is also important since it highlights the predisposing factors of Vitamin D and ways of eradicating it to stop diseases like rickets from affecting infants and children in the world (Steiner, 2009). Hypothesis 1. Does vitamin D deficiency cause prostate cancer among men? Prostate cancer is one of the diseases causing deaths among men. This is due to decreased synthesis of vitamin D. there is an inverse correlation in some of the countries between mortality rates caused by prostate cancer and ultra-violet radiation. The hypothesis is backed by the antitumor properties exhibited by vitamin D, and may give way to new ways of researching prostate cancer (Schwartz, 1990, p. 25). 2. Atmospheric acid containing SO 2 and crystals of sulfate lead to Vitamin D deficiencies in crowded places such as cities, and it increases chances of breast cancer (Chappleton, 2008). 3. Does the human body have the ability to reduce vitamin D in order to deal with the increased amount of phosphorous in our diet? It is argued that every 1 mg/dL increase in 24h phosphorous levels in the human blood leads to decrease in naturally available vitamin D by a margin of -19 pg/dl although the various variables like magnesium and calcium intake remain the same (Hochberg, 2003). 4. Is it true that an infant’s vitamin D at birth depends on the amount of vitamin D of the mother (Holick, 2007, p. 35)? Research Questions What is the major cause of vitamin D deficiency among women? What steps are there to reduce vitamin D deficiency between women and children? What is the cost implication of vitamin D deficiency in the economy of a country? What is the role of women and children in eradicating vitamin D deficiency? Conclusion Vitamin D deficiency, caused by various factors, compounded together. Many remedies are available to stop Vitamin D deficiency among women and children and among the general populations. Lack of vitamin D is associated with various diseases some of which have no cure such as cancer. References Chappleton, N. (2008). Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D. Melbourne: National Academies Press. Darke, J. (2006). Vitamin D deficiency and osteomalacia. New York: H.M.S.O. Ernesto, I. (2001). Calcium Homeostasis. London: Springer. Hauschka, R. (2009). Nutrition. New York: Rudolf Steiner Press. Hochberg, Z. (2003). Vitamin D and Rickets. Boston: Karger Publishers. Holick, M. (2007). Vitamin D Deficiency. Web. Holick, M. (2011). Vitamin D: Physiology, Molecular Biology, and Clinical Applications. London: Springer. Reichrath, J. (2008). Sunlight, Vitamin D and Skin Cancer. London: Springer. Schwartz , H. (1990). Is vitamin D deficiency a risk factor for prostate cancer? (Hypothesis) . Web. Steiner, R. (2009). Nutrition: Food, Health, and Spiritual Development. New York: Rudolf Steiner Press.
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Individualism and Collaborative Culture Coursework The central principle of individualism is the sovereignty of the individual, its enduring significance. It leads to the derivative nature of society, which does not have an independent existence outside the totality of individual actions and is a consequence of interactions between people. However, individualism does not mean denying the importance of society or decreasing cooperation between people. There are the consistently individualistic states that have reached such a level of collaboration, social interaction, to which countries with collectivist systems and way of life have never even approached. The adherents of individualism, considering the issue of social cooperation, focus on the need for its voluntary nature, as long as this principle is observed, collaboration in an individualistic society seems not only possible but necessary (Bandinelli & Gandini, 2019). For instance, the individualist, being a self-sufficient person and outside of interaction with other people, nevertheless goes to various forms of social relations, realizing benefits from this kind of action (Bandinelli & Gandini, 2019). In terms of the educational process, the individualistic values of competition and self-reliance are more conducive to improving student achievement and success than collectivist values. Besides, recognition of one’s importance does not mean rejection of contacts with other people, instead, on the contrary, it leads to the qualitative development of relations that are advancing on a fundamentally new basis. Concerning the completed collectivist model of social coordination, cooperation becomes problematic because a normatively binding list of needs and goals is established that blocks the possibility of voluntary interactions. That is, the presence of valuable demands for each individual allows the formation of an infinite number of social ties that would be fundamentally impossible within the framework of collectivism. Individualistic communities are more focused on respect for human rights and the high value of life. Individualistic companies appreciate rationalism, logic, and cognitive consistency. Thus, individualism and collaborative culture are not antagonistic, since cooperation between people is not contrary to human nature. Therefore, the accusations of the theorists of collectivism in the destructive influence of individualism on society seem groundless. Reference Bandinelli, C., & Gandini, A. (2019). Hubs vs networks in the creative economy: Towards a ‘collaborative individualism’. In R. Gill, A. C. Pratt, & T. E. Virani (Eds.), Creative hubs in question. Dynamics of virtual work (pp. 89-110). Palgrave Macmillan.
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Cocaine Use in the Modern United States Essay (Critical Writing) Technological advancements in modern scientific research have helped scholars estimate the real scope of threat for each existing drug. Thus, nowadays, even people who are not related to medicine or science can briefly explain why others consume a certain drug and what the potential outcome may be. However, it is not the case with the ones already affected by the drug, as their minds are programmed at feeding their body with illegal substances. As drugs are primarily divided into licit and illicit according to their legalization and impact on the body, the latter group then consists of stimulants and opioids. The most typical representatives of stimulants are cocaine and amphetamine. Speaking of cocaine, over the centuries, this drug has come a long way from a magic cure to an illicit substance prohibited by law (Levinthal, 2014). Back in the 19th century, people believed cocaine to cure fatigue and kill the pain. The Coca-Cola manufacturers had used the coca leaves for about twenty years. Modern society mostly treats cocaine only as a dangerous drug that kills a lot of people and destroys lives. However, the statistics show that people do not seem to reduce cocaine consumption in society. In 2014, for example, the number of cocaine abusers was approximately one and a half million people (“What is the scope of cocaine use in the United States?” 2016). Hence, although cocaine is now of prohibited use, there is an evident issue of cocaine abuse demanding immediate governmental and social interference. The question here is whether the government should be involved in the situation and, if yes, how the government should discourage the use of cocaine in society. References Levinthal, C. F. (2014). Drugs, behavior, and modern society. London, UK: Pearson Education. What is the scope of cocaine use in the United States? (2016). Web.
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World’s Oldest Industrial-Scale Brewery Identified at Abydos Essay Table of Contents 1. The Summary 2. The Analysis 3. The Questions 4. Works Cited The Summary The article under consideration presents a discovery made by a multinational team in Abydos, Egypt. The archeologists from the US combined their efforts with local specialists to uncover the world’s oldest brewery, which held cultural significance (“World’s Oldest Industrial-Scale Brewery”). The site was previously excavated by the UK in the 20th century, but the finding’s importance was underestimated (“World’s Oldest Industrial-Scale Brewery”). The current project began in 2018, and the results were reported in 2021 (“World’s Oldest Industrial-Scale Brewery”). The brewery was approximately dated to 3000 BCE, and its production scale is believed to be unrivaled (“World’s Oldest Industrial-Scale Brewery”). The building’s proximity to the royal necropolis implies that beer had a ritualistic significance, which is supported by the jars found in the accompanying enclosures (“World’s Oldest Industrial-Scale Brewery”). The discovery is important for understanding the First Dynasty’s traditions and highlighting ancient Egypt’s labor potential later seen in pyramid construction. The Analysis The article connects to the readings on anthropology in several ways. First of all, American archeologists from New York University (NYU) and Princeton University collaborated with Egyptian colleagues, exhibiting ethical behavior (Kottak 68). Second, the employed strategy was excavation, although its impact was probably minimized due to being the second attempt at a site where digging is common (Kottak 61). Third, the involved archeologists belong to the classical branch, as they are associated with the Institute of Fine Arts and study Egypt (Kottak 62). However, the finding was not of purely architectural value to them, as it also presented some social facts about ancient Egypt (Kottak 62). Fourth, while the article does not mention the dating method, it could be relative, as the provided year is approximate (Kottak 63). Fifth, the brewery serves as an example of an industry that became prominent once a state was established, and its construction would probably be impossible without the enslaved class (Kottak 222). Lastly, the discovery strengthens the authenticity of ancient Egypt’s built environment, which remains subject to conspiracies (Kottak 217). Overall, the article is consistent with many points learned from the course. The Questions 1. Why does the finding hold some importance now compared to 100 years ago when it was discovered by British archeologists and who benefits from the discovery? 2. Considering that the article fails to mention any Egyptian specialist in the title, the body (referring to the colleagues generally), and the author line, what does it say about the US side upholding ethical principles? Works Cited Kottak, Conrad P. Anthropology: Appreciating Human Diversity . 18th ed., McGraw-Hill Education, 2017. “World’s Oldest Industrial-Scale Brewery Identified at Abydos, Egypt, ca. 3000 BCE.” New York University , Web.
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The Design History in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Century Essay The most exciting and intriguing thing that I have learned during this course is that the history of design is strongly dependent on the changes in society and the economy of different countries. In particular, I have learned that the roles of modern-day designers have become more complex since they have to achieve both utility and create aesthetic value for their work. This is probably the most fascinating aspect of this profession. Art and design are very sensitive to these changes. To get insights into their history, one should first understand the life of people during a particular time. This task seems to be both challenging and rewarding. I have learned that art and design can tell very much about people’s income level, social status, and their major concerns. In my opinion, a truly professional designer has to understand how different factors affect the work of designers. Without this knowledge, these professionals can hardly meet the highest standards, set for designers. For instance, by comparing the luxury decorum of the nineteenth century with the minimalistic design of the modern age, one can get a good idea about the lives of people or different generations (Figures 1 and 2). These examples show how exterior design has evolved within a century. The first image is Staircase Hall at St. James. This example represents an apartment of a person, who could afford extravagancies such as sculpture or oriental cooking utensils. Whereas the second image is Etenza House, designed by Charles Eames and Eero Saarinen. One can see that its creators were primarily concerned with functionality, minimalism, and effective space management. Thus, one can see how the needs of people have changed over time passing. The most important distinction between these two approaches is the use of resources. The majority of nineteenth-century designers were primarily focusing on aesthetic, while modern professionals pay more attention to space management and cost-effectiveness. Hence, their task is more complex since they have to combine functionality and aesthetics. Apart from that, these people have to possess in-depth knowledge in many areas of study such as engineering, art, ecology, and so forth. Thus, understanding of social changes can throw new light on the work of modern designers. I was particularly interested to learn more about the history of design in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century because it reflected a lot of social and cultural changes. Moreover, those patterns, which emerged during that period, remain relevant for modern designers, especially the minimalistic approach and functionality. Hence, one should not suppose that this knowledge cannot avail future professional designers. In my opinion, people, living during that time witnessed a real breakthrough in design and its importance cannot be underestimated even nowadays. Overall, I can say that this course has greatly increased my knowledge about the development of art and design. Moreover, it has enabled me to better understand the requirements which are set for modern designers. Appendixes Figure 1. Staircase Hall. Box Hill. St. James, Long Island, NY. Stanford White. 1885 – 1902. Figure 2. Etenza House. Case Study House 9. Los Angeles, CA. Charles Eames and Eero Saarinen. 1945 – 1949.
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Health Coaching Session Critique Report (Assessment) The health coach Meg in the scenario used a variety of strategies and techniques in order to evaluate the client Laura’s issue and help formulate the best strategies for resolving it. Meg showed conscientiousness, care, and attentiveness to Laura’s struggles and attempted to steer the conversation in a way that the client could find the core of the problem and solutions within herself. Through this approach, Laura was able to gain the understanding, knowledge, and skills to become an active participant in her wellness journey and begin to regain control of her weaknesses. Meg attempted to become more familiar with the client by using her name when addressing her directly. Using someone’s name in a conversation can have a powerful effect since it lets them know that the speaker is seeking their attention. It is an instinctive cognitive technique because the name establishes a person as a wholesome individual within the social and power dynamics of the coach-client relationship. In a manner, it empowers the client as well, which Meg was able to do through the use of Laura’s name as well as using supportive sounds and encouragers. Meg showed significant control of the emotional understanding and Laura felt that in her language and use of encouragers which helped to establish trust. The conversation was lighthearted, humorous, but at the same time, very informative for both of them, which will help to build their coaching relationship. Throughout the dialogue, Meg sought to determine the client’s vision and goals. The conversation consisted of specific concrete goals such as losing weight and stopping late night overeating as well as creating general vision for the client. This helped Laura realize why she was trying to achieve these goals and the impact it would have on her life. Meg did this through the use of closed and open questions. However, she began the session with a closed question rather than an open one, asking Laura whether she wanted an overview of what they will be covering in the session that day. Closed questions were asked to investigate a specific fact, such as whether Laura knew how to control herself or if she needed new skills (also, helping to outline a subgoal). Open-ended questions were targeted in a manner which would allow the client to “ramble” and discuss her internal thoughts or concerns. Meg seemed to use more open questions for the purposes of gaining a more in-depth understanding of the client as well as allowing Laura to come to certain conclusions by voicing her thoughts out loud. In order to establish trust and for the client to have a sense of being heard. Meg used reflective techniques. Reflection of content is repeating back to the client, the subject essence of their words (“Reflective listening,” n.d.). Meanwhile, reflection of feelings is repeating the client’s words in a manner which explicitly highlights the associated emotions. The coach can determine these through experience based on word choice, the tone of voice, and context (“Reflection of feelings,” n.d.). Meg actively used both reflective listening strategies with Laura. Meg helped build upon Laura’s vision by rephrasing her words in simple but powerful statements which would likely resonate with the client. At one point Meg pointed out, “it’s your signature” when talking about the positives of the vision and Laura herself came to the realization that it is indeed what defines her. Finally, at the end of the conversation, Meg used summation. She essentially summarized the conclusion that she and Laura came to on the strategies which would be used to work on the issue. Meg presented the challenges that may be encountered and laid out the road ahead. However, the final destination is presented as reachable with Laura’s potential. The overall impression of the coaching session was positive. It was incredibly interesting to listen to a professional use various techniques and reflective listening strategies. The tone of the conversation was lighthearted and engaging, which is one of the central goals of wellness coaching – to establish a firm, trusting relationship with the client. References Reflective listening . (n.d.). Web. Reflection of feelings . (n.d.). Web.
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This movie incorporates the elements of different genres, and this approach can give readers better insights into the worldviews of the protagonists, their emotional problems, and their discontent. Furthermore, this movie shows how two people try to emphasize their masculinity. To a great extent, the authors of this film explore the opinions of young Korean people who did not benefit from the rapid economic growth of their country. These are the main issues that can be identified. To some degree, this movie can be viewed as a melodrama. This issue is particularly relevant if one speaks about the relations between Chilsu and a girl, named Jina. The protagonist understands that it would be extremely difficult for him to remain with her because she has more opportunities for achieving a higher status in the society. This is one of the reasons why he experiences discontent and despair. This theme is an important element of this film. Additionally, the dramatic aspects of this movie are particularly important if one speaks about the relations between Chilsu and his sister who is disowned by the parents. Apart from that, this film incorporates the elements of a farce. This comedic effect is partly produced by Chilsu’s attempts to produce a strong impression on Jina. He tries to look like a well-to-do person. However, these attempts are not convincing. To some degree, this person evokes compassion or empathy. Thus, one can say that the film represents various genres, and this technique is skillfully applied. Additionally, this film has the elements of the so-called buddy movie. In other words, this film focuses on the relations between two males who struggle with various emotional problems. Chilsu and Mansu are individuals who want to show that they are able to act in a courageous way. To a great extent, they want to highlight their masculinity. This is one of the reasons why they enter into conflict with authorities. It should be noted that the film-makers depict the time when Korea was only passing through the period of dramatic political transformation, but it was not a fully democratic country. Therefore, the protagonist could face significant risks by confronting governmental officials. This is one of the points that should be considered. Finally, one should speak about the ending of this film. The main characters protest near the billboard that they just completed. These people want to express their disagreement with the social and political status quo. The film-director chooses such an ending because it shows how Korean youth perceived the dramatic transformation of their country and its economic development. In many cases, these people could be bitterly frustrated. More importantly, such people as Chilsu and Mansu could be simply marginalized by the society. On the whole, this discussion indicates that the film Chilsu and Mansu can be viewed as a thought-provoking cinematographic work which can show how people try to adjust to the changing social conditions. The film incorporates different genres, and this approach enables film-makers to explore the inner world of the main characters, their desires, and attitudes. This movie illustrates the cultural transformation of Korea during the late eighties. These are some of the main details that can be singled out.
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Model- and Data-Driven Decision Support Systems Essay Two types of decision support systems (DSSs) have been identified. These are mainly the model-driven decision system and data-driven decision support system. The model-driven DSS uses a limited set of data anchored on a pre-programmed model. Specifically, the model-driven DSS is developed on the premise that users can manipulate elements of the model to assess the sensitivity of variable outputs or to perform some ad hoc ‘what if’ analysis. It is imperative to note that the model-driven DSS is evolving and becoming more robust to match new demands from businesses. Further, the model has robust computerized mathematical models based on accounting and financial models in addition to representational models and optimization models that are applicable in making business decisions (Power and Sharda 1044). Conversely, data-driven DSS has striking differences from the model-driven DSS, including relatively a large amount of data is necessary; multidimensional conceptual view; general simple models make it simple to understand and use; analytical capabilities help to solve unstructured problems; multi-user support capabilities; institutive data manipulation; and flexible reporting (Power, Understanding Data-Driven Decision Support Systems 149). Although both tools are different, the decision support systems are vital in any organization. Nevertheless, specific users may find one model more appropriate for their needs relative to other model. For instance, business managers require the model-driven DSS to help them obtain the necessary information on specific business situation. That is, the model-driven DSS help managers to comprehend the effect of decisions on their firms. In financial and marketing situations, for instance, the model-driven DSS can assist managers based on its models that facilitate comprehension of budget allocations, accounting and marketing issues. At the same time, managers and other decision-makers may also rely on the data-driven DSS to respond to specific issues in an organization. For example, a manager may use this tool to understand clients’ requests and act immediately (D. Power 1). In this case, the data-driven DSS facilitates decision-making by assisting managers to understand past developments, note relationships or patterns of engagement and then make the most appropriate business decision (D. Power 56). In short, both types of DSSs can provide valid, reliable and readily available information and data regarding past and current trends, changes and operations for managers and other decision-makers. Consequently, such users can be able to make decisions fast, determine critical trends and resource allocation for their business units. Users rely on both DSSs to analyze and present organizational data as simple to understand information using graphs or chart (Marakas 36). Managers and other decision-makers rely on such summaries to make strategic decisions for their organizations. Thus, DSS applications assist users to manage data and extract useful information from complex data (Zhang and Babovic 119). These decision support tools were designed for organizations. Consequently, Etihad Airways can use both DSSs to understand their operations, trends and changes. When these tools are deployed, the company is most likely to improve decision-making processes, performance and operational efficiency. Specifically, by using the two types of DSSs, collecting and extracting information about the Airlines’ activities would improve, and users will be able to understand needs and demands of customers. Users will be able to assess, refine and complete their suggestions and decision generated by DSSs. In addition, the suggested decisions can be improved and refined to find the most suitable, consolidated decision for Etihad Airlines. Consequently, Etihad Airlines would be able to address specific issues, respond promptly to customers’ needs and promote operational efficiency. Works Cited Marakas, George M. Decision support systems in the twenty-first century. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1999. Print. Power, Dan. Types of Decision Support Systems (DSS) . n.d. Web. 26 Oct. 2015. Power, Daniel. Decision Support Systems: Concepts and Resources for Managers. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002. Print. Power, Daniel J. and Ramesh Sharda. “Model-driven decision support systems: concepts and research directions.” Decision Support Systems 43.3 (2007): 1044- 1061. Print. Power, Daniel J. “Understanding Data-Driven Decision Support Systems.” Information Systems Management 25.2 (2008): 149-154. Print. Zhang, Stephen and Vladan Babovic. “An evolutionary real options framework for the design and management of projects and systems with complex real options and exercising conditions.” Decision Support Systems 51.1 (2011): 119–129. Print.
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“Crucifixion with Angels and Mourning Figures” Compare & Contrast Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Squalor versus luxury 3. Humanizing aspect 4. Depiction of “Suffering” on the cross 5. Conclusion Introduction The “Crucifixion with Angels and Mourning Figures” Cover from the Lindau Gospels and the Gero Crucifix show different styles in which Jesus is depicted. One is plain and simple, while the other shows him garbed in luxury. It is based on these contrasting aspects that this paper will examine both figures and attempt to determine what the comparisons and contrasts between the two symbolize. Squalor versus luxury One of the most obvious differences between the two figures is that one is a plain depiction of Jesus on a cross while the other is apparently made out of solid gold with various jewels and other precious metals placed throughout the cover. One of the reasons behind this difference in depiction could be related to how they wished to portray the divinity of Jesus versus how they wanted to showcase the human suffering that Jesus went through on the cross. Humanizing aspect One of the most striking dissimilarities between the two crucifixes is the fact that the Gero crucifix seems more “human” while the one from the Lindau Gospels seems to depict Jesus as more of a divine figure. For instance, when looking at the Gero crucifix it can be seen that Jesus apparently has a pot belly, his hair is in disarray, his facial hair does not look nicely trimmed and he is depicted as drooping from the cross. Not only that, his skin color is dark and more reminiscent of the type of skin color that would have been prevalent during the time in which he was alive. Based on what I have learned from the lectures and books, this type of effect can be considered as intentionally “humanizing” the subject of the depiction in order to make them more relatable. From a religious standpoint, the depiction of Jesus as having distinctly human qualities and tendencies makes it more appealing to common people since they can see themselves in Jesus (i.e. that he was a man as well). In contrast, the “Crucifixion with Angels and Mourning Figures” is more of a divine depiction of Jesus that has little in the way of realism. For instance, the various “faults” (ex: the pot belly) that could be seen in the Gero Crucifix are absent. Thus, when looking at the two, it can be seen as a contrast between divine perfection (i.e the figure from the Lindau Gospels) and a figure that more accurately represents humanity (the Gero crucifix). Depiction of “Suffering” on the cross When examining the Lindau Gospels, Jesus in this instance is depicted as a flawless divine figure who does not even appear to be suffering on the cross since his head is held up straight and he appears to be merely stretching out this arms in some form of welcoming gesture. In comparison, the Jesus figure in the Gero crucifix appears to be suffering substantially as evidenced by this bowed head and the fact that he is leaning on the cross. It is important to note that this particular depiction is related to how certain organizations tend to want to depict religious iconography based on how they want people to react to it. For instance, if a religious organization wanted to depict Jesus as a divine figure, they would attempt to remove aspects that would make him seem “flawed” and this can be seen in the “Crucifixion with Angels and Mourning Figures”. Conclusion Based on everything that has been presented, it can be seen that the different depictions of Jesus showcase how organizations wish to portray Jesus in a way that they him represented to his worshippers. They can choose either to depict him as an individual that people can relate to or as someone who people worship as a divine entity.
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International Human Resource Strategies – Ruth Mayhew Views Essay The article written by Ruth Mayhew (2012) is aimed at discussing the major challenges that are related to the international job market. In particular, the author focuses on recruiting, expatriation, work visas, different business cultures, labor relations, and other issues that can be relevant to companies and employees (Mayhew, 2012). The problems addressed in this article reflect the development of the modern economy that has become extremely globalized and interconnected. First of all, Ruth Mayhew mentions the recruitment of employees who may be living in a foreign country. In particular, the writer focuses on the situations when it is necessary to hire candidates who will have to cope with various international assignments (Mayhew, 2012). In this case, managers have to decide whether they should employ local employees or professionals from a host country (Mayhew, 2012). Additionally, the author warns business administrators that they will have to adopt different HR practices when operating in other countries (Mayhew, 2012). In part, this problem can be explained by the fact that various countries may have different laws, business cultures, and social norms that may not coincide with the company’s rules, policies, or statutes (Mayhew, 2012; Lawler & Hundley, 2008, p. 270). Therefore, firms may need to hire local HR professionals who know the local business environment. It should be kept in mind that the methods that are suitable in the United States may not work in Europe or other regions. As a result, businesses may perform as successfully as they can. So, this is one of the issues that Ruth Mayhew emphasizes in her article. Additionally, the writer pays close attention to the needs of expatriate employees who have to leave their home country. In particular, companies should ensure that these workers receive adequate compensation for their efforts (Mayhew, 2012). In some cases, these people may have to sell their houses and uproot their families (Mayhew, 2012). It is quite possible to say that this experience is very troublesome for a person. Thus, the duty of managers is to help expatriates settle in a new location and integrate into a new workplace (Mayhew, 2012). For instance, businesses should assist these employees with such tasks as the search for accommodation, the education of their children, and the employment of their spouses who have to seek a new job. This issue is particularly important for workers who should know what kind of rewards they are entitled to. It should be noted that possible disagreements between an employer and a worker can give rise to legal conflicts (Stahl & Björkman 2012). Finally, Ruth Mayhew discusses such a question as to the acquisition of work visas. The problem is that it may take the company a significant amount of time to obtain permission for international workers to settle in the United States or any other country. Overall, these examples indicate that international job market can present businesses and workers with various difficulties. The problems identified by Ruth Mayhew should be considered by HR managers and executives who are supposed to ensure the effective performance of their companies. Moreover, workers should know about various legal aspects of employment and the compensation that they can require. This article shows that the international job market can offer many opportunities for people and businesses; there are many pitfalls that they should be aware of. Reference List Lawler, J., & Hundley, G. (2008). The Global Diffusion of Human Resource Practices: Institutional and Cultural Limits . New York: Emerald Group Publishing. Mayhew, R. (2012). What Are The Major Challenges In The International Job Market . Stahl, G., & Björkman, I. (2012). Handbook of Research in International Human Resource Management . London: Edward Elgar Publishing.
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These pyramids exist within a multidimensional framework, which is dynamic and has evolved from a generic sports industry in the 1970s and 1980s to a series of individual sports industries existing nowadays. With regards to the above-mentioned fact, the conclusion can be made concerning the actuality of the Australian sport delivery systems for the next ten to twenty years. Evaluating the facts, it seems that in the constantly changing situation of the Australian sport system it is important to implement new tactics and strategies in it on a regular basis, and upgrade its condition, as a result. The need for constant upgrading of the Australian sport system can be supported by the fact that the competition for financing between varieties of different kinds of sports is glowing which creates the necessity for regular revaluation of the situation and implementing new strategies. Similar to the situation in the world sport, the situation in Australian sport is constantly changing requiring dynamics and operational efficiency on the part of its managers (Coakley 2007). Such needs are explained by complex sport management problems existing within the country’s sport system. In particular, among the most significant problems are the fund’s allocation policies. According to Stewart, Nicholson, Smith, & Westerbeek, (2004, p. 139), ‘increasing competition for funding has led to closer scrutiny of organizational expenditure’. This comment shows the essence of the problems which is in finance distribution. Such problem is explained by the fact that Australia has a rather low population for the number of sports which are offered for acquiring the status of “Australian National sport”, and, thus, the country’s sports officials are faced with the need to choose how to allocate the funds offered by the government (Shilbury 2010). It becomes clear that all the proposals concerning financing different kinds of sports may not be satisfied; this explains the importance of having the right choice among them. In addition, in some sports leagues which used to be actively financed in the past, the current situation appeared to be rather complicated. These sports lost their former popularity which led to the necessity of eliminating them from the list of national sports financed from the country’s budget. Among such sports is rugby. The situation with rugby is very problematic nowadays which raises a number of issues as to its financing and support. The other serious problem is connected to the need for talented coaches. According to Stewart et al. (2004), nowadays the necessity to attract skilled coaches to a variety of sport kinds appears to be critical. One more issue is related to attracting young Australians to different sports with the purpose of raising healthy generations. Discussing options for solving problems within the Australian sport system, it should be said that the collaborative factor is to be taken into consideration. Evaluating the problems which are identified in the modern system of sport, it appears that they are to be approached by the teams of specialists of sport, management and financing. These officials will need to react to the emerged problems by developing relevant allocation policies along with the other measures which would be important with regards to any particular problem. In conclusion, the ever-changing situation in Australian sport requires the implementation of constant upgrading measures. Such measures are to be developed and implemented by the team of specialists including the specialists in the area of sport, management and financing. Thus, the collaborative principle is to be applied in order to address the current issues in Australian sport successfully. References Coakley, J 2007, Sport in society: Issues and controversies (9th ed. ), Irwin McGraw-Hill., St. Louis. Shilbury, D & Kellett, P 2010, Sport Management in Australia: An Organisational Overview , Allen & Unwin, Crows Nest, NSW. Stewart, B, Nicholson, M, Smith, A, & Westerbeek, H 2004. Australian Sport – Better by Design? The Evolution of Australian Sport Policy , Routledge, New York.
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Conflicting Policies toward Minorities Essay At the end of the nineteenth century, the American government pursued different policies toward various minority groups, even though the representatives of these groups were considered to be distinct from the Anglo-Saxon population. Some of them were forced to assimilate into the mainstream culture, while others were excluded or segregated from the community. To a great extent, these conflicting policies can be explained by the fact that at that time, racial ideology played an important role and profoundly influenced the views of many individuals. Some minorities, especially African-Americans were denied the right to integrate into the society only because they had a different color of the skin. In contrast, white people had more opportunity to participate in social activities because they were not considered to be different from a racial point of view. On the whole, the former history of slavery and racism also affected the attitudes of the officials and public. In order to illustrate these arguments, one should first look at the policies of the state toward African-Americans. In particular, one can speak about the legal doctrine Separate but equal that emerged in the late nineteenth century. According to it, black people allegedly had the civic rights guaranteed by the Constitution. However, they were not able to attend many educational institutions or occupy positions in the government. Thus, they were excluded from the mainstream culture only because it was unacceptable to many individuals that black people could have the same opportunities in American society. To a great extent, these attitudes of the state can be explained by the long history of slavery and unwillingness of people to see former slaves as full-right citizens. The effects of this doctrine are palpable even nowadays, when many black people are economically-disadvantaged. In their turn, the immigrants, who came from India and China, were frequently prevented from integrating into the society. For instance, in many cases, it was extremely difficult for them to find employment. This is one of the reasons why they settled in separate communities. Nevertheless, they soon acquired the label of whiteness. This is one of the reasons why they successfully integrated into the mainstream culture. Finally, one can speak about Native Americans because the state had a very peculiar attitude toward them. Unlike African-Americans, this minority group was not associated with slavery and inferior position within a society. However, they were also deemed to be distinct from the majority of American population. They could interact with the mainstream America in different ways. For instance, they could either completely assimilate into the society without retaining their cultural distinctions. The second option available to them was to live in segregation. However, they were viewed as an inferior race by the state. Thus, one can say that one can say that the rhetoric of race profoundly affected the life of many minority groups. On the whole, these examples indicate that that at the end of the nineteenth century, minority groups faced different challenges. Some of them were deprived of the opportunity to integrate into the community. Other people were enabled to become a part of the mainstream culture, but in some cases, they had to abandon their cultural heritage. Nevertheless, the legacies of slavery and racial view of the world had a strong influence on the state. This is one of the main issues that one can identify.
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Child Abuse Problem Essay Child abuse is one of the most pressing problems of the society. The absence of clear definitions and exhaustive information concerning the scope of the problem raises obstacles for its solution. The study of the problem of child abuse has begun in the 60s with focusing attention to children problems. It should be mentioned that even in the XIX century child abuse has been an object of societal concern. At the same time, most people are convinced that child abuse in a family is an unusual occurrence, which is typical for a small subset of population. The prevailing opinion is that child abuse is caused by definite psychological disorder. The denial of this problem is very harmful for its further solution. Through the experience of working with such children, it has been found that many of them live in extreme conditions and they are indisposed to discuss their problems. In such a case the early recognition of child abuse is of great importance. In addressing child abuse in community, it is necessary to look at underlying issues (Crosson-Tower, 2008). A child who suffers from violence should be identified as quickly as possible. There are several peculiarities in behavior, which are inherent for those children. They refuse to attend school trying to conceal the fact that they are abused at home. Sometimes they may be too aggressive or vice versa excessively passive. They try with all the possible ways to draw somebodys attention. Sometimes an example of parents causes violence in these children towards animals or peers. Many of these children are fully engaged in public activity in order to be present at home as rare as possible. One of the possible ways of this problem solution may be the activity of case workers or community integrated workers. Nurses and other health providers who work with families can identify the problem from gathering momentum, and to assist parents with necessary psychological help (Humphreys & Campbell, 2011). Social work with families in any case means interference into its life and it is very important not to exacerbate an existing problem. The social work in preventing child abuse should be based on several principles. The priority of childrens right and interests should be given careful attention. At the same time, it is necessary to respect parents right to personal privacy and to take into consideration their individual peculiarities. The cases of child abuse are frequent in problem families with parents who have mental disabilities or drink problem. A case worker should realize the fact that such parents demand special approach (Luker & McHugh, 2012). All parents have a right to give their own point of view. Moreover, in case of their inability to guarantee an appropriate child care they may count on the government support. It is of crucial importance to gain confidence with problem families and to involve them with government treatment programs (Nicolas, 2012). The parents should perceive a case worker not as an authorized invigilator of their family, but as a friend who is ready to lend assistance. Howe states that the absence of trust between case worker and parents can cause additional stress and emotional distance (2010). The atmosphere of trust implies a confidentiality compliance. At the same time, this question is a disputable issue. If there exists the faintest risk of child abuse, a case worker must inform the necessary authorities in order to get a child away from the abuse. (Currie, 2013). It is possible to conclude that a neglect of the parental duty and the violence towards children is one of the most important social problems. However, we are apt to think that in spite of this problem complexity the activity of case workers is of great importance for this problem solution. Reference List Crosson-Tower, C. (2008). Understanding child abuse and neglect . Boston: Pearson/Allyn & Bacon. Currie, E. (2013). Crime and punishment in America . New York, NY: Picador, A Metropolitan Book, Henry Holt and Company. Howe, D. (2010). The safety of children and the parent-worker relationship in cases of child abuse and neglect. Child Abuse Review, 19(5), 330-341. Humphreys, J., & Campbell, J. (2011). Family violence and nursing practice . New York, NY: Springer Pub. Co. Luker, K. A., Orr, J., & McHugh, G. A. (2012). Health visiting: A rediscovery . Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. Nicolas, J. (2012). Conducting the home visit in child protection . Maidenhead: Open University Press.
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Unemployment and Underemployment Essay One of the critical problems many American residents face during their middle adulthood ages is unemployment or underemployment. While the first concept is clear, the latter is defined by the textbook as being overqualified for the current job or unable to find a full-time position (Kraynok et al., 2017). It has been proven to affect an individual’s overall well-being, increasing the rates of suicides, mental illnesses, and alcohol abuse. This problem has been significantly aggravated by the on-going pandemic, which has resulted in a dramatic shrinking of the global economy. Among the various measures, the U.S. government implemented in March a historic stimulus package providing the unemployed with “an extra $600 a week on top of their state benefits” (Luhby, 2020). This decision became a major step in relieving the social strain and allowing millions of people to survive the economic hardships caused by the imposed restrictions
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Diet and Exercise Controversies Essay Both good diet and regular exercises are important for individuals to stay healthy. However, there are many controversies that surround exercises and diet. Some people argue that particular foods are better than others. With regard to exercises, some individuals think that they have negative effects while others argue that it is important to exercise regularly. There have been controversies on the best diets for disease prevention. Vegetarians argue that diets based on plant products prevent cancer and heart diseases. They also hold a view that the diets can even treat the diseases. They base their argument on the fact that people who eat a lot of meat are more likely to get cancer and heart diseases when compared with vegetarians. Books have been written to support this view but arguments presented in the books have been regarded as unconvincing. In addition, the argument that keeping large mammals for consumption is unhealthy has been supported by many people. Documentary films have been developed and they all reveal dangers of consuming a lot of meat . The diet controversy is heightened by individuals who promote paleolithic diets. They argue that human beings are supposed to eat plants and meat as vegetables and fruits rather than grains. According to them, large amounts of proteins and low carbohydrates cause chronic diseases. Elimination of grains and starch from their diet is therefore a successful strategy of staying healthy. There are also nourishing traditions that prefer diets with healthy fats and products from animals . Generally, it is advisable to eat animal products of organic nature. The animals should be kept in conditions that are healthy. Studies have shown that eating a lot of vegetables and fruits is healthy while reduced consumption of junk food eliminates certain diseases. There are certain diets that are appropriate for particular groups of people. Individuals who take interest in diet controversies eat well than those who show little concern. For example, the Americans might find it difficult to abandon fried food and humburger, but it has been found out that concentrating on organic foods and healthy eating habits is a trend being embraced by many people. Apart from the controversies that surround diet, exercises are also surrounded by controversies. About 80 percent of weight lost by individuals is associated with change in eating patterns while 20 percent comes from exercises. Exercises are important for human beings but some researchers have argued that their role in losing weight is minimal. They argue that exercises do not play any role in weight loss. Although they agree that they burn calories which are responsible for weight loss, they associate them with other negative effects. For instance, they say that exercises stimulate hunger that causes individuals to eat a lot of food. This eventually affects efforts to lose weight. Exercises are therefore not helpful in weight loss since they can make the whole process difficult. However, not all people agree that exercises are not helpful to individuals. Many people believe that exercises are important for maintaining good mental and physical health. The most important thing to remember is that food intake determines whether individuals lose or gain weight. For individuals who work out to lose weight, they should be aware that exercises make people feel hungrier. However, this does not mean that they should not eat after working out. They should know how to feed wisely in order to control hunger . References Goldstein, M. (2007). Controversies in Food and Nutrition. New York: Greenwood Publishing Group. Heller, M. (2007). The DASH Diet Action Plan:Based on the National Institutes of Health Research. New York: Amidon Press. Jio, S. (2012). Health Controversy: Some Say Exercise Won’t Help You Lose Weight . Web. Neustaedter, R. (2011). Diet Controversies . Web.
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The Influence of Phonetic Means in Poems Essay With the help of a combination of sounds, an emotional effect on a person can be exerted, which is especially perceived when reading fiction literary works. One example of a composition that profoundly impacts the reader is Dorianne Laux’s poem Kissing Again . After the first reading, one gets the impression that there is no rhyme at all in this poem. However, after spending more time reading, the subtle sound organization of the piece can be noticed. Alliteration makes the version more euphonious, filled with emotion, and easier to remember. In turn, Meyer and Miller (2019) assert that excess of alliterations is irritating and distracts from the message of the text. However, Laux used this technique (for example, “just salt / and the liquid swells set in motion / by the moon”) quite succinctly and unobtrusively, which gives the piece a sensuality (7). The unity of the verse is displayed at the semantic, intonation, and syntactic levels. Meyer and Miller (2019) note that it can be complemented by the unity of the phonological organization, which often forms strong connections within the verse. For this, the author used rhymes such as moon-Istanbul, spongy-tongue, feels-fields, and streams-creeks. In turn, the use of such stylistic techniques as assonance (sex -yes; kids-bills-windows; give – receive, between-coffee) and consonance (kiss – caress, swelling – reveling) presented the work with originality and expressiveness. Robinson (2018) asserts that the artistic significance of alliterations, assonances, and other means of phonics is enhanced in a poetic context because they are included in the system of symbolic means of language used in the text. Thus, the use of phonetic means in this poem made it euphonious, gave imagery to speech, improved its perception by readers, and influenced their imagination. References Laux, Dorianne. (2015). Kissing Again . The Writer’s Almanac. Web. Meyer, M., & Miller, D. Q. (2019). Literature to go (4 th ed.). Macmillan Higher Education. Robinson, P. (2018). The sound sense of poetry. Cambridge University Press.
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Yahoo Inc. History Presentation Historical events * In November 17, 2008 Yahoo co-founder Jerry Yang announces intention to step down and this ushers a new business perspective for Yahoo amid takeover bids from Microsoft. * April 21, 2009 – Yahoo announces plan to cut 700 jobs, company is under new CEO Carol Bartz. Company is seeking a turnaround and has to cut costs. * July 29, 2009 – Microsoft takes responsibility of Yahoo search and yahoo focuses on advertising business with banner ads. * December 16, 2010 – Yahoo’s stake at Alibaba is spun off into AliPay, and this affects Yahoo’s stock valuation negatively. It also becomes a show of dwindling revenue options for the company. * January 17, 2012 – Jerry Yang, the Yahoo co-founder leaves the company completely by stepping down from the board. The control heritage of the company changes and new shareholders jostle for control at this time. * July, 2012 – Marissa Mayer becomes the CEO of Yahoo. * 2012 – Yahoo gets three CEOs in the same year, indicating the troubling times that the company has. Achievements * October 7, 2010 – Yahoo provides tools for giving people information results that they need quickly, and it becomes a media empire with content for entertainment, sports and major events. Model brings users to the Yahoo site where it earns advertisements. The model becomes a new way of monetization that will feature in the company’s future strategies and revenue expansion plans as an advertising publisher and service provider. * May 20, 2012 – Yahoo announced that it was selling half of its stake at Alibaba and would earn 6.3 billion dollars in cash and 800 million dollars in Alibaba shares. Net income from the sale was about 4.2 billion dollars that would go to shareholders. * 2013 – Yahoo brought significant engineering talent to reinvigorate the company’s focus for innovation. It boosted its tech focus by putting David Pogue as head of Yahoo Tech. * 2014 – Yahoo became innovative again by acquiring Flurry and Brightroll, which as new platforms for mobile & social media based content creation that promise to be future revenue centers for the company as it seeks to become profitable in future (Lunden 2014). Milestones * 2001 – 2007: + Terry Semel is the longest serving CEO of Yahoo and he had a focus on media business which explains why the company was so centered on content development and advertising revenue for its users. The company developed various platforms and successive CEOs tried to resurrect some dying business ideas from this CEO’s era. * April 17, 2012: + After years of making losses, the company made a net income increase of 28 percent. This indicated the possibilities that the company could have by refocusing its business and cutting costs. * July 6, 2012: + Yahoo and Facebook agree on an advertisement alliance that ushers a new way for Yahoo to earn revenue outside its platforms by spreading user base to other popular platforms (The Associated Press 2012). * 2015: + Yahoo creates SpinCo, a new tax-free spin-off company that takes 100% of its remaining holdings in Alibaba. This transforms the value of yahoo to its own products in the market (Levy 2015). Failures February 19, 2004 – Yahoo stops using Google-powered results and launched own search engine technology later. The company should have sought other ways of competing with the search company or even acquired Google’s search business at the time. Such missed opportunities will continue to affect the competitiveness of Yahoo in future. When Yahoo became a media company, it focused so much on content and forgot to polish its assets on engineering and innovations on the internet. By the time mobile technologies became popular, Yahoo was still focusing on media and advertising. It lacks the right channels to push its media and advertising business and was overtaken by events (Foremski 2015). The 2009 deal for handing over search to Microsoft for a decade denied Yahoo opportunities for innovation and response to its rivals in search business technology. It also negatively affected company’s ability to attract top talent in the technology field. Reference List * Foremski, T 2015, On Yahoo’s 20th anniversary CEO Mayer counts her achievements . Web. * Levy, S 2015, Marissa Mayer has completed step one . Web. * Lunden, I 2014, Yahoo buys mobile analytics firm flurry for north of $200m . Web. * The Associated Press 2012, Timeline: Key events involving Yahoo and its performance . Web.
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Newspaper Interpretations of Dred Scott v. Sanford Essay Several Supreme Court justices, particularly Chief Justice Roger Taney, hoped that the 1857 ruling in Dred Scott v. Sanford would serve as the “final word” on the slavery question that had embroiled American politics for decades. They hoped that the prestige of the Supreme Court would command respect and end the increasing polarization of the country into pro-slavery and anti-slavery camps. However, these hopes were bitterly disappointed. The Dred Scott decision only deepened the divide facing the country. Southerners and pro-slavery Northerners hailed the decision as a complete affirmation of pro-slavery arguments, while previously moderate opinion in the North was radicalized against slavery. Far from being the final defeat of the anti-slavery movement, the decision brought more people into the movement’s ranks. This paper analyzes newspaper reactions in both the North and South to the Dred Scott decision, and also discusses common interpretations of the decision in the press at the time. Naturally, nearly all shades of Southern opinion welcomed the Dred Scott decision. The opinion repeated arguments that supporters of slavery had used for decades to justify the existence of the “peculiar institution” – namely Chief Justice Taney’s statement that African-Americans were not American citizens and had no rights that whites were bound to accept. The Daily Courier of Charleston, South Carolina expressed the hope that the opinion would “settle these vexed questions forever, quiet the country, and relieve it of abolition agitation.”[1] Indeed, one of the striking features of Southern commentary on the Dred Scott decision is the abuse poured on abolitionists. While certainly not unusual in Southern newspapers at the time, it does reflect the increased radicalization of Southern public opinion by 1857. Many Southerners not only wished for an affirmation of their right to hold slaves but sought to silence all Northern criticism of slavery. These Southerners saw Dred Scott as their opportunity to do just that. Southern slave-owners had significant political support from many Northern Democrats. Some of these “doughfaces” actively supported slavery, while others simply sought to finesse the issue and keep it out of national politics as much as possible. In 1857, the ultimate Northern apologist for slavery was President James Buchanan. The rise of the anti-slavery movement threatened the preeminence of the Democratic Party, with its core of Southern support. Not surprisingly, the Buchanan administration’s newspaper endorsed the decision in laudatory terms. It denounced anti-slavery agitators who it predicted would use the decision as a “fresh topic of sectional agitation.”[2] At the same time, the newspaper attempted to use the respect Americans had for the court to persuade moderate Northerners to stop criticizing slavery. It encouraged those moderates to “conform their action to the adjudication of the highest judicial tribunal in the land.”[3] By 1857, much of Northern public opinion had turned strongly against slavery. The Compromise of 1850 and the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 had kept the issue of slavery in national politics and polarized both sections of the country. As a result of this polarization, most Northern newspapers had a strongly negative reaction to the Dred Scott decision. One Northern paper wrote that the “decision, we need hardly say, is entitled to just so much moral weight as would be the judgment of a majority of those congregated in any Washington bar-room”[4] The paper went on to describe the Republican Party as the nation’s final shield against the extension of slavery. Other Northern newspapers noted that the Dred Scott decision meant that slavery was no longer a local issue. Previously, many Northerners had opposed slavery in theory but did not feel the need to take any action against the institution since it did not affect their daily lives. Northern anti-slavery newspapers sought to use the Dred Scott decision to rally these previously apathetic Northerners to their cause. Some newspapers did this by claiming that the implications of Dred Scott could eventually lead to the extension of slavery to free states. One newspaper stated that the next step after Dred Scott would be that “no State Government has a right to deprive any citizen of property, which the Constitution of the United States protects him in holding.”[5] This argument ultimately proved effective for anti-slavery supporters. Even many of those who had been previously indifferent to slavery had no desire to become slave catchers themselves. In retrospect, it is obvious that Northern anti-slavery interpretations of the Dred Scott decision were much more accurate than Southern pro-slavery interpretations. Southern newspapers believed that Dred Scott would be the death knell for the abolitionist movement. In the pro-slavery view, the Dred Scott decision affirmed all of the arguments in favor of slavery, and even anti-slavery Northerners would now stop criticizing slavery out of deference to the Supreme Court. Of course, this is not what happened, as the reaction of Northern newspapers to Dred Scott makes clear. These Northern newspapers bitterly criticized the opinion (with the notable exception of the pro-administration Buchanan newspaper) and encouraged Northerners to redouble their efforts against slavery before Dred Scott caused the extension of slavery into the North. The rise of the Republican Party and the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860 demonstrated how seriously anti-slavery Northerners took these warnings.
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Whether social, economic, or political lenses. Same events can be viewed differently. Due to the separate focus points. The conclusions vary depending on lenses. Therefore, they become a valuable tool. Historical Lenses: Apartheid * The primary topic is the apartheid. * Political attempt to control the population. * Economy relied on the systematic racism. * It had old roots in slavery. * Social lenses are essential for understanding. * As race was the central factor. Historical Lenses: What Was Apartheid? 1. System of institutionalized racism and segregation. 2. Was established in the South Africa. 3. It lasted from 1940s to 1990s (Musavengane and Leonard, 2019). 4. Gave power to the white population. 5. Affected primarily the black native population. 6. Specifically, by targeting and disenfranchising them. Political and Economic Lenses: Apartheid * The racial segregation drove people apart. * Restricted people’s ability to change home. * Forbid them from furthering their career. * Stopped them from having political power. * Determined their social, political, and economic status. * Supported an old and authoritarian system. Social Lenses: Apartheid * The apartheid was motivated by social factors. * Specifically, racial identity, culture, and background. * It affected the way people would interact. * It determined their social status and position. * Further divided the community and people. * As well as restructured the society’s hierarchy. Historical Lenses: Conclusions * Both sides will view the apartheid differently. * Teller’s perspective affects how it is judged. * For apartheid supporters it was a necessity. * To protect their power and political beliefs. * For opposing side it was a great tragedy. * It stripped millions of basic human rights. Value: Our Lives 1. As well as white supremacism supporters. 2. Was abolished merely 30 years ago. 3. Shows racism can affect modern society. 4. Relevant in the current political climate. 5. Especially concerning rise in racist crimes. 6. Apartheid is a relatively recent phenomenon. Opinion * History tends to occasionally repeat itself. * Yet it is rarely the same. * Learning history helps to avoid mistakes. * Studying history helps to understand humanity. * Additionally, the reasons behind various conflicts. * Thus it becomes possible to avoid repetition. Obligation It is essential to self-reflect on: * Understanding the root of the issues. * Analyzing how one contributes to them. * Self-reflecting on a person’s social standing. * Observing how social identity affects it. * Willing to improve society and oneself. Conclusion Apartheid was a systematic and institutionalized racism. It happened less than a century ago. Different historical lenses help analyze its complexity. Social, economic, and political sides to it. It demonstrates how impactful institutionalized discrimination is. It is a civic duty to challenge racism. References Musavengane, R., & Leonard, L. (2019). When race and social equity matters in nature conservation in post-apartheid South Africa. Conservation & Society, 17 (2), 135-146. Web. Sides, K. B. (2017). Precedence and warning: global apartheid and South Africa’s long conversation on race with the United States. Safundi, 18 (3), 221-238. Web.
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Invisible Southern Black Women Leaders in the Civil Rights Movement Essay A powerful article by Bernice McNair Barnett explores why black women are still invisible and unrecognized as leaders in the American civil rights movement in the 1950s and 1960s. Based on 36 personal interviews and multiple published and archived sources, the author demonstrates that black women in the South have played a prominent role in the struggle for their rights. However, the main obstacle to recognizing their leadership roles was discrimination based on race, gender, and class, both in society and academic literature. The images of female activists in scholarly research are subject to a number of biases. These include stereotypes of poor black women being passive members of society and a preference for middle-class activists over ones from more modest social backgrounds. Questionnaires compiled by Barnett asked interviewees to choose between different leadership roles and relate civil rights activists to these categories. The findings demonstrated that male activists and especially Martin Luther King were rated much higher than their female counterparts. Among the intrinsically “feminine” roles in civil rights activism, the respondents identified mobilization and fundraising (Barnett, 1993, p. 172). Moreover, research on social movements in America focuses on men and the elite as the vanguard of protest. In turn, the early feminist scholarship places great emphasis on the activism of middle-class white women. The author’s findings demonstrate that although leadership was interpreted as a multifunctional category, the distribution of roles was gender-, race-, and class-oriented. While sexist attitudes and economic hardships often prevented black women from being recognized in the social movements, they have made significant and undeniable contributions to the struggle for rights. Question: According to this study, what are the main reasons why the role of Black women leaders has remained “invisible” and unrecognized? Reference Barnett, B. M. (1993). Invisible southern black women leaders in the civil rights movement: The triple constraints of gender, race, and class . Gender & Society , 7 (2), 162–182.
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Patient Outcomes of Care Essay Powers delegated to medical personnel vary depending on the status of employees and their training. For patient outcomes to be positive, it is crucial to ensure appropriate interaction among all the members of the treatment process. However, the roles of nurse practitioners (NPs) and physicians differ, and the functions they provide have a direct impact on the outcomes of certain interventions. According to Buerhaus, DesRoches, Dittus, and Donelan (2015), NPs spend more time than doctors “providing patient and family teaching” (p. 147). Moreover, despite the qualifications of the physician staff, they are unlikely to cope with performing the procedures assigned to nurses, in particular, assistance in meeting patients’ daily needs. Also, as Buerhaus et al. (2015) note, since doctors are often involved in research activities, they cannot spend much time interacting with patients directly. Accordingly, nursing care is an important component of the care process and guarantees positive patient outcomes. The lack of effective interaction among the members of one system is fraught with not only misunderstanding but also poor treatment results. Boev and Xia (2015) argue that “nurses view collaboration as more positive and important than do physicians,” which is the relevant problem of the whole healthcare system (p. 67). The contribution of each employee is significant, and if doctors neglect the assistance of the junior staff, normal treatment conditions will not be achieved. Patients will not be able to receive valuable recommendations, and control over adherence to the treatment regimen will also be assigned to physicians. This, in turn, will divert them from their core responsibilities, and productivity indicators will decline. Each position involves the performance of certain duties; therefore, neglecting the help of NPs will not allow positive patient outcomes. References Boev, C., & Xia, Y. (2015). Nurse-physician collaboration and hospital-acquired infections in critical care. Critical Care Nurse , 35 (2), 66-72. doi:10.4037/ccn2015809 Buerhaus, P. I., DesRoches, C. M., Dittus, R., & Donelan, K. (2015). Practice characteristics of primary care nurse practitioners and physicians. Nursing Outlook , 63 (2), 144-153. doi:10.1016/j.outlook.2014.08.008
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Importance of Topic and Justification for Review 2. Research Plan 3. Purpose of Review 4. Reference List Technological change has radically changed the way people do business around the world. To this end, people have adopted new behavioural practices to keep up with technologically driven economic developments (Rowe, 2017). The interplay between social and economic forces through e-commerce adoption has been captured in academic literature as the concept of “social economy” which refers to the rich diversity of enterprises, companies, foundations and institutions that share common values (van Twuijver, 2020). Stemming from this definition, this paper is a research proposal to determine the impact of e-commerce on the social economy. Importance of Topic and Justification for Review The relationship between economic development and social behaviour defines how modern societies are organized. It is essential to undertake a literature review on this subject because technology and e-commerce are redefining how people do businesses and the impact of businesses on society. For example, social media has provided an avenue for people to hold companies accountable for their actions; policies are progressively reflecting these changes (Huseynov and Özkan Yıldırım, 2019). Therefore, the proposed study would be useful in contributing to the overall understanding of how e-commerce is affecting the social economy. There are sufficient academic materials, such as books and peer-reviewed journals that will be essential in understanding the research topic. Most of these articles stem from the field of behavioural economics, which focuses on the need for economies to balance utility and profit-maximization objectives (Sazhin and Morey, 2018; Lotenberg, 2015). Other reports and articles written in this field independently explore the role of technology in fostering business growth through e-commerce development. In the proposed study, these three centres of data will be linked and evaluated to understand the impact of e-commerce on the social economy. Research Plan The literature review will include an analysis of up to 40 empirical academic materials that focus on explaining the interplay between behavioural economics and technological development through e-commerce. They will be obtained from reputable academic databases, such as Google Scholar and Sage Publications. Key terms and phrases to be used in the search include “e-commerce,” “social economics” and “behavioural economics.” These sources of research data will be analysed in a narrative review format where the emphasis will be on appraising the published articles to the extent that they address the research topic. The first step in conducting the literature review process will be to identify relevant theories and contextualise the overlapping aspects of social behaviour, e-commerce adoption and economics. The second stage will involve the use of the mixed methods design, for collecting data. The technique involves using aspects of quantitative and qualitative reasoning to review research materials (Bryman and Bell, 2015; Sherbaum and Shockley, 2015; Creswell, 2015). This data analysis stage will be based on the thematic and coding technique, which will help the researcher to categorise data according to relevant themes that would help to meet the research aim. The proposed structure of the literature review is as follows: 1. Introduction 2. Outline of the topic 3. Critical reflection on Methods 4. Literature review 5. Analysis and critical discussion 6. Conclusions 7. Learning statement Purpose of Review The findings of the proposed study will help to expand the literature regarding the impact of technology on business and society. On this basis, it would be possible to have a clear understanding of the scope and extent of how e-commerce adoption has influenced economic growth and social behaviour. This information would be useful to policymakers who struggle to develop laws and regulations influencing digital, societal and economic development. Reference List Bryman, A. and Bell, E. (2015) Business research methods . Oxford: Oxford University Press. Creswell, J. W. (2015) A concise introduction to mixed-method research . London: Sage. Huseynov, F. and Özkan Yıldırım, S. (2019) ‘Online consumer typologies and their shopping behaviors in B2C e-commerce platforms’, SAGE Open , 9(2), pp. 112-119. Lotenberg, L. D. (2015) ‘What can social marketers learn from the accomplishments of behavioral economics?’, Social Marketing Quarterly , 21(2), pp. 59-60. Rowe, P. C. M. (2017) ‘Beyond Uber and Airbnb: the social economy of collaborative consumption’, Social Media and Society , 4(1), pp. 1-11. Sazhin, D. and Morey, M. (2018) ‘How we contradict ourselves: the case of John Cochrane-gliding and behavioral economics’, The American Economist , 63(1), pp. 31-40. Sherbaum, C. and Shockley, K. (2015) Analysing quantitative data for business and management students . London: Sage. van Twuijver, M. W. et al. (2020) ‘Rural social enterprises in Europe: a systematic literature review’, Local Economy , 35(2), pp. 121-142.
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Life Is a Smorgasbord Essay Article Summary Life is particularly intriguing and complicated especially when looking at the choices that people make in life in the light of the story, “Life Is a Smorgasbord”, by Dan Lewis. The title of this story states that, life is a smorgasbord. This idiom makes one wonder why life can be likened to a smorgasbord. To begin with, smorgasbord is a buffet meal consisting of several hot and cold salads, dishes, and meat among others. The narrator’s mother invites him to a party, and he has already prepared for that party having cleared the whole day of other duties just to attend the dinner. In fact, the whole family would attend the dinner at Hometown Buffer, Elaine’s favorite joint. At the party, there are a number of foodstuffs. All the twenty-one family members have arrived. After a little hold up on the line, people get in and it feels to them like entering a land of plenty. There are mass-produced cuisines flowing from stainless steel cornucopia. Essay on the article Fundamentally, this story compares life to a party. Life can be stressful and disorganized because of the many confusing options that it offers. Therefore, it is a smorgasbord. The author heaped a lot of food on his plate probably because he wanted to taste everything at the buffet. Therefore, when he finally begins to eat the food, he realizes he is merely ingesting it and not enjoying the food. Only Lorna, and her child, misses serving chicken. She, however, feels chicken may not be the best for her citing that, there is a good catfish while the rest of the group is eating the bait. The goal of the narrator was not to waste time trying to make a decision one-food type but to try a little bit of everything. Overwhelmed by seeing, smelling, and tasting, he did not get the genuine taste of the food. To him, it was like feeding thirteen people at once. Life is like a buffet that people want to enjoy everything in one sitting. Everyone wants to taste everything on the menu like combining Chinese and Mexican foods. The danger of looking at life as a smorgasbord is that one tries everything and eventually life becomes confused. When asked by the cashier how the meal was, the narrator answers ‘confusing’. This means despite having tasted everything, the narrator still did not enjoy it. Besides having a heap of food on his plate, he kept looking at other peoples’ plates. This element shows that, in life, people are not contended with what they have, even when it is in plenty. He wondered how, these people took remarkably little food yet there was plenty at the buffet. An important issue to note is that, the writer likens his life to a huge menu without sampler plate. The narrator says she is scared of just taking one thing since he could be filed hence fail to taste everything else. For this reason, he ends up having small shares of each and these in most cases do not go well together. A lesson to learn is that, there is no enough time in someone’s life to enjoy all or even a small fraction of world experiences. Bearing this in mind, individuals need to make sacrifices. For instance, playing basketball for an hour was equal to forfeiting one hour of reading. The trick is to choose certain options so that one can enjoy few options to the full.
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Cornell note taking system Essay The Cornell note taking system is a model of taking notes that was developed at the Cornell University by Walter Pauk. Pauk was an education professor at the university. This model of taking notes was developed in the year 1954. The model was meant to aid students in the University by simplifying the study process. Pauk published this model of study in his famous book titled, “How to Study in College”. The Cornell note taking model of study seeks to ease studying by setting specifications to guide students in taking notes while studying (Sylvia, 27). How the Cornell note taking system works This model of learning gives a systematized way in which students can summarize and organize notes. An explanation is given on how the paper used in note taking by students ought to be structured to get maximum utility from study sessions. This is a major distinguishing factor between this model of study and other models. According to this model, the study or note taking paper can be structured as indicated below. Source: “The Cornell System for Note-Taking”, p. 1 The three parts labeled in the diagram above are critical while studying. The note taking area is used in recording lectures. This has to be done using telegraphic sentences. After a class or learning session, students should formulate questions basing on the notes recorded in the note taking column. Questions are important because they aid in making clarification to students concerning the meaning and relations of meanings in the notes. Questions also aid in broadening and strengthening memory of students. During the study for exams, these questions simplify revision work. The cue column is critical in recitation of the notes. During recitation, students are required to cover the note taking area fully. Students are required to recite the answers to the questions by looking at the questions in the question column. This has to be said loudly depending on the level of understanding of the student. This leads to the reflection of the learning material, which is another important step in learning. This is achieved through a re-look at the facts that are raised through answers to the questions found in the study text (Sylvia, 27). Questions asked during reflection include those on the relevance of the facts in the notes, principles informing the facts, the applicability of the facts, and their relationship with what the learner already knows. The question about what goes beyond the facts is of great relevance in reflection because they are brought out during learning. Students are also required to keep reviewing previous notes. This has to be done for at least ten minutes each week. This keeps the facts in the notes fresh in the mind of students. The summary section is used at the end of the learning session. The notes on each page are summed in this section (Sylvia, 27). This model of learning has been found to be very effective in different learning sessions. It is best suited in learning session that deal with broad theoretical concepts with numerous notes and information. Thus, it best suits my economics classes. The system is very effective because it focuses on the critical steps in learning like recording, recitation, reflection, and reviewing. However, the system is very comprehensive and can hardly be followed by students. It is quite tiring for anybody who chooses to follow it fully. Works Cited Sylvia, Behrmann. Practical Study Methods . New York: Gardners Books, 2007. Print. The Cornell System for Note-Taking. 2010. Web. Web. < https://www.montgomerycollege.edu/ >
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The Public Health Intervention Wheel Essay Groceries Item Price, $ Organic 1 gallon of milk 3.57 Yes 1 loaf of bread 10.99 No 1 bag of apples 6.42 (2.38/lb) Yes 1 bag of carrots 1.88 Yes 1 large container of yogurt 3.82 No 1 2-liter of soda 1.78 No 1 bag of chips 3.57 No 1 package of cookies 3 No The major social factor that impacts what groceries are purchased is the amount of income. In New York City, 17.9 percent of people live in poverty, and the median income equals $39,828/year that is more than $5,000 higher than the average annual income across the US (United States Census Bureau, 2019). Besides, various grocery stores are located within walking distance. From this, it could be inferred that most people who live in my community could afford to purchase healthy food and eat a diverse diet. They have money to buy organic products and fresh fruits, vegetables, meat, and fish instead of eating processed food, frozen food, or junk food. Another social factor that determines the choice of groceries is the trends promoted through social media. More precisely, ten years ago, it was trendy to be skinny, whereas currently, the body-positive movement has become immensely widespread and influential. Therefore, when a teenager or an adult comes to a grocery store, he or she remembers that no one would condemn him or her for being overweight and, hence, this person has more motivation to purchase a bottle of soda and chips for lunch instead of a plate of salad or some main course. I have noticed that the majority of my friends prefer unhealthy sweet snacks to fresh fruits and vegetables even though they do not lack money. A community health nurse (CHN) could use such intervention category from the Public Health Intervention Wheel as health teaching to address areas of food security. From this perspective, a CHN could share information on how important it is not to waste food, take food consciously, and control the quality and amount of consumed groceries. In addition to that, health teaching is a way to target the issue of food security at the systems level and train physicians and other specialists on how to stimulate the members of the community to shift towards a healthier diet, including people who cannot afford to spend too much money on food. Reference United States Census Bureau (2019). QuickFacts: New York City, New York; United States . Web.
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The author of the article accredits this to the sensitivity of the adolescence stage that these students in the middle-level grades are. The strategies that have been suggested to teachers and elaborated in this article include; building a sense of empathy, showing admiration the student’s negative attitudes and behaviors, letting go of ego when dealing with the students, and understanding the different aspects connected to the culture of the students as well as that of every other person. Through showing empathy, a teacher can create a feeling that enables the students to understand him/her. The article declares this a crucial strategy in that the students will feel free to open up to the teacher thus paving way for thorough handling of any misapprehensions, whether student-student or teacher-student misunderstandings. In addition, admiring the negative attitudes and behaviors of the most difficult students and being genuine about it is another very important strategy for building a positive relationship. The strategy, as incorporated in classrooms, comes from the field of counseling and psychology. Leaving egoistic emotions at the door does work in creating positive relationships between teachers and students as well as initiating multicultural connections that help in understanding the cultural aspects that surround the cultures and the associated stereotypes. The teacher should initiate ways in the classroom to try to show a sense of appreciation for the students’ different cultural entities. Response to the Article In the article Classroom Management Strategies for Difficult Students: Promoting Change through Relationships, the authors seem well versed in the subject of classroom management through the way they address the issue. Their arguments are worth concurring. According to their arguments, the best strategies for handling the most difficult students in middle-level schools have nothing to do with formal classroom management techniques. In addition, the suggestion that counseling and psychology strategies need to be well integrated into the classroom is true because by so doing, they will foster the relationships between teachers and the students who are most difficult to handle. However, their proposed strategies such as “…building empathy, admiring negative attitudes and behaviors portrayed by students” (O’Farrell, Ellen, Alan and Fred, 2010, Para. 11) are subject to further clarification because one may fail to grasp their implication as far as classroom management is concerned. In my opinion, building empathy needs to stand out as a sure way of containing the students bearing in mind the psychological changes that they are facing in their age. However, one can ask why this is so. In this way, the strategy ensures that a relationship founded on understanding develops between the teacher and the student. It however calls for a lot of professionalism and kind-heartedness to be able to practice this as a teacher by considering the number of students that a middle-level schoolteacher has to deal with. Putting up with negative behaviors and attitudes seems inapplicable in the field of academics let alone admiring them as suggested in the article. One needs to have a deeper knowledge of human psychology to be able to create a link between bad behavior as portrayed by a student and a good quality that one can develop by redirecting it. Furthermore, it can be rather hard to pose as being genuine in admiring intentional misconduct by a student. Dealing with personal ego is rather more of an advice to the teachers faced by the challenge of teaching middle-level school students than it is as a strategy. This is because students at this age tend to learn more from the teachers’ behavior and actions than what s/he teach verbally in the class. However, this strategy as it stands out in the article nullifies the possibility that punishment can bear positive results in instilling discipline among unruly students. This is somehow contestable bearing in mind that the impact of punishment has been verified as a way of changing bad behaviors for the better. As far as I am concerned, creating multicultural connections is one of the strongest strategies that teachers can possibly employ in class management because it is the cultural misunderstandings, which trigger the worst relationship crises in the classroom. Understanding deeply what the requirements are in the different cultures of the students and suggesting ways in which the students can coexist with each other can really save the teacher from problems in the classroom. To sum up, the suggestions given in this article are viable and if followed to the latter they can help greatly in the overall agenda of improving relationships between teachers and students more so those who seem difficult to handle. This is because these strategies, as portrayed in the article have been backed by facts and thoroughly conducted research, and their effects verified in handling students mostly in middle-level school who are majorly in the critical adolescent stage Reference O’Farrell, B., Ellen, M. Alan, G., & Fred, H. (2010). Classroom Management Strategies For Difficult Students: Promoting Change through Relationships. Middle School Journal , 41, 4-11.
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Peace and Conflict Resolution in “The Fog of War” Movie Essay The main idea put forward in film, The Fog of War directed by Errol Morris explores whether those who took part in the Vietnam War are contrite, or excusatory for the negative effects brought about by the war. The director supports his claims by staging a series of interviews with the then secretary of defense. He also uses other media resources such as television news and press reports dating back to the time of the war. Through these sources, the audience gets direct information about how the war started, proceeded, and ended. Through interviews, the director vividly brings out McNamara’s character and life history. McNamara’s endeavor to avoid the one question that seeks to know whether he was really doing the will of the people when he masterminded the war that killed many, shows some guilt or fear of judgment (Holden Para.9). He responds by saying that his actions always hinged on tall orders from the president of people-by-people; therefore, obeying everything that the president said, meant doing the will of the people. McNamara’s career during the time he was the president of central bank, his family life including death of his wife, and his tenure as defense secretary are valuable pieces of information that the director explores. Through the interaction between the director, McNamara, and a series of events like numerous phone calls during the interview describing events during the war, the audience is able to get a clear view of the Vietnam War and its effects. Morris, the director of the film is concerned about the historical, economic, and social setting that prevailed during the Vietnam War. During the interview with McNamara, the director’s choice of questions seeks to unveil the historical events that accompanied the Vietnam War. The mention of the fire lynching of Japanese nationals by firebombs and the bizarre bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki brings out the historical setting of the film. The life of McNamara at this historical time also underscores the social setting that Morris seeks to explore. At one point during the numerous series of interviews, McNamara talks about his social life. He talks about the hard family life he led before engaging in any government duty or his time as a Defense Secretary. He talks of a tumultuous life that subjected his family to depression; something he believes accelerated the unfortunate demise of his wife (Powell Para.16). His life after serving as the President of Central bank also comes out. A revelation comes out pointing out that during this period; he spent most of his time in activities to benefit the poor, as well as those inclined at making the world a better place. Conventional wisdom holds that, the Vietnam War caused mass destruction and downward slump of the economy (Risen Para.9). This fact underscores the director’s interest in the then economic setting as shown when Morris and McNamara talk about issues such as comparison of bombing of a series of Japanese towns to bombing of an equal number of U.S towns that are of similar size. In this comparison, Morris seeks to explain the extent of damage to the Japanese economy courtesy of the war. The film finds a lot of relevance in contemporary happenings. All over the world, political enmity exists between different nations and absence of an amicable solution to the same would result in similar war as the Vietnam War. The statement by McNamara, which explains why he did what he did, finds significance in the current society. It shows how those working under powerful men are torn between doing what is right and wrong, since they act under directions from their superiors (Kaplan Para.12). When asked why he willingly, as a Defense Secretary, approved the war, he categorically says that he was carrying out the orders of a democratically chosen president; after all, a president chosen by people would represent the people so his/her will is the will of the people. True to the theme of this film, peace between nations is an important tool for coexistence. In the current world, there exist states that are purely enemies to one another; for example, the recent enmity between Iraq and the United States led to the death of thousands of Iraqis and U.S soldiers. Failure to resolve the impeding animosity resulted in forceful entry of the U.S soldiers into Iraq and bloodshed resembling the Vietnam War case ensued. This phenomenon indicates the importance of international peace. The Fog of War film is relevant to peace and conflict studies since it carries the theme of conflict and peace. During an interview in the film, McNamara says that in the period preceding the Vietnam War, there had been a long period of cold wars. In other words, McNamara implies that even though there was nothing direct to insinuate war, there was tension between the two nations. The presence of cold war means absence of peace, which is a subject of discussion in the peace and conflict resolution studies. Learning the failures by those engaged in this war, students would learn how the concerned parties should have resolved the conflict that led to the war as a way of conflict resolution. Works Cited Errol, Morris, dir. The Fog War: Eleven Lessons from the Life of Robert S. McNamara. Radical Media, 2003. Film. Holden, Stephen. “ The Fog War .” The New York Times, 2003. Web. Kaplan, Fred. The Evasions of Robert McNamara: What’s true and what’s a lie in The Fog of War , 2003. Web. Powell, Bonnie. “ Robert McNamara, Errol Morris returns to Berkeley to share lessons Learned from Fog of War .” UC Berkeley News , 2004. Web. Risen, Clay. “The Fog of War.” Flak Magazine, 2003. Web.
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Action Research in Public Organization Development Essay (Article) Table of Contents 1. Summary 2. Contemporary Thinking 3. Research Importance 4. Application 5. Reflection 6. Conclusion 7. References Many organizations conduct research works to determine whether their business needs any improvement. Usually, this measure is taken to calculate the efficiency of current processes and the ability to reach certain goals. For instance, a company must be very specific and ask questions only about those fields that are relevant to it (O’Leary & Hunt, 2016, 50). This paper analyses the article that discusses what elements does the quality research has when used for organizational development. Summary The article by Coghlan and Shani (2014) discusses three crucial elements that help to make the research process effective. It claims the process must be rigorous, reflective, and relevant. The first feature stresses the importance of data collected during the study. The second one discusses whether the data is linked to previous or contemporary research that can be found in literature and case studies. Finally, the relevancy element determines whether the collected data addresses the goals set by an organization. All three elements are applied to several steps of the research process. They include the purpose of research, the context, methodology, and method of inquiry, design, narrative and outcomes, reflection on the story, and discussion. The authors of the article offer a table that matches rigor, reflectiveness, and relevance with these features. Each combination is supported by questions that have to be addressed at each point of research. The discussion finalizing the article states that there are four primary factors for evaluating action research. These are the importance of context understanding, the quality of collaboration between researchers and employees, the quality of the process itself, and the development of collaboration from learning by practice. Contemporary Thinking The article corresponds well with the contemporary perception of the topic. For instance, studies suggest that context is one of the most important factors for conducting quality research (Eriksson & Kovalainen, 2016, p. 99). A person who is responsible for evaluating various elements of a process must be skilled in collecting the right data. It takes a deep understanding of the culture in which he or she is trying to function. An article by Coghlan and Shani (2014) features several questions that are important while acting in a context. They call for determining whether the contextual data is collected in a way that corresponds with quality standards and whether it is supported by the previous research. It may sometimes take a long time for researchers to collect the necessary information. The important part is to have a systematic approach to every detail noticed and recorded during weeks or even months. Research Importance The article illustrates the importance of using analytics for decision-making within organizations. It makes it understandable that effective studies of organizational processes can draw positive results from each outcome, whether it is a negative or a positive one. A positive outcome would require the company’s top management team to keep the same strategy as it was using before. An adverse outcome is an opportunity to learn new ways of tackling the issue. Thus, the management team is making decisions based on organizational research, and their results are directly linked to the quality of data collected and analyzed. Application This article has given me an understanding that context is one of the most important factors in conducting organizational research. Another factor that I have found to be important is the importance of collaboration between researchers and employees. The public administration calls for a deep understanding of processes that flow inside a working community. Understanding psychology and behavior is crucial is one wishes to collect the necessary data. All work should be conducted in an atmosphere of collaboration. Interviewees should understand that all research questions that are discussed during the research will help to make considerable changes to the way they work and to any performance factors required from them. Reflection I have found the topic of this article to be quite interesting to discuss. A perspective from rigor, reflectiveness, and relevance is much broader than I thought it should be for conducting an organizational study. However, there is a good point that there are several frameworks for collecting data and analyzing it. I believe that this article reveals the importance of those frameworks being relevant to an organization and to various fields it needs to analyze. It would be overwhelming to test every single process within a company, as it takes time and might be irrelevant for the primary questions facing a management team. Conclusion The research method in an organization that includes the focus on rigor, reflectiveness, and relevance seems to be much more effective than the approach of using a universal framework. The article demonstrates the importance of linking context, data collection, design, analysis, and conclusions to these factors. The process of making decisions becomes facilitated when a research team focuses only on those issues that are relevant to the main goal and were analyzed in the past for drawing connections between the past and the current situation. References Coghlan, D., & Shani, A. (2014). Creating action research quality in organization development: Rigorous, reflective, and relevant. Systematic Practice & Action Research, 27 (6), 523-536. Web. Eriksson, P., & Kovalainen, A. (2016). Qualitative methods in business research: A practical guide to social research. London, UK: Sage. O’Leary, Z., & Hunt, J. S. (2016). Workplace research: Conducting small-scale research in organizations . London, UK: Sage.
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Chapter Six in “The Corporation” by Joel Bakan Essay (Book Review) During the twentieth century, many changes in the economy and the global market have been realized. Many options have been available for the business people and stakeholders left with the freedom to choose among the different ways of conducting business that best fits their interests and capabilities. Several questions have cropped up regarding conducting general business in the entire world. It is therefore up to the managers to make the right business decisions to ensure that their businesses stay afloat. Which market system is better: capitalism or communism? To begin with, capitalism is a market economy whereby people are allowed to own private property and control the same as they wish. The owners set their prices and make decisions on every aspect of their businesses. The market is free and is characterized by fair competition. The main advantage that businesses operating under this economy enjoy is that the government has no right to interfere with such establishments since there is minimal control from the state. The businesses have the right to compete to the optimum. This type of economy allows people to choose the type of work and environment that best suits their interests. The business stakeholders enjoy their profits as there is no such legal requirement from the state. The problem is that most people in some regions of the world are still too poor to make it alone in the consumer economy. Decision making takes longer due to the freedom that the corporations leave the business stakeholders to enjoy. On the other hand, communism is a form of a market system whereby ownership of property is controlled by the state. Goods are owned jointly although private ownership is highly discouraged. The advantage is that there is a common power of ownership of property and all aspects of marketing are controlled from one central point. The main disadvantage is that there is no motivation to work because some people opt to take advantage of the group. There are minimal benefits for working hard as long as the hardworking person gets the same reward as any other person in the group. What is CSR? Corporate social responsibility the channels through which businesses give back to the society. Businesses may take responsibility for some of the important issues in communities where they are operating. For instance, cleaning the environment or offering education sponsorships to needy children. Benefits include customer attraction and retention, improved business relationships with external entities, innovativeness and improved business reputation. Shareholder democracy is a situation whereby managers allow shareholders to take the most important aspects of business management. It largely depends on the type of business. Therefore, there is no limit on the number of shareholder democracy that a corporation can stipulate. This is a decision that is usually left to the management of a particular business to make. Should businesses allow government regulation of the economy? The regulation allows the government to intervene and make decisions regarding how the general economy should be run. Governments set the laws to be followed in a certain marketplace. These laws should be followed strictly failure to which those who violate may face the full wrath of the law. Government regulation protects businesses from exploitations related to the business and puts fair legal laws for the entire economy. Local governments shield businesses that trade internationally from the exploitations that are connected to international trade. The entire market is controlled by the government or an agency appointed on its behalf.
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Importance of Foreign Aid in Poverty Reducing Report (Assessment) Mostly, poverty affects Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. More than half of the world’s population lives on less than 2 dollars a day (Sachs, 2009). Foreign aid is one of the methods used by wealthy nations to help reduce poverty in the least developed countries. Financial aid should be used as a complementary component of market forces, where a given country is unable to mobilize the required investment on its own due to lack of sufficient income and infrastructure (Sachs, 2009). Countries like China and India have benefited greatly from financial aid in the last five decades (Sachs 2009). As a result of the aid, diseases such as Smallpox and Malaria have reduced dramatically in these two countries. Demand for better healthcare, improved education, and better roads have led to a rapid increase of the living standards globally (Banerjee and Duflo, 2011). Improvement of infrastructure and technology through aid from the US and Japan have made Malaysian and Thailand’s manufacturing industries a success (Sachs, 2009). The population growth in poor countries counteracts the poverty eradication measures. Use of contraceptives as a method of family planning launched by the US government in the 1960s greatly reduced population growth (Sachs, 2009). A high mortality rate is part and parcel of the underdeveloped countries. A campaign launched by UNICEF in 1982 enabled some of the poorest countries to reach at least 80% immunization rates (Sachs, 2009). Despite African countries being given a foreign aid since 1962, there have been no significant changes (Sachs, 2009). This can be associated with poor leadership and corruption. Sachs says that in the year 2004, an African Union report estimated that over 140 billion dollars annually is lost through corruption (2009). Political instability in most African countries is also damaging. Foreign aid has resulted in massive dependency on support of the foreign countries (Sachs, 2009). With foreign debt of nearly 350 billion dollars, the dependence is evident. This dependence keeps most countries in a poverty trap; they are currently unable to get out of it (Sachs, 2009). Availability and accessibility of energy is associated with poverty in a community. Energy plays a crucial role in alleviating poverty (Pachauri and Spreng, 2003). Access to electricity directly relates to access of tap water and better education (Pachauri and Spreng, 2003). A poor household is distinguished from a better one by the choice of fuel, which uses efficient energy (non-pollutant) (Prey, 1989). Solar lantern programs mostly target developing countries (Prey, 1989). Electrification in such areas, especially in the rural parts, is impossible to achieve (Pachauri and Spreng, 2003). Energy devices used in these places are inconvenient and some of them, for instance, the kerosene lamp among others, have health implications. Solar lanterns are portable, easy-to-use, and reliable (Pachauri and Spreng, 2003). Solar lantern programs have enabled a large number of people to have a source of power. Undoubtedly, foreign aid is an effective tool that can be used to fight poverty. Such countries as the US and Canada have provided financial aid to a number of African countries to support education and help reduce poverty. However, foreign aid can only be effective when implemented with reforms. Monitoring how the aid is used is extremely crucial, which can be carried out by civil society and other non-government organizations (Banerjee and Duflo, 2011). Lack of electricity does not necessarily mean poverty, but access to energy sources other than electricity is more powerful. References Banerjee, A., & Duflo, E. (2011). Poor Economics: a radical rethinking of the way to fight global poverty. Public affairs . Web. Pachauri, S., & Spreng, D. (2003). Direct and indirect energy requirements of households in India. Energy Policy, 30 . (6): 511-523. Prey, J. (1989). Solar lantern development in Papua-New Guinea . Web. Sachs, J. (2009). Can Foreign Aid Reduce Poverty? The Earth Institute at Columbia University . Web.
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Inspection of the Inn’s Building and Its Compound Essay 123 Winner’s Road New empire Town, PA 12345 John Shaky 1234, Inn Lane Fun city, IN 12345 Dear Mr. Shaky: As part of my responsibilities at the inn, I have taken time to inspect the inn’s building and its compound. The U.S. Department of labor (2009) states, “ managers must have a good knowledge of the hotel operations, including safety and security measures, repair and maintenance, and personell practice (p. 2009). I would like to bring to your attention a number of safety concerns based on my observations. The inn’s kitchen roof has an advanced degree of charring around the exhaust vent, with the tarpaper roof pulled up at a corner. Birds that have made nests on it, and there are branches resting on it. Trees have grown untended, to the extent that they may cause power lines to entangle. Their roots have grown dangerously close to water pipes. Cracks have formed on the building’s foundation, which is aggravated by a puddle of water pushing against the wall. I have observed that the windows have gaps between them and the window frames. The dining hall manager confirmed that negligence has been part of the inn’s management philosophy. The poor state of maintenance exposes the inn to several risks. Fire may occur if there is entanglement of power lines by tree branches during strong winds. In addition, the inn will incur high repair and reconnection fees. This is because the utility provider expects clients to trim vegetation near power supply lines within their premises. The local authority will be justified to condemn the building if the foundation deteriorates any further. The authority may also take issue with the roofs, which can cave in at any moment. The entire framework of the roof continues to weaken due to exposure to the elements. The presence of birds on it risks attracting snakes and other predators, which may end up inside the inn. The overgrown roots threaten to destroy water pipes while the puddle sitting against the foundation not only weakens the foundation further, but also provides a breeding ground for pests and parasites. The Inn is currently spending a lot of money on energy because our air conditioning works through out. This is as a result of the spaces between the windows and the walls. This state of disrepair and poor maintenance exposes us to litigation by our clients should any accident occur at the inn. O’Fallon and Rutherford (2010) warned that, “The primary legal dangers in both housekeeping and maintenance are related to negligence and involve lack of inspection and repair” (p. 209). Based on the above, I would like to propose, as an emergency measure, that we urgently cut down unnecessary trees and trim the rest. This will not cost much yet it will secure the inn’s power and water supply while mitigating the safety risks and high repair costs the inn would incur in case of an accident. Secondly, within the next one month, there is need to drain the puddle and repair the foundation to ensure that the structural integrity of the building remains sound. In addition, the inn needs to prepare plans to repair the windows and the roof of the building within the same period. Finally, my office will develop a long-term Planned Preventive Maintenance (PPM) plan for implementation by the maintenance department of the inn so that all sections of the inn get attention when it is due. Lockyer (2007) states, “the process of maintenance management in a hotel is often a shared responsibility, although it may be allocated directly to the maintenance department” (p.144). Yours sincerely, General Manager, The Inn References Lockyer, T. L. G. (2007). The international hotel industry: Sustainable management. New York: Routledge. O’Fallon, M. J. & Rutherford, D. G. (2010). Hotel management and operation. New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons. U.S. Department of Labor, (2009). Occupational outlook handbook 2009. New York: Skyhorse Publishing.
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In this front, one can almost applaud Andrew because he is not only sympathetic to Rose’s mother- wishing her quick recovery, but he is also considerate of the doctor’s professional opinion concerning the dilemma. Although from the situation it is apparent that the doctor’s and Andrew’s opinion outweigh Rose’s choice, it is Rose alone who is privileged with the right to make the ultimate decision on behalf of her mother. This follows from the legal framework governing ethical practice in long term care, which mandates Rose to be the surrogate persona on behalf of her mother under the power of the attorney. It is in this view that Rose takes the interests, attitudes and preferences of her mother in making the aforementioned informed refusal choice. The ethical concerns are cross-cutting ranging from proper observance of the established legal framework – which bestows the right to making informed choices of either consent or refusal to the client, upholding competency in health service provision-availing quality medical services and guaranteeing client satisfaction, to, maintaining confidentiality in all therapeutic relationships (Charles, 2007, p.1). It is the duty of doctors to safeguard their client’s information by adhering to the laid out rules and regulations concerning the maintenance of confidentiality in all medical relationships. Such information is not just limited to the client’s personal issues but also includes safe custody of the client’s medical records (Charles, 2007, p.1). The maintenance of confidentiality has many positive attributes to both the client and the physician, For instance, in keeping a client’s medical and psychological state secretive, the physician not only boosts the client’s self esteem but also accommodates and encourages openness in each interactive session with the client (Jeffrey, 2009, p. 1). As the custodian of the medical records of a client, a doctor through maintaining a good confidentiality profile earns the credit of being an outstanding, trustworthy and reliable service provider and thus attracts clients as a certified service provider in his/her medical domain (Jeffrey, 2009, p. 1). That notwithstanding, in keeping secret the records of the client, the doctor is in a better position to track therapeutic progress of his/her client and thereby give noble and effective prescriptions to avert whichever psychological challenge oppressing his/her client. The issues governing informed consent or refusal dictate that before carrying out any medical process, a doctor must provide the right information concerning the competency of the serving team, the inherent risks involved and the degree of success in any medical operation (Charles, 2007, p.1). With such information at hand, it is only the client/patient who is authorized with the legal right to make informed consent or refusal choice. In the event that the client/patient is incapable of making the choice, then it is within the provisions of the law for an attorney to authorize a surrogate persona to make such an informed decision on behalf of the patient. This is because all medical responsibility and benefits are vested on the patient and the law honors it. Reference List Charles, S. (2007). Informed Consent. Web. Jeffrey, B. (2009). Ethics Codes on Confidentiality in Psychotherapy and Counseling. Web.
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Using Statistics in Small-Scale Language Education Research Report (Assessment) The analysis of the assessment was performed using the quantitative approach. The primary reason for the choice is the fact that scores available as a result of the assessment are easily quantifiable and uniform, which allows for a relatively consistent result. The tool chosen for the analysis is the paired t-test, which can be successfully utilized to determine the change based on two datasets retrieved at different points in time from the same population (Hinton, McMurray, & Brownlow, 2014). Importantly, the paired t-test also provides the possibility to ascertain the reliability of the results by calculating the p-value and a corresponding t-value, which is especially valuable when several small samples are available (five classes in the case at hand) (Hahs-Vaughn & Lomax, 2012). The following paper provides the results of the analysis of the scores and outlines the methods of ascertaining validity and reliability. For the sake of uniformity, it was assumed that the criterion score for succeeding in the assessment was 70 percent. The analysis of the data disaggregated by classes yielded the following results. In class 1, the average of 52% ± 7% of the students were successful in the test. Of the 23 students, one (4.3%) met the 70% criterion. There was a statistically significant difference between the scores and a criterion of success (t(22) = -4.94, p < 0.001). The post-test results averaged at 65.3% ± 7.7%. 11 of the students in class met the success criterion, which accounts for 47.8% of the class. The difference was not statistically significant (t(22) = -1.2, p > 0.05). The comparative result displays a 13% improvement, which was statistically significant (t(22), p < 0.001). For the second class, the average was 42.4% ± 10.4%. One of the students (5.6%) exceeded the success criterion. The result was statistically significant (t(17) = -5.18, p < 0.001). In the post-test, the class average was 55.3% ± 13.4%. 9 students (50%) were able to meet the criterion of success. The result was statistically significant (t(17) = -2.15, p < 0.05). The overall difference between the tests identified a 12.8% improvement of the results, which was statistically significant (t(17) , p < 0.025). In the third class, the average of the pretest was 48.3% ± 6.8%, with two out of 29 students meeting the success criterion (6.9% of the total). The difference was statistically significant (t(28) = -6,26, p < 0.001). The post-test results demonstrated an average of 58.1% ± 8.7% of success, with 12 of 29 students being able to meet the criterion (41.4%). The difference was statistically significant (t(28) = -2.7, p < 0.025). The change between the pre-test and post-test scores is characterized as a 9.8% improvement, which is a statistically significant result (t(28), p < 0.05. In the fourth class, 51.4% ± 9.4% class average was observed. Three out of twenty students were able to meet the success criterion. The difference was statistically significant (t(19) = -3.88, p < 0.005). The post-test indicated an average of 61.5% ± 9% of the class average, with 9 out of 20 students being able to succeed (45%), with no statistically significant difference between the score and the criterion of success (t(19) = -1.85, p > 0.05). The resulting difference indicated a 10.1% improvement in the class, which was a statistically significant result (t(19), p < 0.025). In the fifth class, the calculated average was 51.1% ± 8.8%. Of the 21 students, two met the success criterion (9.5%). The difference was statistically significant (t(20) = -4.23, p < 0.001). In the post-test, the calculated average was 60.6% ± 7.1%, with eight out of 21 students succeeding in obtaining 70% of the score (38.1%). The difference was statistically significant (t(20) = -2.61, p < 0.025). The difference of 9.5% between the pre-test and post-test did not demonstrate sufficient statistical significance (t(20), p > 0.05). Finally, the overall result across all five classes was as follows. The average on a pretest was 49.2% ± 3.7%. 9 out of 111 students were able to meet the criterion, which amounts to 8.1% of the total number. The difference was statistically significant (t(110) = -11.02, p < 0.001). In the post-test, the average was 60.2% ± 4.1% and 49 students exceeded the criterion (44.1%), with a statistical significance of t(110) = -4.72, p < 0.001. An overall 11% improvement could be observed across the total population, which high statistical significance of t(110), p < 0.001. The results of the analysis allow us to conclude that the academic achievement demonstrated across five classes is expected to be observed in the similar setting. The results of the paired t-test across the five classes suggest the p-value of below 0.001, which constitutes a high degree of reliability (Elliott & Woodward, 2016). The majority of per-class results is consistent with the conclusion. The internal validity of the results can be partially confirmed by the fact that both the pre-test and post-test scores were used in the analysis, suggesting the causality. However, it should be noted that additional validity could be attained by involving a control group of students (Elliott & Woodward, 2016). The external validity is derived primarily from the fact that the scores were obtained from a real-world setting (Turner, 2014). However, it can be further increased by accounting for the specificities of the environment prior to the application of the intervention in a similar setting. References Elliott, A. C., & Woodward, W. A. (2016). IBM SPSS by example: A practical guide to statistical data analysis (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Hahs-Vaughn, D. L., & Lomax, R. G. (2012). An introduction to statistical concepts (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge. Hinton, P. R., McMurray, I., & Brownlow, C. (2014). SPSS explained (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge. Turner, J. L. (2014). Using statistics in small-scale language education research: Focus on non-parametric data . New York, NY: Routledge.
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Arkansas and Iowa Opt-Out of Medicaid Expansion Research Paper Table of Contents 1. Implications of State Decision 2. Potential Opportunities 3. Alternate Approaches 4. Recommendations 5. References Implications of State Decision Texas is one of the states that have adamantly opposed the Obama Care program that proposes the expansion of the Medicaid program under the Affordable Care Act. This implies that there are millions of citizens in the state that will not be covered by the Medicaid program in the state. The lack of expansion will see the state losing over $100 billion in the next decade from the federal cash. Additionally, hospitals in the state will continue spending more than $5 billion in treating uninsured members of the community. It is also apparent that the big health care bills will be footed by taxpayers in Texas. It is also clear that the citizens of the state will also be involved in financing the expansion programs adopted by other states on a federal level without reaching the benefits of their contributions (Zwelling & Kantarjian, 2014). More than 1 million Americans in the low-income bracket live in Texas, and they will continue living without insurance cover for health care services because the administration of the state is not willing to negotiate the expansion of the Medicaid program. While the expansion program aims at covering all adults from 19 to 65 years old within the poverty level, citizens in Texas will not obtain the cover; hence, the cost of health care will escalate over the future. Potential Opportunities A state that opts to adopt the expansion of the Medicaid program will see a reduction in the cost of health care for the newly eligible adults in their jurisdictions. The Federal government is set to bare at least 90% of the cost of health care for the newly elected members, and this will enhance the accessibility of preventive and treatment health care for the poor citizens. The respective states will also make hefty savings from the elimination of the current spending on uninsured citizens (Price & Eibner, 2013). The program will eliminate the uncompensated spending for the associated states, and this will alleviate the costs of covering the new eligible citizens on the part of the states. One of the main challenges that the states might face is the allocation of funds to expand coverage to the people who are already eligible for care. It is also expected that the states will have to increase their health care budgets to meet the 10% or less cost of covering the new eligible citizens for coverage (Angeles, 2012). Alternate Approaches Arkansas and Iowa are two of the states that have pledged to opt-out of the Medicaid expansion program, and they have proposed the development of alternative approaches. Arkansas has proposed the development of the Arkansas Health Care Independence Program, which covers the newly eligible citizens through private plans in the federal health care facilities. Just like the Medicaid expansion program, it will increase eligibility for adults in the 19-64 years old bracket, but the funding approach will involve the private sector. The beneficiaries will receive all the benefits associated with the Medicaid program, but they will not have access to a private health care plan. The program also dictates that the cost-sharing option for families will not exceed 5% of their income, which means that the cost of health care will be relatively cheaper for the citizens (Garber & Collins, 2014). Iowa has also chosen to opt-out of the Medicaid expansion program to develop an alternative plan to cover residents with income levels from 100% to 138 % of poverty. The members of the society in this state will have access to the full Medicaid benefits, as well as additional benefits that have been included in the wraparound service program. However, eligible citizens will have to part with a maximum of 10% of their income every month to cost-share in the expansion program. This program has developed an approach to separating different health care services to provide different copayment platforms. For instance, the use of emergency facilities in nonemergency situations will attract an 8% copayment on the part of the citizens (Garber & Collins, 2014). Recommendations Texas should look into adopting the Medicaid expansion program because the benefits outweigh the costs. The failure to take part in the program does not exempt the state from funding the process on a Federal level. The cost of uncompensated health care services in the public sector will continue to escalate as more Texans fall under the poverty level. The access to health care for the citizens will be relatively limited by the increase in costs as the authorities in Texas continue denying a great percentage of the population the eligibility to coverage under the immediate Medicaid program (Zwelling & Kantarjian, 2014). A critical look at the failure to adopt the program reveals that Texas will not only incur hefty losses in state revenue, but it will also miss out on Billions of dollars from the Federal government that has been set aside to cater to the expansion program. The Federal government is willing to meet at least 90% of the cost of the expansion of the Medicaid program; hence, Texas would not have to spend too much on the program, which will benefit the citizens extensively. References Angeles, J. (2012). How Health Reform’s Medicaid Expansion Will Impact State Budgets . Web. Garber, T. & Collins, S. R. (2014). The Affordable Care Act’s Medicaid Expansion: Alternative State Approaches . Web. Price, C. C., & Eibner, C. (2013). For states that opt out of Medicaid expansion: 3.6 million fewer insured and $8.4 billion less in federal payments. Health Affairs , 32 (6), 1030-1036. Web. Zwelling, L., & Kantarjian, H. M. (2014). Obamacare: why should we care?. Journal of Oncology Practice , 10 (1), 12-14. Web.
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This film shows how the caste system developed in the country can marginalize individuals or groups. This issues highlighted in this film can be examined with the help of such a theory as structural functionalism since it can explain how the groups that are included in the Indian community interact with one another and why they have to resolve many tensions. Moreover, this framework can show how this community can evolve and what kind of difficulties it has to struggle with. These are the main questions that should be closely discussed. According to the principles of structural functionalism, a society can be viewed as a complex system consisting of various elements. Moreover, the elements are supposed to perform certain functions and supplement one another (Henslin, 2012). One can say that this idea has been implemented in India almost literally. It should be borne in mind that in India, Dalits or untouchables are deliberately reduced to the subservient status. Moreover, they have access only to those jobs that are associated with some impurity or hard physical labor. For instance, one can mention cleaning sewers ( Untouchable India , 2008). They do not have any opportunities for climbing the social ladder. This example is important because it shows that a certain group of people can be forced perform a certain function. At present, there is no official norm that can enforce this discrimination, but these prejudiced attitudes influence the decisions of employers as well as officials. So, one can argue that this video partly supports structural functionalism. There is another element of structural functionalism that should not be disregarded. This approach to the study of society implies that the existing social order is essential or necessary for functioning of the community which is often compared to a living organism (Henslin, 2012). In this context, the term social order can be defined as a set of rules, institutions, and cultural norms that regulate the interactions between individuals or groups (Henslin, 2012). In turn, the welfare of individual members is less significant than the welfare of the society. This is one of the main ideas underlying structural functionalism. Again, this principle has been fully adopted in India which the caste system continues to influence the lives of people. It should be mentioned that the caste system is aimed at separating the community into distinct groups that occupy various places in the social hierarchy. Moreover, the supporters of this division argue this system is essential for the preservation of Indian culture and society ( Untouchable India , 2008). They even rely on the beliefs that are rooted in Hinduism. For instance, according to these beliefs, a person’s present day status is the result of his/her good actions or sins in the past life ( Untouchable India , 2008). Therefore, he/she should protest against discrimination. Furthermore, the authorities usually suppress the demonstrations of Dalits ( Untouchable India , 2008). This example supports the functionalist approach to the study of the society. The main problem is that in the case of India, the protection of existing social order is aimed at dehumanizing many people. This is one of the aspects that should be taken into account. Yet, one should also bear in mind the supporters of structural functionalism do not deny the possibility that systems or organisms can evolve or change with time passing. It is not permissible to view a complex system as something static. As a rule, this evolution can be attributed to the changes in external environment or the challenges that a society has to resolve (Henslin, 2012). Moreover, this outcome can be attributed to the inefficiencies of existing social order. To some degree, this idea can be applied to the contemporary Indian society. For instance, many political activists in this country struggle to eradicate the existing caste system ( Untouchable India , 2008). This process can be partly attributed to western journalists who raise international awareness about this problem ( Untouchable India , 2008). Moreover, those people, who are treated as outcasts, cannot contribute to the economic development of the country. As a rule, they are on the brink of absolute poverty. This is another aspect that should be considered. It shows that any complex system should respond to the new circumstances; otherwise it may eventually stop functioning. Thus, the evidence presented in the movie is in line with the ideas underlying structural functionalism. On the whole, this discussion suggests that structural functionalism can be applicable to the problems examined in the video. In this case, one can speak about such aspects as the division of the society, the interactions between groups and the possibility of change within the community. One can say that the continued existing of caste system in India can be explained by the conservative and prejudiced attitudes of the elites in the county. They are willing to preserve the social order which only slows down the economic and political evolution of India. These are the main arguments that can be made. Reference List Henslin, J. (2012). Essentials of Sociology: A Down-to-Earth Approach . New York, NY: Pearson Education, Limited. Untouchable India . (2008). Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F5JkfYcxiQ8&feature=related
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Karl Mark as an Economic Philosopher Research Paper The central concepts of Marxist economics include the theory of labor value, the disposition of production, and the inevitable conflicts between the classes. Conflicts will always persist because the upper class can never totally control the lower classes. Lesser concepts include the idea of increased misery, the obsession with possessions, and the consequences of economic alienation. Karl Marx’s theories of labor value combined with his concepts of capitalism endeavor to clarify how the revenue system operates to the benefit of the upper classes and the detriment of the lower classes. Marx defines wealth as something produced by labor from resources originating in the natural world. In terms of capitalism, wealth becomes a vast accrual of possessions. Commodities are articles of wealth created solely as a means to exchange other objects so as to enhance wealth. Marxist theory envisions the future of society as free of capitalism, replaced by the collective utopia brought about by communism. This was thought to be the natural course of mankind in which Marx had drawn up the blueprint. 1 Marx held the optimistic viewpoint that the working class would create a society based on equality and more humane than capitalism was capable. Marx envisioned that communism would produce “a society in which the full and free development of every individual forms the ruling principle in which the free development of each is the condition for the free development of all.” 2 Marx could not have been more wrong regarding the demise of capitalism and in their calculations regarding the timing of a communist rebellion. He foretold of the end-time of capitalism being about eight years from 1845, the year of his prediction. He viewed the 1847 depression as the beginning of the end for capitalism. Marx was rather over-optimistic in their collective assessment of the rise of socialism and somewhat unwise to set a specific date. This can be written off to their confidence in the socialist system but it is puzzling that these learned men believed the working masses would collectively and quickly educate themselves then systematically adopt socialist ideals. 3 Marxism theorizes that the socialist system redistributes resources much more equitably than the capitalist system thus making the socialist society the favored way for people to exist. He believed social inequalities can be resolved by socialism. A person’s contribution to society, as evidenced by their labor output, determines to what degree their needs are met. The philosophy for the distribution of resources is based upon labor, not need. In this and in many respects, Marx’s theory was thought of as idealistic, naïve, and somewhat contradictory to his arguments. “Marxism is impotent in explaining the social inequality in the distribution of resources.” 4 The Marxist theory contains many unresolved issues which sociologists have considered since the time of Marx. The limitations of Marx’s premise have given rise to different forms of neo-Marxism which have attempted to modify the conflict theory as it applies to modern sociological and economic theories. Some suggest, however, that Marxism should not be considered a plausible, workable social theory at all. The former Soviet Union was viewed as the ultimate test of communism and Marxist thought. Its failure was widely seen as the failure of Marxism. It should be noted, however, some believe governmental corruption was at least as much to blame for the fall of the Soviet Union. Marxist stances are at least intriguing to not only the people of the 19 th century but to those of today and most probably beyond. It is no wonder why Marxism has held the public’s imagination regarding social and political thought even though in practical terms, the communist experiment of the Soviet Union was a decided failure. References Hunt, R.N. The Political Ideas of Marx and Engels . Pittsburg: University of Pittsburg Press. (1974). Sowell, Thomas. Marxism. New York: Basic Books. (1985). Zhou, Peterson B. (2003). “A Theoretical Test by Sino-U.S. Relations.” Superdirector. Web. Footnotes 1. Hunt, R.N. The Political Ideas of Marx and Engels . Pittsburg: University of Pittsburg Press. (1974). 2. Sowell, Thomas. Marxism. New York: Basic Books. (1985) p. 25. 3. Hunt, 1974. p. 141. 4. Zhou, Peterson B. “A Theoretical Test by Sino-U.S. Relations.” Superdirector. (2003). Web.
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Value of Employer-Employee Relationships Report (Assessment) Table of Contents 1. Comparison & Contrast of Employees-at-Will and Right-to-Work 2. Legality or Illegality of Firing an Employee-at-will 3. Discrimination at the workplace 4. Analysis of Gender wage gap 5. Views on Doctrines of Comparable Worth 6. References Comparison & Contrast of Employees-at-Will and Right-to-Work Employer-employee relationships refer to a professional way in which an employee receives orders from the boss. An employee-at-will has the right to work. However, an employer can terminate the services such an employee offers at any time. In some cases if there are certain rules that should be followed before firing an employee-at-will, they cannot be overlooked. If a scenario like that takes place, the employee can sue the employer. Representation by workers’ union ensures that employee-at-will’s right to work is not violated by their employers. Joining a union guarantees that employees do not lose their hard-earned jobs at an employers’ wish. Employers should at all times ensure that public policy regarding employment and laying off of workers are not violated. (Lobotero, 2008) Legality or Illegality of Firing an Employee-at-will It can be legal to fire an employee-at-will unless there had been made a written agreement earlier. Legal angles have to be considered by an employer to avoid being sued by an employer for damages. There have been cases in which employers promise to employ workers-at-will on permanent or contract terms. If there was a written document with these promises, an employer who fires an employee-at-will can be sued for damages. That is why they do not make legally binding promise in most cases. (Wrongful Termination: Was your Firing Illegal? n.d) Discrimination at the workplace Among the many cases that involve discrimination at the workplace, the issue of HIV stands out as one of the most common case of discrimination. Despite people being aware of HIV/AIDS and how it is spread, victims of this disease continue facing discrimination at their workplaces. Mathew Cusick faced this type of discrimination as well. Cusick knowingly made the company know about his HIV status. Cirque, who was his employer, had to lay off Mathew because he did not want Mathew to spread the disease to other employers. Cusick’s job was terminated immediately despite the fact that doctors had stated that he had been medically fit. This resulted in Cirque facing a lawsuit. He had to pay Mathew damages of almost $600,000 including $40,000 which covered the fees of the attorney. It was also ordered that Cirque’s employees had to undergo training on issues that dealt with discrimination at the workplace. (Gorenberg, 2004) Analysis of Gender wage gap There exists a gap between the genders in terms of wages. The country with the largest gender gap, for example, Yemen, has made progress towards its reducing. Countries in the North-Western Europe like Norway, among others, enjoy very small gender wage gaps as compared to those in the other parts of the world. One of the ways to reduce such a difference in earnings is to increase the economic empowerment of women by presenting them with more educational and political opportunities. Quotas that have been set by certain institution regarding jobs for women can also bridge the wage gap between men and women. (Zahidi and Brennan, 2012) Views on Doctrines of Comparable Worth I do not agree with the doctrine of comparable worth which says that “it’s impossible to measure the true value of a job”. In my view, job’s true value can be measured using the roles performed by an employee, the number of employees that are under the direct command of a supervisor, among other criteria. These factors may be used to determine the amount of salary an employee gets. References Gorenberg, H. (2004). Confronting HIV Discrimination in the Workplace: A Case Study. Human Rights and HIV/AIDS . 31(4), 16-19. Web. Lobotero. (2008). Employment-At-Will vs Right-To-Work . Web. Wrongful Termination: Was Your Firing Illegal? Web. Zahidi, S. (Producer). (2012). WEF’s Zahidi Says Wage Gap Remains Wide . United States: Bloomberg. Web.
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Isaac Newton and His Life Research Paper According to (Steve, 1997 pp24-25), Isaac Newton was a mathematician, physicist of English, alchemist and natural philosopher who influenced men in the history of human beings. He was able to describe law of gravity and motion thereby laying ground work for the classical mechanics. This made Newton to dominate scientific view about the physical universe forming the beginning of modern engineering. Newton demonstrated how movement of objects and celestial bodies was governed by natural laws and the way gravitation theory brought about advancement in scientific revolution. Newton’s stature ranked high according to 2005 survey by Royal Society in Britain for having greater effect in science. The process of science is very successful in all areas of Endeavour of human being because it is open and ideas are exchanged freely with a lot of knowledge that is available to everyone. In carrying out analysis of the environment around us, science is the best method to use because it delivers the best results. Science has high status and its development is successful due to its openness and availability of programs to all. Open source method of development will compete with other software so that status that results to delivery of better results can be achieved. Science helps in examination of techniques and methodologies of development for a dominant status to be achieved. Alternative methodologies are examined to establish whether similar techniques can be used for keeping software of open source at bay. Science is followed in predicting heightened activity and development of open source necessary of eventual dominance. Science is unique and can be clearly understood by everyone because it has open inquiry which developed one instantiation in the entire human history. The Greek alphabet provided philosophical machinery that helped in understanding the nature clearly and the surrounding. Scientists conceived ideas that helped them to understand the universe, how environment was measurable and the way it goes through rational analysis. ( Westfall, 1994 pp12-14) found that, Platonic terms help in understanding the physical world where we live everyday and know that the world has externals and absolutes. Once this machinery is used, scientists are capable of generalizing and visualizing the space and understand how the physical space exists in reality. Greek texts and development of university with intellectual autonomy brought about new thoughts which are efficient, accurate and cheap in bringing about new ideas through the use of modern improved technology. The software of open source is a descendant of the culture of thought due to its properties which are similar and forms basis of science. Scientific process is used for comparison due to its culling and verifying hypothesis with open system that corrects itself. This helps in making progress at a very high rate using a fashion that is trusted and dependable. When Isaac Newton said that he had seen further by standing on the giants shoulders, the giants he referred to are Flame Teed, Moore Rene, Descartes Edmund, Boyle Henry, Halley John, Galileo Robert, Pierre Gassed and Sir Frances Bacon. Historians thought that the quote was for attacking Hooke because he was short and the two conflicted over the optical discoveries that they were involved in. this interpretation was also used due the disputes he encountered due to his discoveries. (Westfall, 1994 pp15-16). References Westfall R. (1994): Isaac Newton and his life: Cambridge University Press pp 12-16. Steve P. (1997): Science discoveries of Isaac Newton; China: Chad and Tiffany pp 24-27.
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The Stroop Test and Its Impact on Neuroscience Essay The Stroop test demonstrates an exceptional reaction of the brain, enabling for assessing the neuropsychological functions. The assessment confirms the Stroop effect, where “the processing of a specific stimulus feature impedes the simultaneous processing of a second stimulus attribute” (Scarpina & Tagini, 2017). Responses to the examination allow to evaluate the ability to inhibit cognitive interference. The following essay will elaborate on the psychological implication of the Stroop test and its impact on neuroscience, as well as explore its influence on behavioral patterns. Definitions Behaviorism – is a psychological approach that is based on objective facts rather than subjective processes, such as emotions and feelings (APA Dictionary of Psychology, n.d.-a). Cognitive psychology – the branch of psychology that explores the operation of mental processes related to perceiving, attending, thinking, language, and memory, mainly through inferences from behavior (APA Dictionary of Psychology, n.d.-b). Neuroscience – is a science about the human nervous system and its psychological science applications (APA Dictionary of Psychology, n.d.-c). How do the Stroop Results Challenge the Assumptions of Behaviorism and Support the Assumptions of Cognitive Psychology? The results of the Stroop test vividly demonstrate the ability of the brain to quickly process the displayed information. It is an excellent tool for confirming behaviorism as the assessment confirms multiple neuroscientific theories such as the selective attention or automaticity theories, which prove that reading is a more automated process and ensure the behaviorism theory. However, from the psychological perspective, the Stroop test illustrates how a person processes the information, their ability to overcome the instincts and be in control. How can the Stroop Results Benefit Neuroscience? The Stroop test results significantly help neuroscience study human brains’ responses and their ability to take control over the instincts. The Stroop effect immensely benefited the research and confirmation of many scientific theories, one of them being selective attention. Most importantly, the Stroop test facilitates in analyzing people with certain cognitive and nervous system diseases. It helps effectively identify brain injury and plays a significant role in studies on neuroscience. Are Errors Made When Taking the Stroop Test due to Problems in Mind Or the Brain? The Stroop test can be predisposed to errors due to the development of certain brain reactions. It takes advantage of the more developed ability to read than to identify colors, therefore showcasing the inability to effectively multitask. Our fast thinking cannot always correctly react to the portrayed content; therefore, absolute results of the Stroop test can display the level of a person’s ability of controlled thinking, selective attention, and cognitive processes. Certain consequences of the examination may reveal ADHD, other mental problems, and traumatic brain injury. Could Anything Help Someone do better (Or Worse) on this Assessment? Training the response to the Stroop test has proven to benefit various groups of people. The research discovered that practicing the reaction to the test has a more significant influence on the cognitive response among older adults; thus, shows the enhancement in the cognitive abilities across all age groups (Burger et al., 2019). Additionally, the person’s eventual increase in intellectual abilities plays a beneficial effect on the assessment outcomes. On the other hand, the development of mental illnesses and acquisition of brain injuries significantly worsen the cognitive responses and negatively influence the performance on the test. The Stroop effect plays a vital role in psychology and neuroscience, helping identify the responses of the cognitive system. The Stroop test is of critical significance to science, revealing how the brain of a person functions through a simple interactive assessment. It proves that the brain faces difficulties between the different interference of words and colors, showcasing how responsive is the mind. The speed of response may be trained through multiple means; however, it can also worsen due to the development of certain diseases. References APA Dictionary of Psychology. (n.d.-a). Behaviorism . American Psychological Association. Web. APA Dictionary of Psychology. (n.d.-b). Cognitive psychology . American Psychological Association. Web. APA Dictionary of Psychology. (n.d.-c). Neuroscience . American Psychological Association. Web. Burger, L., Fay, S., Angel, L., Borella, E., Noiret, N., Plusquellec, P., & Taconnat, L. (2019). Benefit of practice of the Stroop Test in young and older adults: Pattern of gain and impact of educational level. Experimental Aging Research , 46 (1), 52–67. Web. Scarpina, F., & Tagini, S. (2017). The Stroop color and word test. Frontiers in Psychology , 8 . Web.
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Emergency Management at the Millennium Case Study Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Organizational/ political context 3. Options to the decision maker 4. Framework for ethical decision-making 5. Reference Introduction Information is an important resource because it facilitates informed decision-making. It is advisable for decision makers to seek for the necessary information prior to making any decision. The reason for this is to gather facts, analyze various dimensions of a situation, and make a sound decision. This work is a presentation of a case study on emergency management at the millennium. The city is experiencing a management problem in the information and technology department. There is an increase in the load of information to be stored and processed due to the increase in the city’s total population. The information and technology management team has no appropriate managerial and technical skills to guide the department toward meeting the rising information needs. Issues to be discussed are the organizational context of the case, the options available to the decision makers and the necessary ethical framework for decision-making. Organizational/ political context An organization is a group of individuals who have been brought together under a certain code of conduct and performance to work toward achieving a common goal. Every organization has a management team and a structure that indicates the chain of command. Each member of an organization is entitled to a role and authority to use the organization’s resources to facilitate task completion. The CIO is at the top of the organization structure meaning that s/he exercises all the powers and authorities of the department and controls the department’s resources toward ensuring that the organization’s goal- meeting information requirements and needs of various departments in the city- are met. It is important to note that the information technology department is an organization inside another organization headed by the city manager. The city manager is responsible for the developmental needs of the city. Therefore, the complete organizational structure would be the City manager the CIO the staff. Whereby, a chain of command flows downward from the city manager (Rhodes, 2002). Options to the decision maker Beginning from the top, to ensure that the city’s development plans run according to the plan, the city manager could decide to disband the falling Information and technology department and allow all the other departments to establish their own in compliance with their needs. This decision would help reduce the amount of data to be stored and processed by each department. The second option is to fire the incumbent chief information officer and hire a new one. This option would help find the right manager with appropriate managerial and technical skills to deliver information needs of various users in the city. The third option would be to let the incumbent CIO to continue serving but hire an assistant CIO with the requisite qualifications. The second decision maker would be the Chief information officer. He should create a working environment suitable for the staff members thus reduce employee turnover (Rhodes, 2002). Framework for ethical decision-making While performing every duty or making an important decision, there are some guides and regulations or to be precise, codes of conduct that an individual is expected to display. The ethical framework proposed to guide the city manager when hiring a new chief information officer should be exercising impartial judgment based on professionalism and skills of the candidate and show no favoritism whatsoever, for a particular gender or race (Rhodes, 2002). Reference Rhodes, T. L. (2002). The public manager case book: Making decisions in a complex world . Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage Publications.
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“Forest Gump” by Robert Zemeckis Essay Forest Gump (Zemeckis) is the story of the journey of a young man, right from his life as a young boy to manhood. The movie travels through history – from Elvis to Vietnam War. Represents various social and political issues but through the eyes of a beholder who was indifferent and non-judgmental. This paper tries to raise a few of the social and political issues upheld by the movie in the 60s and the 70s. The movie begins with Forest, the protagonist, a ten year boy with below average IQ studying in a school. The usual story was the “weird guy” had no friends except one – Jenny. Forest grew up to be a boy who had a few special talents – he could run and was good with numbers – which earns him his way through college. Forest then signs up for the Vietnam War when Jenny, his best friend, who had become a hippie which was a countercultural group in the USA. They were the young generation who wanted to break the shackles of the conservatism of the post-second world war society. The movie showed mass gathering of hippies who gathered together to hail the American soldiers who fought in the Vietnam War. It showed a counterculture that, in one hand, revolted against the violence and killing of US soldiers in one hand, and in the other hand, they got addicted to drugs. The movie represented and era – 1960s to 70s – when the counterculture was at its peak, there was remnant experimentation with music, culture, social norms and so on. This group showed a desire to break –free and they spoke against war in Vietnam, civil rights (sexual, color, and gender based). The movie showed it all through Forest, who even though was not a direct associate with the trend, was involved due to his best friend’s direct involvement. The main protagonist of the movie is Forest Gump, whose life has been shown in the movie and the villain is Gump himself. He is the hero in virtue of being the main character. He also shows heroic attitude when he faces the war in Vietnam and saves his friends in the warfront. He behaves heroically when he gives away the share of Bubba (a friend from Vietnam) the share of his family even when the friend is no more. He acts heroically when he has to marry Jenny or save her from distress. But in some way, he is the villain too in the movie. Gump represents the American who is unaware and disinterested. He believes in nothing, except for his mother’s Southern aphorisms, neither does he stands for anything. Even though Gump plays football and Ping-Pong, he shows no interest in sports. He holds no individual political views even after meeting three presidents. He has no monetary or physical needs or does he has ambition. What is even more disturbing is that he does gallant things not deliberately, but as an accident. He fails to stand for anything and all that happens in the movie is by stroke of dumb luck. Thus, Gump villainously shatters our conventional view of a hero. Forest Gump moves away from many conventional stereotyping of race, generation, gender, and culture. Like Gump, the movie does not stand for anything. The movie does not represent Bubba as the epitome of “black masculinity” as most literature shows. It does show the mass movement for civil rights, or gender equality or Vietnam. Though it showed all the events, it did not take a stand. And more disturbing is the fact that it did not take a side as if the movie was a mere documentation of the facts. Like the main character, Forest Gump, the movie too is devoid of any anxiety or deliberation or reflections. It is an empty book. The neutrality of the movie regarding social issues –civil right, race, color, gender – and politics is disturbing. What is it that the movie wants to show – its divine grace to be stupid? Or does it show that one has to be stupid to be successful? Forest Gump is thus full of questions and no answers. References Forest Gump. Dir. Robert Zemeckis. 1994.
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Instructional Design Model for Adult Education Research Paper Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. The Adult Education Model for Instructional Design 3. Model’s Congruence with ISD Principles 4. Strengths and Weaknesses of the Model 5. Conclusion 6. Reference List Introduction Instructional systems design solves problems and makes decision making easier in the course of training. Instructional design models are based on theories of learning with each model designed through the analysis of the requirements of training, design of the program to meet the needs of learning, development of the model, actual implementation of the design model and evaluation of the model to measure the success or failure of the program. The process of designing materials for instruction is creatively done in order to synthesize practice, theory and research into the learning process. Adult education has increased with the need of adults for career advancement, promotion, training on the job among other advanced learning. This paper acknowledges that the increased need for adult education requires a similar use of strategy of instructional models that allows adults to adequately benefit from the learning process as well as address their needs. The Adult Education Model for Instructional Design There are many models of adult education which are based on the characteristics of adult learners. They differ in their theories which include cognitive and behavioral theories among others as well as in their implementation. This study focuses on the adult education model suggested by Dean (1994). The Adult Education Model for Instructional Design is an instructional design model for adult learning. The model is aimed at helping adult educators in the process of developing the instructional activities that best suit the adult learners and make it engaging to them. The model consists of needs assessment through gathering of information, designing of the necessary instruction and the assessment or evaluation of the instructional plan process. The gathering of information requires that the educator assesses his/her knowledge and skills and the content development by evaluating the content that is to be learnt to ensure that the educator has comprehensive knowledge of the same. It entails getting to know the adult learner which involves getting to know their ages, careers, interests in the course to be learnt, expectations from the learning as well as their level of knowledge of the content that is to be learnt. It also involves understanding the context within which learning is to take place, for example, the context in the training of nurses and that of the business-oriented fields are bound to be different and hence the educator has to be able to adequately apply the content to the context appropriately (Dean, 1994). The next phase of the model involves designing the instruction which consists of the goals and objectives of the learning process, the activities the learner is going to engage in and the mode of assessing the learners to establish their gain from the process of learning (Seels & Glasgow, 1998). The last phase of the model involves the evaluation of the instruction process. As Dean (1994) asserts, this is accomplished through a review of the instruction plan and how its development with the identification of the modifications is to be done. Model’s Congruence with ISD Principles The model is congruent with the ISD principles especially regarding adult education. The process is learner-centered through the needs assessment of their characteristics and the modes of activities they desire to engage in (Dean, 1994). The model also presents goals and objectives of the learning with congruence being established between the objectives and goals and the instruction as well as the evaluation (Seels & Glasgow, 1998). The design of the instruction considers the needs of the learner and the context of the learning. Additionally, the assessment process is based on the goals of the learning and makes use of the appropriate techniques in order to ensure that the assessment carried out is adequate. The model also considers the strategies of instruction at the macro and micro levels of learning (Dean, 1994). Strengths and Weaknesses of the Model The model derives its strength from its congruence with the ISD principles. It is predictive and encourages the adult learners to participate in the learning process. It is flexible in the context of instructional planning. This is because it allows for the development of the instructions based on the learners and context. As a result, this model can be applied in various contexts and fields of adult learning such as social service agencies, community colleges, basic and literacy education for adults, health education, higher education, business context, and community education institutions (Dean, 1994). While this model has a variety of strengths, some weaknesses are also present. These include the fact that the model is predictive in phases yet behavior responses are not predictable. It also considers little communication with the learner. This limits the characteristics of adult learners who prefer being actively involved and aware of the instruction process to ensure that they agree and perceive it as being able to meet their needs in life (Seels & Glasgow, 1998). Conclusion The adult education model under discussion has been widely applied in the fields of adult education even as the desire for adults to learn increases. This paper has evaluated the adult education instruction model in terms of its purpose, methods, tasks, output, congruence with ISD principles and its strengths and weaknesses. Reference List Dean, G. J. (1994). Designing instruction for adult learners . Malabar, FL: Krieger Publishing Company. Seels, B., & Glasgow, Z. (1998). Making Instructional Design Decisions (2 nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
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Linguistic and Religious Diversity Essay Several governments across the world have given a lot of importance to the issues of linguistics and religious diversities. Moreover, professional linguists and specialized organizations have taken a close lead in the discourse surrounding differences in linguistics and religion. For example, there have been attempts to revitalize minority languages in several countries such as Canada, Australia, and the United Kingdom. Most of the developed countries have formulated specific national policies so that the minority languages can be given the chance to develop. It is imperative to mention that there are quite a number of minority languages across the world. These languages are generally considered to be under threat. Some minority languages might fade away if urgent and prudent measures are not put in place to protect their existence (De Blij & Ebrary, 2009). Needless to say, multi-million research related projects have been initiated in order to investigate pertinent issues regarding linguistics diversity. It is natural for people to feel passionate about their native languages bearing in mind that language and culture share a common essence. This trend is more pronounced when individuals who belong to a certain language group hold a notion that their language is facing a serious threat. In the study of linguistics, it has been established that there are thousands of languages that were incepted in the history of mankind. However, such languages were eventuality lost due to the dominance of strong dialects. Even the written records of major languages such as Sumerian and Etruscan were significantly modified. Other dominant languages were succeeded by modern ones. The desire to enhance linguistic diversity in the contemporary world has been boosted by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. For example, the International Mother Language Day was incepted by UNESCO in 1999 during its 30 th session (De Blij & Ebrary, 2009). As already depicted above, language is one of the cornerstones of culture. Therefore, the manifesto of language can be equated to religion. Religious affiliation is also a crucial issue when discussing the aspect of religious diversity across the world. There are tens of visible means that religious adherents use to display their identity in public. These include gestures, symbols, hair styles, and the general mode of dressing. Solidarity and confidence are among the two most important values that are shared by individuals who subscribe to similar or common religious practices (De Blij & Ebrary, 2009). Moreover, various places of worship are characterized by unique architectural designs that differentiate one religion from another. When the diversities between linguistics and religion are compared and contrasted, it can be seen that religious differences across the world have led to sharp disagreements between different groups. In other words, religious differences have caused massive suffering to millions of people. For example, Islam and Christianity have not been in good terms for a long time. In some cases, religious differences between the two faith extremes have led to outbreaks of war and subsequent loss of life and property. Sectarian adherence and religious beliefs are deeply entrenched in the modern society (De Blij & Ebrary, 2009). Anthropologists and cultural geographers have also managed to relate climate and civilization in line with diversity in religion. It is apparent that religious diversity across the globe has assumed an ecological approach with various geographical regions representing unique religious profiles and diversities. There is indeed a close relationship between ecological circumstances and cultural traditions that are attached to religion (De Blij & Ebrary, 2009). Reference De Blij, H.J. & Ebrary, I. (2009). The Power of Place: Geography, Destiny, and Globalization’s Rough Landscape. New York: Oxford University Press. Web.
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Director’s Behaviour and Company CEOs Trustworthiness Perception Essay (Article Review) Reflection Corporate governance gives the board of directors of companies the responsibility to oversee the management and direction of the company, and thus monitoring the company’s risk exposure. This implies that if the CEO poses a potential risk to a company, it is within the mandate of the company directors to ensure that the risk does not materialise and lead to loss of shareholders’ wealth. According to the research findings, high levels of trustworthiness perceptions about the CEO’s integrity lead to less monitoring by company directors (Del Brio et al., 2013). This finding implies that CEOs have a responsibility to work hard and prove to the board that they are trustworthy and able to lead a company’s strategic direction. These findings concur with the literature presented by Siladi (2006), who argues that CEOs often work hard in response to the greater monitoring pressure by the board of directors. Siladi argues that monitoring managerial actions is part of the board’s responsibility as the company needs to be vigilant against managerial malfeasance. This paper also establishes that the board is more likely to provide more resources to managers if the latter is frequently and effectively monitored. In retrospect, frequent monitoring and evaluation of CEOs result in high performance and integrity among the managers. This element is also found in Siladi’s research as it establishes that professionally managed firms have higher market-to-book ratios because of the periodic evaluation of the executive management by the board of directors (Siladi, 2006). Paper Critique This research paper is relevant to the body of existing literature regarding corporate governance. The study establishes a relationship between the director’s behaviour and the trustworthiness perception of company CEOs. As such, this study has found a correlation between increased director’s monitoring and performance evaluation of CEOs and their trustworthiness. The most significant aspect of this study is that it adds to the already existing literature on corporate governance and particularly the impacts of CEO trustworthiness on director’s monitoring. The research conducted by Del Brio et al. (2013) is also unique because, unlike much of the existing literature on corporate governance, this study has examined the behaviour of directors and chief executive officers. The study mainly focuses on the perception of the board of governors on the performance evaluation and monitoring of managers. Although this presents the unique aspect of the research, it is also an inherent source weakness. The study focuses on the interpersonal dimensions of the directors and managers. It is hard to study the relationship between managers and the board of directors because these parties have tight schedules. Many do not even yield to requests to hold interviews or fill in questionnaires. This means that the data used in the research to analyse the correlation between managers’ and directors’ perceptions had reliability issues. This is more so because it is normally hard to retrieve sensitive information concerning the performance of managers because such information is regarded as confidential to particular companies. Another weakness of this study is that, despite the significant contribution it has to the existing literature, the study significantly relied on self-report data (Del Brio et al., 2013). The sample used by the researchers was also small and could not provide a better representation of the population. According to the law of statistical research, a larger sample size provides a better representation of the population variables. This implies that a smaller sample may have a large margin of error, which raises the credibility and reliability issues with the findings. Therefore, it is hard to relate these findings with the generic agency theory because of the limitation of the sample size. References Del Brio, E., Yoshikawa, T., Connelly, C. E., & Tan, W. L. (2013). The Effects of CEO Trustworthiness on Directors’ Monitoring and Resource Provision. Journal of business ethics , 118 (1), 155-169. Siladi, B. (2006). The role of non-executive directors in corporate governance: An evaluation . Swinburne: Swinburne University of Technology.
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Modern Capitalism in Great Britain Research Paper There various groups in society that contribute differently to the growth of the economy. Some own and run major business enterprises and those who work in such business. This leads to the emergence of social classes in society, with the elites who own most business enterprises at the top of the hierarchy. The elites at the top of the scale tend to have the upper hand in influencing decisions, especially in their favor, leading to a capitalist society. Modern capitalism, therefore, is a system where the elites who control the wealth of the community form a political system to protect their interests. This can be traced back to the 16 th century where Great Britain adopted it after the English Civil War and the Glorious Revolution, becoming the first to practice modern capitalism. During this time, Great Britain saw a transition from a feudal society to a capitalist society (Rössner, 2020). This paper discusses the events that led to the origin of modern capitalism in Great Britain, its evolution, and how it influenced the former British 3 rd world colonies. Scholars attribute modern capitalism to England to the growth of the cloth industry between the 16 th and 17 th centuries (Kuo, 2018). Initially, the feudal system was being used to run the society in England. The landowners and the wealthy exchanged their land and other wages to peasant workers in exchange for their service. In the feudal system, most of the wealth accrued was channeled towards community development, such as building cathedrals and other social amenities. However, several historical events led to modern capitalism, where wealth was reinvested in other profit-making projects rather than community welfare. An increase in the supply of precious metals such as diamond, which led to inflation in prices of such commodities, was one of the contributing factors to modern capitalism development. Capitalists had to protect themselves from the government policies and the backlash of the people. As a result, they formed the representative form of democracy where they elected their fellow capitalist to represent them in the government to protect their interests of maximizing wealth. During this period, prices had increased while wages were still low, making the capitalist the significant beneficiaries of inflation. As a result, economic development shifted from being a public initiative to a private initiative so that the capitalist can benefit a lot. Another evolution occurred when the capitalists changed their financial activities from commerce to industrial. This was because there were surplus capitals that had been accumulated. Therefore there was the need to invest in the technical knowledge developed due to the industrial revolution. During the First World War, most economic activities were disrupted, and the prices of precious metals such as gold dropped significantly, leading to the 1930 Great Depression. There were desperate measures to revive the economy, and therefore, the policy of laissez-faire was adopted, which meant that the state should not interfere in economic matters. This led to economic inequality because most of the wealth was accrued by the elite at the expense of the middle class (Vlados, 2019). Colonialism played a significant role in the development of modern capitalism. The British command a large number of colonies that stretched from Africa through to America. These colonies were essential in the supply of raw materials for industries that were developing in Britain. Most of the capitalists in Britain advocated for colonialism because they knew that there would be a constant flow of raw materials with colonies. Thus the amount of capital will increase. This notion led to the economic exploitation of colonies deprived of their resources such as minerals and land. They were also drained of their human resource through the emergence of slavery, especially in Africa that saw most non-disabled people being taken away to other places to work for Britain. Most of them were overworked without any pay, which meant that they generated a lot of wealth for modern capitalists cheaper or at no cost (Ince, 2018). When resistance increased among the colonies, which eventually marked the end of colonialism by granting independence to most colonies, most countries became poor because they lacked the resources to develop economically. This was one of the significant impacts of capitalism in the former British colonies. These countries, especially in Africa, are mostly 3 rd world countries that lack the solid economic background necessary for developing themselves economically. The elites in these countries have adopted modern capitalism from their colonial masters and have confiscated most of their wealth for themselves at the expense of the poor. In conclusion, modern capitalism originated in Great Britain between the 15 th and 16 th centuries. The development of modern capitalism has experienced evolution since its inception due to various historical factors discussed above, including inflation, the first and the second world wars, the Great Depression, and colonialism. British economic exploitation of its colonies encouraged modern capitalism, where capitalists could access raw materials efficiently. Due to economic exploitation, most of the colonies are poor, and their elites have adopted the same system of modern capitalism to accumulate wealth at the expense of the poor. References Ince, O. U. (2018). Colonial capitalism and the dilemmas of liberalism. Oxford University Press. Kuo, D. (2018). Clientelism, capitalism, and democracy: The rise of programmatic politics in the United States and Britain. Cambridge University Press. Rössner, P. R. (2020). Capitalism and Freedom in Pre-modern Thought. In Freedom and Capitalism in Early Modern Europe (pp. 109-128). Palgrave Pivot, Cham. Vlados, C. (2019). The phases of the postwar evolution of capitalism: The transition from the current crisis into a new worldwide developmental trajectory. Perspectives on Global Development and Technology, 18(4), 457-488.
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Burdick & Lederer’s “The Ugly American” Analysis by Palm Essay Edward F. Palm (2003) undertook a serious investigation regarding a well-known book, The Ugly American by Eugene Burdick and William J. Lederer. The book included a series of stories aimed at revealing the real state of affairs and incompetence of Americans in Southeast Asia. The authors claimed to base their stories on real-life characters and events; however, the evidence for that claim is still questionable. Palm held some interviews and analyzed personal documents and letters to shed some light on the writing process and defining what was the story behind it. Palm’s research gave him a reason to argue that Lederer and Burdick’s success “rested on a carefully contrived myth surrounding the novel’s genesis and composition” (p. 176). Palm begins his work with a quote by Mark Twain, stating that the advantage of telling the truth is that it leaves one with less to remember. He ironically refers to the numerous contradictions in information the writers used to share about their work at different times and interviews. According to them, the idea of the book first occurred when the writers met in Hawaii in 1957 and realized they have mutual opinions on the situation in Southeast Asia. Both of them failed to persuade the authorities and media that the Americans abroad are incompetent, indifferent, and ignorant about learning local languages, which will eventually lead to losing the Far East to the Communists. For sure, The Ugly American was a provocative attempt to raise indignation among the public and call the State Department and the Foreign Service to action. Burdick and Lederer planned to write a non-fiction book that, according to them, “would expose the malpractices, the incompetence, and lack of vitality of many Americans representing the United States overseas” (qtd. in Palm 2003, p. 177). However, they did not want to present a book as anti-American and to make that clear, wrote plenty of examples of “America doing a good job.” The key idea was that America was totally capable of winning and only needed to reconsider and improve its strategy. The important part was to refer to the real names, events, and places. However, six days before the deadline they changed their minds and transformed the entire book into fiction while burning the initial version. Later they explained this move to the publisher as an attempt to make the work more believable to the reader and would gain more emotional response. Lederer did not want to include a “factual epilogue” either, referring to the success of Uncle Tom’s Cabin. He insisted that the book would get more attention if it can trigger the debates about its truthfulness. In further reviews, Burdick and Lederer were blamed for the exaggeration of very few well-known facts and pure demagogy. Such reaction was a major concern of the writers as they aimed to prove that the described stories were based on events that happened very often. That made Palm wonder why they decided to burn the only documentary evidence of the numerous real facts they used. He concluded that Lederer and Burdick got their inspiration from only a couple of episodes. Thus, the entire message of the book became questionable. There were no reliable sources that would prove the image of an American overseas to be as outrageous as they were trying to portray. Palm is also confident that because of the lack of facts, the story was intended to be fictional from the very beginning. He discovered a rough initial outline of the book among Burdick’s papers. Some fictional characters were already there, but the real names, dates, and places were numerically insignificant. In his interview with Palm, Burdick shared that the intention of fictionalizing the events and the characters was to make their point clearer. At the same time, they wanted to avoid possible legal proceedings for libel. Later he received the same information from the interview with the writer’s wife, Mrs. Burdick. Palm, for his part, believes that there were only a few “case histories” amongst the remainder of the fiction. That is why it took such a short time to rewrite the book. They did not have to rewrite it entirely, only the real names and events. The fiction was always there. Back in the time of the Cold War, it was very easy to manipulate public opinion while speculating on its primary concern. The concern was to be defeated by the Communists. The latest achievements of the Soviet Union in space technologies had given the Americans even better motivation to keep on fighting in this Cold War competition. Many researchers accused Burdick and Lederer of starting the Vietnam War. Edward Palm finds such accusations ludicrous and argues that the only consequence of the book should have been the Peace Corps, founded by John F. Kennedy. However, the opinions that losing Southeast Asia was unacceptable dominated over those who argued that Southeast Asia was not theirs to lose at all. That may have caused a misinterpretation of the ideas that Burdick and Lederer put into The Ugly American and led to one of the biggest tragedies of American history. Indeed, they managed to reach their goal and call the government to action. Work Cited Palm, Edward F. “The Fiction Behind the Fiction: Lederer, Burdick, and the Composition of ‘The Ugly American’.” Viet Nam War Generation Journal: A Tribute to Robert Olen Butler, vol. 2, no. 3/4, 2003, pp. 176-189.
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Familial Culture and Individual Identity Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Discussion 3. Conclusion 4. Works Cited Introduction Familial culture encompasses various aspects such as traditions, beliefs, values, and some others. It always depends on a community in which a family exists. Such factors as a religion and socioeconomic situation significantly affect familial culture. Younger generations learn from the older ones, thus such a culture can be passed. The main goal of this paper is to discuss the effect of familial cultures and values on individuals’ identities. Discussion Culture is a complex term that relates to different attributes of a particular community such as language, traditions, values, and beliefs. Culture is one of the most important factors that influence people (Bageant 38). However, parents play a crucial role in shaping the identity of individuals. The majority of people spend most of their time with family. There are different ways of interaction through which individuals influence each other. The more a person communicates with people, the greater impact they have on the person (Gabler 53). This effect might be both positive and negative. Nurture is the main influencing factor. As humans grow and develop, nurture changes their behaviors and attitudes. Family members are the most influential people as they are the first with whom an individual come into contact. Also, humans are usually more open to the influence of their family. For example, I am from Cuba, and most of my preferences formed when I grew up. I like traditional Cuban music such as timba, rumba, and mambo. Also, I prefer Cuban cuisine. I use a traditional cooking style that is called Criollo. The impact of a family on a person affects their choice. However, the older an individual becomes, the more they rely on their friends, colleagues, or other people who surround them. Therefore, the influence of a family becomes less significant over time (Ihedigbo 61). When a person reaches adolescence, they start experimenting with their identities. Usually, it manifests itself in acting up. A person tries to do things in a different way than their parents. For example, Bageant quit hunting, although his father was a hunter (Bageant 38). However, it depends on the rules established in a particular family. Also, the people’s culture determines their values and thus behaviors (Kaur 53). For example, in some cultures, children have to choose their parents’ profession to continue a family business. Often parents insist that children have to do things in a way that they are told. However eventually, such an impact let new adults develop their ideas and become more independent. Also, family interactions influence an emotional condition of a person. For example, Shteyngart states that he is a son of his parents, referring to his dignity and fears (Shteyngart 57). The significance of such an impact cannot be overestimated. It determines a person’s beliefs, traits, and behavioral patterns as young people always try to imitate the elders. For example, the role of women in the Cuban society is different from the same role in the United States. However, my opinion about this matter is based on traditional attitudes. As women are physically weaker, they need more support from men. Another example is religion. As the majority of Cubans are Catholics, I became one as well. Conclusion In conclusion, enculturation is one of the most important processes that allow people to learn the requirements of their culture. It is necessary to understand which behaviors are appropriate in a given community. Also, it forms a person’s habits and skills. Therefore, enculturation is the main factor that shapes a person. Works Cited Bageant, Joe. “Valley of the Gun.” One World, Many Cultures , edited by Stuart Hirschberg and Terry Hirschberg, Pearson, 2017, pp. 38-43. Gabler, Neal. “The Social Networks.” One World, Many Cultures , edited by Stuart Hirschberg and Terry Hirschberg, Pearson, 2017, pp. 53-57. Ihedigbo, Rose. “Sandals in the Snow.” One World, Many Cultures , edited by Stuart Hirschberg and Terry Hirschberg, Pearson, 2017, pp. 61-68. Kaur, Meeta. “Journey by Inner Light.” One World, Many Cultures , edited by Stuart Hirschberg and Terry Hirschberg, Pearson, 2017, pp. 43-53. Shteyngart, Gary. “Sixty-Nine Cents.” One World, Many Cultures , edited by Stuart Hirschberg and Terry Hirschberg, Pearson, 2017, pp. 57-61.
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Cognition and Decision-Making in Kahneman’s Ideas Essay Among the existing variety of approaches to comprehend the nature of human behavior, the ideas developed by Daniel Kahneman in his book Thinking, Fast and Slow , remain useful for many people. Instead of providing the reader with tips on how to stay rational in decision-making, the author finds it necessary to explain what is right and wrong in human life. Cognition is defined as an embodied process during which knowledge can be gained, and comprehension may be achieved, meaning that a person should think with the body and the brain (Kahneman 51). Optimized decision-making is a process during which a person should make choices, gather information, assess alternatives, and follow several rules defined by Kahneman as heuristics. A successful combination of optimized decision-making and cognition is a result of hard work and deep knowledge with the help of which people understand what they can or cannot do, and Kahneman’s contribution to people’s activities is effective because he explains when and why certain steps should be taken. There are no right or wrong decisions and ideas. There are biases that can influence the decision-making process. It is not enough to recognize what can define good thinking and strong analysis. It is necessary to focus on what people can do to achieve successful cognition and optimized decision-making. According to Kahneman, a person is driven by two systems: System 1 is fast and automatic with a small portion of the control, and System 2 is slow and logical and requires attention and knowledge (13). In my life, I have several successful and doubtful stories where my cognition divided into two systems is not always helpful in making correct decisions. One situation happened to me in a supermarket when I understood that I had forgotten a list of products to be bought that day and had to memorize the information combining the best traits of both systems. Another situation was based on my experience to befriend people online and make my emotions and adventurism prevail over rationalism and truth. It was an ordinary Saturday evening when I had to drop all my home and school affairs and come to the nearest supermarket to buy products and goods for my Sunday party. I had been making that shopping list the whole previous week, and it was a shock that I had forgotten at home or simply lost it. I did not have time to come back, but I could not return home without any purchase. I remembered a citation from the recently read book that intelligence is “the ability to find relevant material in memory and to deploy attention when needed” (Kahneman 46). At that moment, I was confused by all those traits of System 1 and 2, and what I did was the creation of a list in my mind relying on my memory and intuition, asking several simple questions to find an appropriate substitution, and choosing confidence over doubts. I did everything possible to achieve successful cognition and work my body and my mind in the same direction. The result was successful. This combination of thoughts and ideas helped me go through each section of the supermarket and buy many products. When I came back home, I made a new plan for a party with the products available to me and enjoyed all preparations and the party itself the next day. Therefore, the book and Kahneman’s lessons turned out to be rather helpful in my intentions to find a good substitution for what I believe is lost forever. Still, I should admit that not all of Kahneman’s ideas helped me facilitate my life. Several months ago, I was thinking about some new ways to change my life and experience new feelings. Again, looking through the pages of the book, I found such phrases as human mind “is ready and even eager to identify agents, assign them personality traits and specific intentions, and view their actions as expressing individual propensities” (Kahneman 76). I created a story, believed in its possibility, and even included statistical research to check if the existing algorithm could lead to positive outcomes. I followed many criteria given in the book and investigated the examples of other people in the same sphere. I decided to use social media to find new friends and improve my communication with the outside world. A new city and some unfamiliar people depressed me a lot. I needed new feelings and support. The Internet was a solid source of inspiration and understanding. The result was frustrating. I began written communication with more than 10 people, and all of them ended the same day they started. Despite my confidence and positive intentions, I was broken. Though Kahneman admitted that “it is a mathematically inevitable consequence of the fact that luck played a role in the outcome” (179), I was devastated and lost without even a guess that all these negative emotions and decisions were made because of being motivated by the book. In general, I believe that Kahneman’s book has a unique effect on my life and my decisions. Being aware of clear definitions and criteria of optimized decision-making and successful cognition, I realize that the most important lessons include my ability to follow my intuition, readiness to make and understand mistakes, and hope that everything will be ok even if the world goes apart. These lessons and thoughts are priceless. Work Cited Kahneman, Daniel. Thinking, Fast and Slow . Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2011.
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Reliability, Validity, and Multiple-Item Scale Essay (Critical Writing) Validity and Reliability Bohrnstedt issued a rapid procedure for establishing the validity and reliability of multiple element scales. Reliability is the extent to which the outcome of an assessment, computation, or arrangement can be relied on to be precise. Conversely, validity is the degree to which constructs are assessed in a quantifiable study. The two elements are very crucial in research. This essay aims to give an outline of the hypothetical issues caused by numerous- item grades in such a manner that the constants illustrated by Bohrnstedt might be utilized with prudence. Several authors, including Campbell & Eiske, Guttman, Novic &Lewis, and Werts & Linn, provide their own comprehension and evaluation of scales construction, reliability, and validity (Werts & Linn, 1970). Scales Created in a Faultless, Concise Manner The authors created scales in a well-defined and brief manner. Scale construction and authentication are vital to many of the tasks in behavioral and social sciences. Although, the assemblage of methods demanded scale creation and analysis cab be burdensome, jargon-filled, inexperienced, and resource concentrated. Initially, items are produced, and the legitimacy of their substance is evaluated. Then there are pre-testing quizzes, diminishing the number of items and comprehension of how many facets the scales grasp. The final step involves scale assessment, the number of dimensions verified, reliability test, and evaluation of validity. The construction of scales is compliant as they all adhered to the procedures of scale development in the creation of the scales. The utilization of various items to measure a latent causal hypothesis can additionally represent and separate item-specified measurement error, which causes more precise study findings. The reliability of each substance is evaluated as the square of the relationship betwixt the underlying element and the observed parallel element score. The reliabilities are simply formed utilizing the path evaluation algorithms because there are mutually three unknown and known correlations (Werts & Linn, 1970). With exceeding three elements, the knowns obviously will surpass the unknowns leading to over-determination. The scales would have been created transparently. Clarifications Concerning the Validity and Reliability of Procedures The writers’ explanations were faultless about the validity and reliability of their processes. A measure could be dependable but not logical. It is assessing something very reliable but is constantly evaluating the untrue construct. Likewise, a measure could be acceptable but not trustworthy in the case of assessing the true construct, yet not partaking in the act in a constant manner. Validity and reliability are mutually demanded to ascertain an adequate assessment of the concepts of interest. The empirical evaluation of rationality evaluates how fine a particular measure is associated with a single or several external principles structured on experimental observations. Conversely, reliability means constancy but not accurateness. Dependability is the settlement betwixt numerous efforts to assess the similar trait via maximally same procedures and convergent trustworthiness as the deal where the procedures are maximally distinct (Werts & Linn, 1970). Several efforts match separate elements, of which all are indicators of a similar underlying feature. Procedure features pertain to test-specified reply tendencies like responses to time frames that trigger the errors of assessments from a sole item to others in the relationship. Info Given About Creating Validity and Reliability Reliability is a grade to what degree a concept is steady or constant. If the reliability grade is utilized to assess a similar concept several times, the same outcomes should be acquired each time, given the underlying occurrence is not varying. For example, if one possesses a scale having six elements using Cronbach’s Alpha, one will derive fifteen distinct substance pairings and fifteen relationships between these six elements (Werts & Linn, 1970). Mean inter-element association is the mean of the 15 connections. To compute the mean element-to-total association, the entire item should be constructed by advancing the values of 6 elements, calculating the associations between this total and the six individual substances, and finally evaluating the mean. Conversely, validity is the extent to which a degree adequately accounts for the underlying hypothesis that is assumed to measure. It is evaluated utilizing hypothetical approaches and must preferably be assessed by applying both methodologies mutually. Reference Werts, C. E., & Linn, R. L. (1970). Cautions in applying various procedures for determining the reliability and validity of multiple-item scales. American Sociological Review, 35 (4), 757. Web.
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Ecological policy 2. Efficiency policy 3. Safety policy 4. Cost benefit analysis 5. References Ecological policy The policy was put in place to restrict the utilization of natural resources and activities that result in extinction of endangered plants and animals. Concerning the proposed drilling project, the exact method to be used poses an environmental risk because the mixture of water, sand and corrosive chemicals would flow along an underground water table and thus enter the Ocean. The highly corrosive and radioactive chemicals would cause threats to aquatic life. The proponents would argue against that by indicating the fact that deposition of these chemicals would not cause direct threats to the ecosystem (Recent News on Natural Gas Drilling, 2013). Efficiency policy the US efficiency policy was established to guide the utilization of the country’s resources in a sustainable manner. That is, without incurring economic and environmental losses. Concerning the controversy, the drilling would help reduce the country’s dependency on imported Oil. It would also serve as an alternative source of energy and would help reduce carbon emission thus help reduce the climate change and its effects. Proponents would argue that it would help reduce the cost of life and help reduce global warming (Recent News on Natural Gas Drilling, 2013). Safety policy in general, the safety policy is about creating a safe country from diseases, poison and any other activity that brings harm to its Citizens. Concerning the controversy, drilling the natural gas would help reduce health risks associated with pollution of Land, air and water through Oil purification processes. Proponents would argue that the project enhances safety standards (Recent News on Natural Gas Drilling, 2013). Cost benefit analysis Costs: the cost of hiring the required number of skilled engineers and the machinery for the project is huge. If the project becomes a success, the country’s dependency on Oil would reduce. The situation could weaken the existing good relationship between the United States and its Oil suppliers thus promote terrorist attack. That is an example of a negative external costs associated with drilling. The costs associated with the drilling are not borne equally by all US Citizens (Goodstein, 2010). Benefits: the major consumers of the gas would be the US citizens. The US government would reap revenues in the form of tax. The surplus would earn foreign exchange to the government through export. The facility would create employment opportunities for those living in New York City and its surroundings. Shareholders of this project would benefit more thus resulting in an unequal income distribution (Goodstein, 2010). (C): The measurement problem that might hamper the cost-benefit analysis of the project is the alignment of buffer areas and the drilling path. There is a possibility of destabilizing the dams and water tunnels and thus creating a hindrance (Independent Oil and Gas Association, n.d.). (D): The use of a lower discount rate in estimating drilling costs would provide an overstated estimate. On the other hand, the use of a higher discount rate would present an understated estimation. The cost of the project is discounted to give a figure representing the present values. This means that the future values of the cost are higher than the present values (Goodstein, 2010). (E): The proceeds from the environmental bonds would be used to solve the climate change problems and invest in environmentally sustainable activities. With regard to this situation, environmental bonds would help the future generation to tackle health problems that would arise after undertaking the project. Proponents of ecological standards including myself would not be for the idea because it is not possible to restore the environment back to its previous state after pollution (Goodstein, 2010). References Goodstein, E. (2010). Economics and the Environment . New York: John Wiley & Sons. Independent Oil and Gas Association . Web. Recent News on Natural Gas Drilling . (2013). Web.
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Consumer eating and shopping behaviours in Taiwan Report (Assessment) Table of Contents 1. Customer’s product use patterns 2. Shopping habits 3. Product feature preferences 4. Works Cited Customer’s product use patterns Research shows that majority of population in Taiwan embraces dietary habits as one of the important factor that promotes healthy living. Majority of the population suffer from chronic illness such as diabetes, hypertension, obesity and heart diseases. This has made them to be more sensible and selective to what they eat. Most Taiwanese obtain their food from restaurants and some from those who sell beverages by the streets. They prefer local food to foreign dishes; they use more of their local food followed by Japanese dishes and lastly the western dishes (Chang and An-Tien 1276-1278) Recent statistics have shown that in Taiwan over 50% of street vendors deal with food and beverage (Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and statistics 2005). The frequency of those who eat at night out is once a month. They consider that eating out at night markets improves one’s self identity (Chang and An-Tien 1276-1278). The statistics further shows that the ratio of male to female is almost equal, youths and teenagers form majority of the population. Taiwan’s food related segments are divided into; traditional consumers, adventurous and uninvolved consumer segments. The research shows that the number of adventurous consumers is high as compared to the other two. This is because most of them prefer healthy, organic food products and more sensitive to taste. Shopping habits The shopping habits are reflected based on several factors some of which include; importance of product information, the enjoyment that goes along with shopping, pricing, the nature of advertisement used and people’s reactions towards it. The Taiwanese does their food shopping based on its quality health- wise, tastiness and freshness. Night markets in Taiwan offer different kinds of food depending on customer’s choice and preference. Research shows that more than half of the population like eating out at night markets more so when in companionship with friends. Most of the public meetings and social gatherings take place at the night markets due to lack of social facilities within towns (Chang and An-Tien 1276-1278). The eating out population in Taiwan has increased due to society experiencing tremendous changes, for instance so many work for long hours. Product feature preferences The group should focus on providing the customers with reliable and high degree of service. They measure the quality of the product by the impacts it has on global satisfaction and value the cleanliness that goes with it. To motivate the population towards the product, hygiene factors which might result in customers’ dissatisfaction must be observed closely. They will consider variety and inexpensiveness of the product as one of the motivating factors. The research further indicated that in Taiwan, if the high-level need which in their case is self identity cannot be satisfied, then they consider lower-level needs which in their case are inexpensiveness, variety and consumption (Chang and An-Tien 1276-1278). To satisfy the uninvolved consumers within Taiwan majority being male bachelors, the focus should be on product design. This will provide them with food products that are easily used which most of them prefer. To reach the traditional consumers the ‘pink berry’ company should put a lot of emphasis on product labels since most of those in this category have poor purchasing habits (Fang and Hwang-Jaw 2036-2042). Works Cited Chang, Janet and An-Tien Hsieh. “Leisure motives of eating out in Night markets”. Journal of business markets . 59 (2006), 1276-1278. Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics (DGBAS). 2003 annual Survey and analysis report on Taiwan vendors . Taipei: 2005. Fang, Cheng- Hsi and Hwang-Jaw Lee. “Food- Related Lifestyle Segments in Taiwan: Application of the Food-Related Lifestyle Instrument”. American Journal of Applied Sciences 6(12): 2009, 2036-2042
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Healthcare Services and Performance Management Essay (Article Review) McCue, M., Virginia, R., & Diana, M. (2007). Assessing the performance of freestanding hospitals. Journal of Healthcare Management , 52(5), 299-308. The objective of the research was that of identifying what fundamental promotion, administration, and economic aspects are associated with the self-supporting hospices that generate large income. The sample was nonrandom, comprising 687 freestanding hospices with cash flow data. Within the sample, 268 (0.39) of the hospitals generated positive cash flow and were selected as the positive cash flow sample, while 419 (0.61) had a negative cash flow and were integrated in the comparison sample (McCue et al., 2007, p. 303). While that was a good sample size, the challenge stemmed from the distribution of the sample. The sample size for hospitals with positive cash flow, particularly, was quite small. A bigger number based on all sample groups would have assisted in the data measurement and evaluation (Shi, 2008). A univariate analysis was utilized in analyzing the data for variations between hospitals with positive and hospitals with negative cash flow (McCue et al., 2007, p. 303). This was inconsistent with the kind of information gathered. The data comprised ordinal information, yet a univariate analysis would be most appropriate for evenly distributed data. While a multivariate regression was a good tool, the issue lies with the significance of the results. A multivariate regression framework based on the two groups would have helped in the analysis of the two market aspects – physicians per capita and marketplace segment (Hawkes & Marsh, 2005). A multivariate analysis was utilized in analyzing statistical significance at the 0.05 and 0.01 standards (McCue et al., 2007, p. 305). A better investigation technique could have been selected focused on the kind of the data gathered. The outcomes showed that beds per capita were slightly significant at the 0.1 position (McCue et al., 2007, p. 305). Ozgen, H. & Ozcan, A. (2002). A national study of efficiency for dialysis centers: An examination of market competition and facility characteristics for production of multiple dialysis outputs. Health Services Research , 37(3), 711-728. The objective of the research was that of examining market rivalry and center features that could be associated with practical competence in the production of multi-dialysis results looked at the view of the manufacturing business model. The study population was random, comprising 840 Health-certified freestanding dialysis centers that presented cost reported to HCFA and generated 3 pre-identified dialysis results jointly. Out of the 840 centers, 797 (95%) of the centers had nonzero operating costs, while 43 (5%) of the centers had zero operating costs. while that was an excellent sample size, the issue originated from the distribution of the sample (Ozgen & Ozcan, 2002, p. 717). The population for centers with zero operating cost, particularly, was quite small (5% of the total centers). A bigger number as far as all groups were concerned would have assisted in the data evaluation, in particular when searching for potential relationships between centers and cost level. A Data Development Analysis (DEA) method was utilized in measuring the comparative practical effectiveness marks of each center. Basically, that was not in line with the kind of information gathered. The DEA utilized a nonparametric frontier method, yet a DEA would be most suitable for maximum combinations of results and resources depending on the real performance of relative facilities. A descriptive analysis was utilized in the evaluation of effectiveness and the multi-variate analysis (Ozgen & Ozcan, 2002, p. 722). Since the data for the DEA was nonparametric, a descriptive analysis was not the best evaluation instrument. A better evaluation technique like ANOVA could have been selected depending on the information gathered (Shi, 2008). In conclusion, while the two articles have credit, the techniques should be re-assessed. The strength of the studies should be improved by utilizing bigger sample sizes. Also, the various possible weaknesses regarding the reliability of the results should be dealt with and reduced where possible. References Hawkes, J., & Marsh, H. (2005). Discovering statistics (2nd ed.). Charleston, SC: Hawkes Learning Systems. Shi, L. (2008). Health services research methods (2nd ed.). Clifton Park, NY: Delmar Cengage Learning.
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US Opposition to International Law Essay International law refers to the system of rules that regulate the interaction between independent states (Goodwin-Gill & McAdam, 2010). The law also governs the rights and duties of the nationals of one country to the nationals of other independent countries. The US has consistently opposed the adoption and application of international law due to two main reasons. First, the country is reluctant to relinquish its sovereignty to an external entity (Goodwin-Gill & McAdam, 2010). Specifically, the US opposes international law so that it can pursue its political and economic interests at the global level without the constraints associated with complying with the policies or laws created by foreign institutions. As a superpower, the US believes that it has to set the political and economic agenda for the world. In order to achieve this objective, the country must eliminate the legal barriers created by international law. Second, the US fears that supporting international law will enable foreign institutions to be used as political weapons against it. In this respect, the country continues to uphold double standards on sensitive issues such as international crime. The US is the most vocal supporter of the adoption of the international criminal justice system in other nations. However, it has refused to subject its citizens, military, and political leaders to the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court (ICC). For instance, the US believes that leaders such as President George Bush will be arrested and charged with war crimes if the country becomes a signatory of the Rome Statute, which created the ICC. In this respect, opposing the international law enables the US to avoid being embarrassed by its political rivals (Von & Taulbee, 2010). Fairness of International Law International law is impartial because it was created and adopted by several countries that continue to support it. Thus, it does not favor one or a group of countries. One of the strengths of international law is that cases have to be heard and determined by independent tribunals and judges. This enables judges to avoid bias by making independent decisions concerning international criminal cases. International law is also fair because its main objective is to protect the rights of the citizens of various countries without discrimination. As a result, the law enhances peace and cooperation at the global level by subjecting everyone to the same system of justice (Von & Taulbee, 2010). In addition, it acts as an alternative conflict resolution mechanism by providing guidelines that facilitate fair and peaceful manner negotiations. International Law Discussion The US has always taken several initiatives to disrupt the application of international law so that it can protect its interests. During the establishment of the ICC treaty, the US supported the idea that the Security Council should be responsible for screening cases. This would enable the US to have control over the court by rejecting any docket that it opposed (Gurule, 2008). However, this perspective was rejected by other countries since it was unfair. As a result, the US actively campaigned against the court and ensured that its citizens are immune from prosecution. Currently, the Obama administration provides economic aid to the court. However, it has no intention of joining the ICC. The implication of this decision is that US citizens and their leaders can commit crimes anywhere in the world and avoid prosecution. As a result, the US can easily impose its will on other countries in order to achieve its political and economic objectives. References Goodwin-Gill, S., & McAdam, J. (2010). The refugee in international law. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press. Gurule, J. (2008). United States opposition to the 1998 Rome Statute establishing an International Criminal Court: Is teh court’s jurisdiction truly complementary to national criminal jurisdiction? Scholarly Works, 1(1), 422-423. Von, G., & Taulbee, L. (2010). Law among nations: An introduction to public international law. London, England: Macmillan.
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Aboriginal Languages in Canada Essay Although the 2011 census in Canada revealed that there were over 60 aboriginal languages, it may still be difficult to establish the actual number. For instance, census data in the past few decades never revealed the existence of such a large number of aboriginal languages in Canada. As it stands now, it may not be easy to accurately establish the number of aboriginal languages in this country. Nonetheless, it is imperative to mention that unique and indigenous languages are found in Canada. Some of the native languages found in Canada have never been spotted anywhere across the world. As it stands now, there are clashing viewpoints on the actual number of aboriginal languages in Canada. The latest census statistics reveal that Canada is endowed with more than 60 different indigenous languages that are yet to be recognized. Therefore, there is a need to classify the aboriginal languages in terms of their expected survival periods. Indigenous bands used to experience multilingualism even before the onset of the colonization era. The indigenous ethnic groups were often temporary settlers moving from one place to another. Nonetheless, quite permanent stationary bands have been created by the reserve system. Perhaps, this is an important historical period when the most accurate number of aboriginal languages can be established. Due to the increasing Anglicization, there is a deliberate effort to preserve ancestral languages that are at high risk of fading away. It is agreeable that Algonquian is the largest aboriginal language found in Canada. The number of reported mother tongue drawn from Algonquian stands at 144,015. One aspect that cannot be disputed is that Canada has one of the most diverse profiles of aboriginal languages. From this diversity, three languages namely Ojibway, Inuktitut, and Cree stand out. However, there is still a lack of adequate data on the ground regarding the distribution and permanency of these languages. As much as they are dominant languages through which the aboriginal languages are spoken, it can still be cumbersome to determine their life spans. The contribution of Quebec cannot be ignored when discussing the distribution of aboriginal languages in Canada. Before the close of 2011, about 21% of the population speaking aboriginal mother tongue was residing in Quebec. Other regions such as Saskatchewan and Manitoba shared about 33.7% of the population speaking the aboriginal language. From the study materials, the cause of the imbalanced distribution is not known. One of the issues that can perhaps assist in explaining the difference is the impact of colonization of Canada. During the colonial era, some ethnic groups were restricted in certain areas. Therefore, they could not move freely and mingle with other ethnic segments of the population. As a result, unique cultures emerged. The development of multilingualism is one of the possible effects of the colonization of Canada. The census results also tend to coincide with historical findings on language development in Canada. From the 2011 census, those who speak the aboriginal mother tongue do it mostly in their homes (82.2 percent of those surveyed). On the other hand, a small proportion of 24 percent speaks it regularly regardless of the location. From the above reflection, it can be seen that intense study is still required to fully understand and appreciate the structure and development of the aboriginal language in Canada. The census data cannot be adequate in providing salient information on this subject area.
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Steinbeck (1992) talks about how the last light rains in the state came in May, after which the sun started scorching the area. What follows is the illustration of fields and plants that had barely come to life dying – slowly and painfully – from the heat of the impending summer. The roads became dusty, the wind grew stronger, the sun was hardly visible. Men tried to put on a brave face while attempting to measure the damage, so that their wives and kids knew that not all was lost. The author’s purpose in writing this chapter was to set the scene for the narration by illustrating how severe the drought that had occurred was, using various stylistic devices and expressive means. First of all, Steinbeck uses personification when describing the forces of nature (The last rains lifted the corn quickly; the rain-heads […] hurried on ; the wind […] dug cunningly). In doing that, he draws attention to how powerful it was in that particular context, as if had will of its own. Alliteration is another stylistic device used extensively by the author in Chapter One. Its’ purpose is to impart a certain emotional tone to the sentence with the help of repeated consonants. This sequence focuses on fragility of the land and its people before the oncoming drought, so it is only fair that there are examples of phrases featuring rather light and airy sounds “h” and “f” (the clouds that had hung in high puffs; high heavy clouds, rain-heads; the dust from the roads fluffed up and […] fell into the fields; men and women huddled in their houses , and they tied handkerchiefs over their noses). Moreover, the author uses syntactical devices to help him paint a particular picture. For instance, repetition is good at reflecting the chaos that was occurring (The surface of the earth crusted , a thin hard crust , and as the sky became pale , so the earth became pale; It settled on the corn, piled up on the tops of the fence posts, piled up on the wires; it settled on roofs). Additionally, Steinbeck employs syntactical parallelism to show how the people of Oklahoma seemingly hopelessly approached the tragedy ( They awakened […] . They lay […]. They knew […]; Men stood […]. The men were silent […]. And the women came out […]. The women studied the men’s faces […]. The children stood […]. The children peeked […]), but than emphasizes that everything was going to turn out fine (But, it was all right . The women knew it was all right , and the watching children knew it was all right) . In conclusion, in order for the events described in Chapter One to make as strong of an impression as necessary, Steinbeck turned to various stylistic devices and expressive means. By utilizing them as he did, the author depicted the nature’s violence and the state’s helplessness before it. Being the beginning of the book, this chapter helped set the tone and prepared the reader for the following developments of the story. Reference Steinbeck, J. (1992). The grapes of wrath. Penguin Books.
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How Views of Homosexuality Have Changed Essay Introduction Homosexuality is the attraction and sexual acts performed with people of the same sex, between men and men and women and women. Hoenig (1976) reports that homosexuality has been practiced either overtly or covertly since the time of the ancient Egyptians. In some of the earlier cultures, homosexuality was regarded as a sin and act of aberration and homosexuals were persecuted and killed while in other cultures, it was ignored. Over the ages, views on homosexuality have changed and homosexuality is increasingly accepted as a person’s gender identity and sexual preference. This paper discusses how views on homosexuality have changed over the years and the reasons for this change. Main body Hoenig (1976) points out some famous historical figures that were homosexuals include Lord Byron, Socrates, King Edward II and many other royals. The author conjectures that in ancient times, in many cases, men were not fully homosexual but they had sexual relations with females as well as males. Homosexuality was acceptable in ancient Egypt and in Africa and Americas before colonization and this practice was ruthlessly put down by the European conquerors. The practice was also prevalent in the civilizations of Maya, Aztec in South America and in ancient China where kings had consorts who were Eunuchs. In Europe, the orientation was under cover before Renaissance but came out in the open during this period, the practice was put down by royal decree, and the practice again went into suppression. Homosexuality again came into the open during the rock movement and the anti Vietnam war protests of the 1960’s when sexual freedom was one of the issues. Johnson (2004) reports that the outbreak of AIDS in the 1980’s when the virus infected millions of homosexuals turned public opinion against the practice. Until recently, homosexuals were denied government jobs, not enlisted in the defence and were denied promotions and equal wages. However, even though many states have started allowing same sex marriages, parenting rights and so on, overt or subtle discrimination still exists among large sections of the population. The church that earlier regarded homosexuality as a sin has begun to change its views and tolerates openly gay priests and communities. Kendrick (1967) points that after World War II, there was gradual change in the psychology of people, various cultural infusions and a more tolerant attitude that allowed people to decide what sexual orientation they wanted. Hoenig (1976) comments that Freud noted that homosexuality was is not degenerate behaviour but rather an inversion of certain repressed tendencies that are formed during the adolescent age. While there is no specific reason for the sexual orientation, Freud noted that there is no firm aetiology that guides this type of behaviour but prenatal factors, genetics and early influences during the childhood stage can produce this behaviour. The scientist also noted that coercion, beatings, flogging and torture only force the inclinations into repression and do not remove the urge. King (1999) noted that with speaks of partial instincts linked to different erogenous zones and there is a growing reorganization and one of the drives gain hegemony over others till they become subordinated in puberty. The author rejected the common misconception that homosexuals are ‘female brains trapped in a mans body’ and argues that such concepts and beliefs are not tenable. King noted that earlier there were two types of people; one’s who could be called as ‘closet homosexuals’, who did not openly admit to their orientation and the ‘openly homosexuals’ who adopted a certain lifestyle, mannerisms, dress and social behaviour that clearly identified them as homosexuals. It was only after the closet homosexuals came out and revealed their sexual orientation that society gradually started accepting them. After the AIDS epidemic for which homosexuals were blamed, many were victimised, beaten and racially abused with names such as queers, faggot, homo and other names. The victimization to an extent helped to earn public sympathy, acceptance, and people became more understanding. Homosexuality was not regarded as a sin, a depraved act but that it was just the way people wanted to live. I feel that since the past couple of decades, people have travelled to more areas, been exposed to more cultures and practices and have begun to rethink of the settled prejudices of what is right and what is wrong. Consequently, the mental barriers that people had erected that defined acceptable behaviour has become more porous and new ideas and concepts are more readily accepted. These factors have helped to bring in changes in the manner that people think of themselves and how they expect people to behave. Back in the early 19 th century, marriage between a black man and a white woman would get the black man lynched. Nowadays, it is quite common to see such mixed race couples who are accepted into the main stream of society. I feel that this is a positive change that time has given to our society. I also feel that moral policing should not decide how two consenting adults live, what they do and how they find pleasure. Our world has enough problems that need more urgent and immediate attention. So perhaps it would make better sense to think about these problems than worry about the fact that men develop relations with one another and that this behaviour offends our sensibilities. Actually, we do not have any right to decide on such issues. References Hoenig. J, 1976. Sigmund Freud’s views on the sexual disorders in historical perspective . British Journal of Psychiatry, 129, pp. 193-200. Johnson. David K, 2004. The Lavender Scare: The Cold War Persecution of Gays and Lesbians in the Federal Government . Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Kendrick. D.C, & Clarke R.V.G, 1967. Attitudinal differences between heterosexually and homosexually oriented males . British Journal of Psychiatry, 113, pp. 95-99. King. Michael, & Bartlett. Annie, 1999. British psychiatry and homosexuality. British Journal of Psychiatry , 175, pp. 106-113.
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The Major Events that Led to the Fall of Tsarist Regime in Russia Essay The collapse of the Tsarist regime in Russia continues to be debated by historians who want to understand the causes of revolution in this country, its course, and major implications. There are many works about the events that contributed to the downfall of the Romanov dynasty and the authors of these books may not necessarily agree with one another. Overall, it is possible to argue that the downfall of monarchy in Russia can be attributed to various political and social tensions within the country as well as its international relations. Moreover, one should not forget about the decisions and policies of Tsar Nicholas II whose competency can be questioned. When speaking about the key events, many researchers focus on the impact that military conflicts produced on the Russian society. First of all, it is important to mention the Russo-Japanese War that began in 1904 and ended a year later with the defeat of the Russian Army (Lee, 2003, p. 76; Lacey, 2002, p. 103). This defeat undermined people’s trust in the effectiveness of the Tsarist regime as a system of government. Moreover, it put extra strain on the economy of the country. Public discontent eventually culminated in many protests and the subsequent Revolution of 1905. The outbreak of World War I had produced very similar effect on the country. The significant losses that the Russian Army sustained, the shortage of food supplies, and the increasing desertion of soldiers intensified the tension within the society. The Tsarist regime managed to overcome the consequences of the Russo-Japanese War, but the effects of World War I proved to be fatal for the country (Home, 2012, p. 26). Thus, the role of military conflicts should not be overlooked. Many historians attach importance to the influence of personality on the course of history, and some of them focus on the personality of Tsar Nicholas II. The start of his reign in 1894 is one of the events that led to the eventual collapse of the Tsarist regime. It is believed that he was unsuitable for the role of the leader (Frankel, 2005, p. 233). Researchers often use the adjective “inept” when describing his administrative and leadership skills (Pahomov, 2008, p. 111). Certainly, he was significantly vilified by the government, but many of his actions proved to be disastrous, for instance, the decision to enter the war with Japan. There were other events that might have contributed to the collapse of the Tsarist regime. For instance, one can mention the so-called Bloody Sunday or the massacre of the demonstration in front of the Winter Palace. This event took place in 1905 and it showed that the regime could act violently against its own people even when they do not intend to act violently (Moss, 2005, p. 94). It is possible to say that the monarchy never regained the trust of the Russian people. Additionally, one should speak about numerous Jewish pogroms that took place within the period between 1903 and 1906 (Weinberg, 1993, p. 138). The main issue is that these atrocities were unpunished by the state. This is why many intellectuals came to the belief that the monarchy had not even tried to pursue justice. Overall, the events that have been discussed are related to the political life of Russia, the international relations of the country, and the political decisions of Nicolas II. It is difficult to determine whether the downfall of the Romanov dynasty could be avoided or not. However, the Tsar might have avoided some of the pitfalls such as the war with Japan. Reference List Frankel, B. (2005). History in Dispute: Revolutionary Russia, 1890-1930 . London: St. James Press. Home, J. (2012). A Companion to World War I . New York: John Wiley & Sons. Lacey, G. (2002). Revise Modern World History for OCR Specification 1937 . Boston: Heinemann. Lee, S. (2003). Europe, 1890-1945 . London: Routledge. Moss, W. (2005). A History of Russia: Since 1855 . Boston: Anthem Press. Pahomov, G. (2008). The Russian Century: A Hundred Years of Russian Lives . Washington: University Press of America. Weinberg, R. (1993). The Revolution of 1905 in Odessa: Blood on the Steps . Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
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Decision-Making Process in “Twelve Angry Men” Essay American courtroom drama “ Twelve Angry Men ” is a perfect instance to reveal how the decision-making process can be influenced. It describes the examination of homicide by twelve jurors, one of which contradicts others’ attitudes towards the case (13Youtoo, 2012). It is possible to reflect on how participants change their minds during the process. The seventh juror agrees to vote for not guilty because overwise the conversation would last too long for him. The third juror finally realizes that he only projecting his feelings about his son on the defendant while the tenth one just sticks to the other’s positions at the end. The fourth juror is logical and he is influenced by facts that prove the innocence of the defendant, and so does the sixth one, persuaded by the new case details. The twelfth juror is not interested in the case and changes his opinion many times, tending, therefore, to the prevalent decision, as the second one does, because of the lack of confidence. The ninth juror is calm and thoughtful which makes him change his mind easily, while the eleventh one begins to doubt because he believes in justice. Finally, the first juror, who is the foreman, tries to be fair while listening to others and voting, and he is also the one who does not believe in the boy’s guilt initially. I should admit that if I were a juror, I would, like all others but one, immediately consider the boy to be guilty, because of the persuasive evidence provided. Despite other jurors, who have personal motivation to complete the case as soon as possible, I would be deceived by how the story was presented. Some men want to go home early, while others are focused on facts provided, which are against the defendant, that prevent jurors from deepening further into the murder. Some jurors have related experiences or characteristics that make them vote for one or another decision (13Youtoo, 2012). Although I do not have any preconceptions, connections, or features, which other jurors have, I still would change my opinion after all the participants’ contributed to the case’s details like the fourth one. Reference 13Youtoo. (2012). 12 Angry men [Video]. YouTube.
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Children’s Development in Five Year Old Essay At the age of five, most children develop differently and have unique characteristics, but there are common features of development that are common among five-year-old children. These children’s physical progression, motor proficiency, moral awareness, thinking skills, and language mastery change commonly or have a similarity. An unusual five-year-old child would have some of the features in child development different from the others. His or her development would not be the same as a typical five-year-old child. Carlos Chavez is an example of such children. He is not a typical five-year-old child (Carlos Chavez represents the unusual five year old children). A typical five year old child would have improved motor proficiency, an average growth rate of 2- 3 inches per year, an unreasonable way of thinking, good language mastery and low moral awareness (Wilson & Steelman 27). This paper will describe how an unusual five year old child is different from other five year old children. Motor proficiency: Typical five year olds have improved motor proficiency in tasks with the ability to perform several tasks accurately for example; fold papers into various geometrical shapes, catch balls, tie shoelaces and so many other body motor co-ordinations. Carlos has trouble folding papers into the correct shapes and does not even know which hand is more active than the other. The child has not established which hand to use for most tasks. The natural active and exploring body of typical five year olds does not exist in Carlos, instead, there is a child who still has very poor accuracy in tasks and therefore cannot copy design letters as others, cannot perform tasks such as tying shoelaces and others. He has trouble doing them accurately (Wilson & Steelman 27). Language mastery: A typical five year old child should have mastered language very well. Carlos Chavez does not belong here. The age says five years but the development is unusual. Carlos cannot converse well and still uses short sentences to converse. His vocabulary is not fully grown to an average five year old working knowledge. Carlos cannot also produce the sounds easily as normal five year olds with primary teeth do (Wilson & Steelman 28). Thinking skills: Most five year olds’ thinking skills have not developed to a level where they can think logically. The children only know that one event leads to the other. Two things happening at the same time to the children means one led to the other. They are also egocentric. Carlos can still not connect if one event leads to the other like the other children think. He can only recognize the events but cannot really make the connection of one leading to the other. A typical five year old for example would connect rainfall to leg injury if he/she hurt himself or herself during rain. They would think that the rain led to them getting hurt. Carlos cannot still recognize if the rain can lead to being hurt and may not appear terrified by the rain (Wilson & Steelman 28). Conclusion This paper has described how an unusual five year old child is different from other five year old children giving three reasons. In motor proficiency, the child (Carlos) is found to be poor in motor proficient tasks as compared to normal five year old children. The child’s language mastery is also poor given the poor sound production and vocabulary knowledge among others. The last reason for the unusual nature of Carlos as compared to other five year olds is the child’s underdeveloped thinking skills. All these explained reasons show that Carlos is an underdeveloped (unusual) five year old child. Works Cited Wilson, Timothy., and Steelman A. R., A Profile of the Typical Five-Year Old Child, Early Childhood Education Journal, Springer: Netherlands, (21) 2, 27-28, 1993.
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