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As with any planting, location can be a key factor to the plant’s success. As I was walking by an office building today, I noticed a stand of Redwoods planted within feet of an office building’s foundation. The trees themselves looked great, and helped to screen the building, but functionally it was clear the trees were misplaced. Half of the tree had to be pruned against the building, leaving them misshapen. Large scale trees may work well in confined spaces when young, but as they grow taller and as their root systems grow more pronounced they can cause significant problems. We have seen this time and again on projects where tree roots are disturbing foundations, and sewer or utility lines. Practically it makes sense to think about what the tree is being planted to do (screen, provide shade, visual presence etc.) and to take into account its mature size and the needed buffer distance to help prevent problems. Selecting the wrong tree for a particular application can be just as bad. Just ask those with high rooted Birch trees planted in lawns or Liquid Ambar trees planted along sidewalks.
Women’s Rights and Social Justice: Julia Ward Howe’s 1870 Anti-War Mother’s Day Proclamation, A Day of Peace An Anti-War Manifesto Lamenting the Dead, Dying and Soul-Sickened Soldiers Returning from the Killing Fields 147 years ago, the disastrous human and economic consequences of the American Civil War were becoming increasingly apparent, especially to certain thoughtful wise women who had seen their testosterone-laden loved ones eagerly march off to that “inglorious” war 5 years earlier. Those men and women, as is still the case today, had no idea of the psychological and spiritual devastation that comes from killing fellow humans until it was too late. But the well-hidden truth hit them when they saw their loved ones come home, changed forever. Some came home dead, some were just physically wounded but all were spiritually deadened. That “patriotic” war basically ended in mutual exhaustion in 1865. The Northern foot-soldiers (who were numerically stronger) did not feel gleeful over the hollow victory” – just relief. Many Civil War-era women, including Howe, had actually willingly participated in the flag-waving fervor that war–mongers and war-profiteers can easily manufacture. Pro-war propaganda has always been directed at poor and working class men who must be duped into doing the soul-damning dirty work of killing and being killed. Julia Ward Howe, author of the Mother’s Day Proclamation of 1870, was a life-long abolitionist and therefore, early on, she was a supporter of the Union Army’s anti-slavery rationale for going to war to prevent the pro-slavery politicians and industrialists in the Confederate South from seceding from the union over the slavery issue. Howe was a compassionate and well-educated middle child of an upper class family. She was also a poet who, in the early days of the Civil War, had written “The Battle Hymn of the Republic” using many biblically-based lyrics. Howe had intended her song to be sung as an abolitionist song; however, because of some of the militant-sounding lyrics and the eminently marchable tune, it was rapidly adopted by Union Army propagandists as its most inspiring war song, a reality that Howe likely regretted when the mass slaughter of the world’s first “total war” became clear to her. Howe wrote the “Battle Hymn” in one sitting (in the early hours of November 18, 1861), but she soon became a pacifist and an antiwar activist. At the time she wrote the song, the Civil War was just starting and had not yet degenerated into the wholesale slaughter that was made possible by the technological advances in weaponry (mainly artillery and rifled muskets that were more accurate) that would make cavalry charges, the bayonet and the sword obsolete. Back then the Press Didn’t Censor out ALL the Horrors of War Howe’s evolution from cheerleader for war to anti-war activism came about after she witnessed the mutual mass slaughter of the War Between the States (1861 – 1865). By the time she proposed a national day of mourning for the victims of all wars, she had also become aware of the carnage that was occurring overseas in the Franco-Prussian War, which had started in July of 1870. That war, won by Germany, was brief, but close to 100,000 soldiers were killed in action and another 100,000 were severely wounded. As is tragically normal for warrior nations of all historical eras, nobody thought to count up the psychological and spiritual casualties or either soldiers or civilians. But Howe understood. Her awareness of the realities of war was possible because war correspondents were allowed to write about the barbaric nature of modern war, which horrified sensitive humans like Howe. It hadn’t taken too long for peace-loving, justice-oriented and compassionate observers to recognize that war was indeed, the equivalent of hell on earth. Howe understood what Civil War General William Tecumseh Sherman had meant when he uttered his famous statement about the satanic nature of war. Sherman’s statement indicted his era’s “Chicken Hawks”: “I confess without shame that I am sick and tired of war. Its glory is all moonshine. It is only those who have never heard the shrieks and groans of the wounded who cry aloud for more blood, more vengeance, more desolation. War is Hell.” Chicken Hawks are flag-waving war-mongering political or economic leaders who have never experienced the gruesome realities of combat war and yet have no problems promoting militarism and sending somebody else’s sons and daughters off “into harm’s way”. Recent examples include Republicans like Donald Trump, Mike Pence, Ted Cruz, Marco Rubio, Jeb Bush, Scott Walker, Chris Christie, Mike Huckabee, George W. Bush, Dick Cheney, Karl Rove, Donald Rumsfeld, John Ashcroft, Condolezza Rice, Mitch McConnell, Newt Gingrich, Paul Wolfowitz, Douglas Feith, Richard Perle, Eliot Abrams, Rudy Guiliani, Rick Santorum, Phil Gramm, and many Democrats as well, including Bill Clinton, Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton. The list of Chicken Hawk elites also includes many right-wing journalists and reporters who particularly love to beat the war drum, but who also avoided serving in the military themselves, including Bill O’Reilly, Sean Hannity, Glenn Beck, Charles Krauthammer, George Will, Bill Kristol, Rush Limbaugh, etc, etc. Women throughout history have witnessed their sons and husbands returning home broken in body, mind and spirit. Those psychologically traumatized veterans, no matter on what side of the battle line they fought, and whether they claimed some sort of hollow victory or not, were all equally defeated when the war ended. And most of them never regarded themselves as heroes until somebody else insisted on the designation. Their bodies and brains had been forever changed and they knew it. And in their hearts they knew that war was not glorious. Soldiers’ Heart: the Civil War-era’s PTSD The unexpected development for many of the mothers of the returning Civil War soldiers was the fact that, while many of the veterans came home showing no physical scars, most of them were still disabled mentally, and many of them actually got progressively worse after coming home. In cases of combat-induced trauma the healing effect of time doesn’t work like it can work in less serious types of trauma. Military veterans with combat-induced post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) all too commonly have trouble functioning in society after the war. Many become severely depressed and/or anxious and suffer disabling daytime flashbacks of the original trauma (called nightmares when they occur in their sleep, but which are commonly misdiagnosed by psychiatrists as hallucinations – thus accounting for the falsely high incidence of “schizophrenia” among Vietnam vets). May military vets have serious insomnia (and thus sleep deprivation), serious concentration problems and are frequently develop drug addictions (to both illicit drugs and prescription drugs). Many combat-induced PTSD victims become suicidal, homicidal and/or turn to a life of crime (all these behaviors are seriously potentiated by the use of brain-altering addictive drugs or during the process of withdrawing from them). It is a fact that some of the most infamous post-Civil War outlaws, train robbers, bank robbers and serial killers of the late 1800s got their start as Civil War soldiers (the members of the James and Younger gangs are good examples). America has never known what to do with the large numbers of traumatized veterans that come home after any of their wars, and in the Civil War, the first “veterans homes” were constructed specifically for the care of invalided ex-soldiers who were “made crazy” by the war. Without the nation’s help, these victims would have otherwise been homeless, despairing, jobless, helpless and likely to starve to death. Many of these unfortunate veterans were diagnosed as having “Soldiers’ Heart”, also known in the Civil War era as “Nostalgia”, a commonly incurable malady, that, after World War I came to be known as “shell shock”. After World War II the disorder was known as “combat fatigue”, and after the Vietnam War it was known as “post-traumatic stress disorder”. Howe’s Call to Action for Mothers Julia Ward Howe was a humanist who cared about suffering people. She was also a feminist, a social justice activist and a suffragette, and it was because of her anti-war commitment that she wrote the famous “Mother’s Day Proclamation” five years after the end of the Civil War, which resulted in a total of 600,000 dead American soldiers, with no accurate count of the probably much larger number of those soldiers who were wounded, missing in action or committed suicide after the war was over. The Mother’s Day Proclamation was partly a lament for the useless deaths and partly a call to stop future wars. The call to action was not directed at men, most of whom would have refused to admit, because of their masculine pride, that their dead buddies had died in vain. Rather, the call was directed at women, who were more thoughtful, humane and compassionate than the more violence-prone male members of the species. The Intent of Howe’s Mother’s Day Proclamation has Been Conveniently Forgotten Sadly, Howe’s original call for mothers to protest against war on a regular basis has been struck from the consciousness of our capitalist, corporate-controlled media, militarized and war-profiteering society. Howe’s call has been watered-down to a sentimental shadow of its original intent. And the war-weary world and its innocent children are increasingly suffering because of it. Mother’s Day in America was officially established in 1914 (May 9) as an annual holiday, but no mention was made by President Wilson that Howe wanted the day dedicated as a day of peace. Wilson instead said it was to commemorate America’s mothers. And so Mother’s Day eventually became commercialized into just another profit-making holiday for corporations, with no regard for its original intent (pro-peace/anti-war). So now, just like most American holidays (especially including the originally religious ones like Easter and Christmas), Mother’s Day has been commercially exploited. What was originally a call to mobilize outraged mothers to keep their duped sons and husbands from going off half-cocked to kill and die for some corporate war profiteer or other, has become just another opportunity for commercial enterprises to enhance their bottom lines. Mention of its original purpose is a rarity. One wonders what “irrelevant agencies” Howe was talking about in line two of her Proclamation below. Surely she meant the predecessors of America’s modern-day militarists, politicians, bankers, media moguls, sociopathic corporatists and various bureaucratic agencies that have been royally messing things up all over the world. Think of all the nations that America’s military has bombed, invaded, and occupied with many of them then being economically colonized by our predatory financial corporations. Think of all the countries around the world that our CIA has destabilized and helped to overthrow. Think of all the foreign national elections that our American Deep State has covertly influenced so that they will conform to our “national interests” (meaning, of course, mainly American “business interests”). Here is a list of all the nations that America has bombed, just since World War II: China 1945-46, Korea 1950-53, China 1950-53, Guatemala 1954, Indonesia 1958, Cuba 1959-60, Guatemala 1960, Belgian Congo 1964, Guatemala 1964, Dominican Republic 1965-66, Peru 1965, Laos 1964-73, Vietnam 1961-73, Cambodia 1969-70, Guatemala 1967-69, Lebanon 1982-84, Grenada 1983-84, Libya 1986, El Salvador 1981-92, Nicaragua 1981-90, Iran 1987-88, Libya 1989, Panama 1989-90, Iraq 1991, Kuwait 1991, Somalia 1992-94, Bosnia 1995, Iran 1998, Sudan 1998, Afghanistan 1998, Yugoslavia – Serbia 1999, Afghanistan 2001 – ?, Iraq 2003 – ?, Somalia 2001, 2011, Pakistan 2009 – ?, Yemen 2009, 2011, 2016 – ?, Libya 2011, Syria 2015 – ?. The list of CIA covert operations is much longer. When Will We (Males) Ever Learn? Note in Howe’s manifesto below how strongly she felt about wives and mothers never again having to be put in the position of applauding their soldier-husbands or soldier-sons when they came home from war “reeking of carnage”. Howe clearly felt that mothers should never again let war-making, war-profiteering institutions make killers out of their sons who they had raised to be ethical, humane citizens with a love for humankind. The prevention of such “reeking of carnage” is so much simpler than the never-ending attempts to somehow reverse the often untreatable consequences of the horrors of combat war. An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure and all that. Let the people of good will begin again to promote the peacemaking vision of Julia Ward Howe and her female cohorts a century and a half ago. Given America’s current chaotic time of perpetual war, there is no time to lose. A good place to begin would be this Mother’s Day, May 13, 2017, perhaps followed up by a boycott of the upcoming, highly militarized, war-promoting Duluth Air Show (featuring the US Navy Blue Angels, and various war planes including an F-35, an F-16 and Canadian Air Force fighter jet ) partially designed to interest impressionable young boys into someday joining the military but with no information about the above-mentioned consequences of participating in war. Dr. Kohls is a retired physician from the Duluth, MN, USA who writes about issues of war, peace and mental health. * * * Julia Ward Howe’s 1870 Mother’s Day Proclamation “Arise then, women of this day! Arise, all women who have hearts, whether your baptism be of water or tears!“Say firmly: ‘We will not have great questions decided by irrelevant agencies.“Our husbands shall not come to us, reeking with carnage, for caresses and applause.“Our sons shall not be taken from us to unlearn all that we have taught them of charity, mercy and patience.“We women of one country will be too tender of those of another to allow our sons to be trained to injure theirs.“From the bosom of the devastated earth, a voice goes up with our own. It says, ‘Disarm, disarm’“The sword of murder is not the balance of justice. Blood does not wipe out dishonor, nor does violence indicate possession.“As men have often forsaken the plow and the anvil at the summons of war, let women now leave all that may be left of home for a great and earnest day of counsel.“Let them meet first, as women, to bewail and commemorate the dead. Let them solemnly take counsel with each other as to the means whereby the great human family can live in peace, each bearing after his own time the sacred impress, not of Caesar but of God.“In the name of womanhood and of humanity, I earnestly ask that a general congress of women without limit of nationality may be appointed and held at some place deemed most convenient and at the earliest period consistent with its objects, to promote the alliance of the different nationalities, the amicable settlement of international questions and the great and general interests of peace.” The original source of this article is Global Research Copyright © Dr. Gary G. Kohls, Global Research, 2017 Comment on Global Research Articles on our Facebook page Become a Member of Global Research
TUESDAY, Oct. 25 (HealthDay News) -- U.S. health authorities on Tuesday recommended that young males be vaccinated against human papillomavirus (HPV), a sexually transmitted virus that causes most cervical cancers, as well as anal cancer and some cancers of the throat and mouth. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention announced Tuesday morning that its Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices has approved "recommendations for routine vaccination of males 11 or 12 years old with three doses of HPV4 (vaccine)" to shield against the virus. At this point the recommendation is limited to Gardasil, made by Merck. Another HPV vaccine, GlaxoSmithKline's Cervarix, is not yet included in the advisory. "The vaccination could begin as young as age 9, and boys and young men 13 to 21 years of age who hadn't received the vaccine should also be vaccinated," Dr. Anne Schuchat, director of the U.S. National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases at the CDC, said in an afternoon press briefing. The current level of use of the HPV vaccine among girls is "disappointing," Schuchat noted, and since the virus is passed via sexual conduct, "there is the potential that vaccinating boys will reduce the spread of HPV from males to females and reduce some of the HPV burden women suffer from." An HPV vaccine has been available since 2006, but until now the CDC had only recommended inoculation for females between the ages of 9 and 26 to limit their risk of cervical cancer. According to Schuchat, the new recommendations were based on the effectiveness of the vaccine in males. She noted that while the numbers of cervical cancers has been decreasing, head and neck cancer and anal cancers -- which affect both genders -- have been on the rise. One expert agreed with the CDC panel that vaccinating boys should help prevent cancers in both genders. "In a perfect world, immunization of all girls might be the most cost-effective way of preventing HPV disease in women," said Dr. Kenneth Bromberg, chairman of pediatrics and director of the Vaccine Research Center at The Brooklyn Hospital Center, New York City. "However, since we do not live in a perfect world, a very strong argument can be made for immunizing boys in order to prevent genital warts in males and the prevalence of HPV-related cancers in both boys and girls. The increasing awareness of the role HPV plays in other diseases, such as head and neck cancers and, possibly, heart disease, would be yet another reason to consider universal immunization." Vaccination against HPV is pricey, with the three-shot series for the Gardasil vaccine typically costing about $390. The vaccine has been controversial with some parents who contend it could encourage young women and men to engage in sexual relations at an early age. HPV is widespread among men. An international study published in March in The Lancet found that half of all adult males in the United States may be infected with the virus. More than 40 strains of HPV exist, and all are passed along by skin-to-skin contact, usually during sexual relations, according to the CDC. The most well-known strain of HPV causes genital warts. But other strains show no obvious symptoms and clear up on their own with no medical treatment, Dr. Jean Bonhomme, an assistant professor at the Morehouse School of Medicine in Atlanta, told HealthDay. "Because it normally causes no symptoms, men and women can get it and pass it on without even knowing they have it," Bonhomme said. Since the virus spreads through skin contact, normal protections that prevent the spread of disease through body fluids won't work, Bonhomme said. "Diseases like herpes and HPV cannot be completely prevented by condoms because they are both spread by contact with skin," Bonhomme said. "If the virus comes into contact with the scrotum or thighs, you can still be infected." Men don't have the screening tools for HPV-related cancers that are available to women. A Pap test can detect cervical cancer in women, Bonhomme said, but there's no comparable test for penile or anal cancer in men. As a result, many men don't realize they have these cancers until they begin showing late-stage symptoms. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved the HPV vaccine Gardasil for use in women in 2006. Three years later, the FDA approved a second HPV vaccine, Cervarix. Vaccination is recommended for 11- and 12-year-old girls and for young women ages 13 through 26 who have not yet been vaccinated. "The idea is to vaccinate before they become sexually active," said Debbie Saslow, director of breast and gynecologic cancer programs for the American Cancer Society. "Afterward, it's much less effective." Saslow and Bonhomme, who is also president of the National Black Men's Health Network, said that beyond the direct health risks, there are other compelling reasons to extend HPV vaccinations to males. For one thing, it would be simpler to vaccinate everyone than to have separate guidelines for boys and girls, Saslow said. There's also an argument for gender equity, in that only women are being vaccinated for a disease that affects both sexes, she added. Another strong argument in favor of male HPV vaccination, Bonhomme said, is that by only immunizing half the population, health officials are not attacking the problem with full force. "Where are women getting the virus from?" he asked. "If you don't vaccinate the guys, then you aren't helping the women." HPV has been shown to increase a man's chances of contracting penile and anal cancer, particularly for gay males. Men who have sex with men are about 17 times more likely to develop anal cancer than straight men, according to the CDC. About 1 percent of sexually active men in the United States have genital warts at any particular time, according to the CDC. Annually, about 800 U.S. men contract HPV-related penile cancer and about 1,100 men get HPV-related anal cancer. "These are relatively rare cancers," said Saslow. "However, for men who have sex with other men, their risk is significantly higher than the general population." Researchers at the University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston reported Monday that HPV may increase a woman's chances for heart disease, even if she doesn't have any recognized cardiovascular risk factors. The U.S. National Institutes of Health has more on HPV. SOURCES: Oct. 25, 2011, press telebriefing with Anne Schuchat, M.D., director, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Kenneth Bromberg, M.D., FAAP, chairman of pediatrics and director, Vaccine Research Center, The Brooklyn Hospital Center, New York City; Jean Bonhomme, M.D., M.P.H., assistant professor, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, and president, National Black Men's Health Network; Debbie Saslow, Ph.D., director, breast and gynecologic cancer programs, American Cancer Society; March 2011, The Lancet; Oct. 25, 2011, statement, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention All rights reserved
Ferns as a forest farming crop: effects of light levels on growth and frond quality of selected speicies with potential in Missouri Metadata[+] Show full item record In Missouri 11.3 million acres of commercial forests are privately owned. The vast majority is under very little - if any - management. Agroforestry, specifically forest farming, has the potential to provide producers an opportunity to put these acres under management. In forest farming, high-value specialty crops that require some degree of shade are grown under the protection of the surrounding forest's canopy. The canopy is judiciously modified and managed to provide the proper amount of shade necessary for the specialty crop. Overstory trees are managed for high-value timber or veneer logs. Ferns may be an option to forest farmers as a high-value understory crop.The purpose of this research is to quantify the effects of various levels of light intensity on selected fern species believed to have potential use in the floral green and landscape industries and, to determine the feasibility of commercially grown ferns in Missouri.
Nearly 7% of Young South African Children HIV-Positive, Study Says May 14, 2004 Almost 7% of South African children ages two to nine are HIV-positive, according to a study released on Wednesday by the South African Human Sciences Research Council, Reuters reports (Bell, Reuters, 5/12). HSRC Executive Director Olive Shisana presented the National Household HIV Prevalence and Risk Study of South African Children -- the first national HIV prevalence study among children in South Africa -- at the Second African Conference on Social Aspects of HIV and AIDS Research in Cape Town, South Africa (Matomela, BuaNews, 5/12). The study, which was funded by the Nelson Mandela Children's Fund and the Nelson Mandela Foundation, is a further analysis of data collected for the 2002 Nelson Mandela/HSRC Study of HIV/AIDS. The study included 3,988 children and teenagers between the ages of two and 18. More than 82% of participants provided an oral fluid sample for HIV testing. Caregivers answered questionnaires for the 2,138 children between the ages of two and 11; 740 participants between the ages of 12 and 14 completed a separate children's questionnaire; and 1,110 participants between the ages of 15 and 18 completed a youth questionnaire (HSRC release, 5/12). Researchers conducted the study to determine HIV prevalence among children, determine young people's knowledge of HIV/AIDS and the methods of prevention and identify social and community risk factors that "predispose" children to HIV infection, BuaNews reports (BuaNews, 5/12). Calif. Governor's Revised State Budget Proposal Drops Caps on ADAP Enrollment, Increases HIV/AIDS Funding U.S. Government Should Pay for All Low-Income Residents' HIV/AIDS Care Under New Program, IOM Report Says This article was provided by Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. It is a part of the publication Kaiser Daily HIV/AIDS Report. Visit the Kaiser Family Foundation's website to find out more about their activities, publications and services.
Poetry Project - Rearrangement Poem Poems are a great way to express oneself in words, style and more. There are so many ways to create a poem, and so it's important to make sure that people know this by learning to construct them in different manners. One method I was taught in high school is the rearrangement poem - creating a poem from either the words of another poem or taking a few lines from a story/stories and rearranging the words from those lines. You can even take words from a magazine to construct a poem. This can have a few different effects, including trying to break writer's block, looking at different meanings of a set of words, and trying to find more in something that already exists. English 10 Assignment Here's the way my 10th grade teacher taught me about this idea: English 10 Assignment: Create a poem using words from sentences that mean something to you. These sentences were found from various stories. I wished with all my power what I knew that she was wishing: that she might live to see at least one more summer. Finally, everyone was equal. You have all the time to be putting yourself in someone else's place. I call out for you against the jutted stars not of loss but of the pain of having failed. Here's the poem I created with those words: I can touch the sky of pearls ---------------------------------------------------------------- I call to you yet with the jutted pain in having failed that power of stars all she knew was that she wished to live for the loss of time everyone else's more equal. all putting my one place out You be yourself at least I see I finally might have someone wishing against what was but not the summer. More by this Author Congratulations! You want to make a difference in the world and serve our nation's youth as a Teach for America educator. Now you just have to apply. Learn more about the process by reading about my experience... Learn why it is important to have a classroom management plan, the most important elements that your plan should include, two key assumptions that are critical for a comprehensive classroom management system, and more. For anyone who hasn't seen Lee Mun Wah's film "The Color of Fear," it's a truly eye-opening experience. The film shows eight men of various ethnicities discussing the issue of race together. They are all of...
Fewer Baths for Baby May Contribute to Better Skin Health by Corinne M. Howington, MD Low Country Dermatology Do you bathe your baby every day? If so, you may be putting your child at risk for a long-term skin disease called atopic dermatitis. “Atopic” refers to a tendency to develop allergy conditions. “Dermatitis” means swelling of the skin. Children who develop atopic dermatitis, also sometimes called eczema, usually do so during their first year of life. It causes itchy skin that is red, warm and tender, often on the scalp, forehead and face. While there are treatments that can help, recent studies suggest that atopic dermatitis can be avoided altogether with simple steps. I generally recommend to my patients that babies should be bathed no more than three times a week. Furthermore, I encourage parents to be aware of what is in the baby wash and shampoo and make sure their baby’s skin is properly moisturized by applying a fragrance-free, hypoallergenic moisturizing lotion immediately after the bath to help keep the skin from drying out. Research recently published in The Wall Street Journal (11/4, D3, Linden, Subscription Publication) suggests that atopic dermatitis in infants can be prevented with proper skin care and perhaps fewer baths, no more than three a week. Similar recommendations have been published by The American Academy of Pediatrics on its website. Parents should consider these tips to help reduce the risk of atopic dermatitis in infants: • For the first year, give baths no more than two or three times a week to avoid drying out the baby’s skin. • Apply moisturizer liberally immediately after the bath. Putting it on when the skin is still moist will seal in the water. • Use mild, non-soap cleansers designed for a baby’s skin. Fragrance-free is best. Even herbal ingredients can be irritating to the skin. • Thicker or oily moisturizing products are better at keeping the skin moist. • Consider products with the National Eczema Association’s seal of acceptance. These don’t contain ingredients that are known irritants to sensitive skin. Environmental factors such pollutants and indoor heating can also disrupt the infant’s skin’s ability to keep moisture in and allergens and microbes out. The condition usually occurs before the age of 18 months, when a baby’s skin is still developing. It can be very uncomfortable and may come and go for months or years. If not treated properly, the condition could lead to skin infections. While I strive to focus on prevention, if the condition develops, I can help parents learn how to take care of their baby’s affected skin and recommend safe and effective treatments to relieve much of the discomfort of atopic dermatitis. ABOUT LOW COUNTRY DERMATOLOGY Low Country Dermatology specializes in the treatment of adult and pediatric diseases of the skin, hair and nails. Dr. Corinne Howington is a board certified dermatologist, with expertise in medical, surgical and cosmetic dermatology. Low Country Dermatology is located at 310 Eisenhower Dr. Suite 12A Savannah, GA 31406. For more information, visit lcderm.com . Cecilia Russo Marketing
As a substrate, acyclo-GTP is incorporated into viral DNA, resulting in premature chain termination. Its monophosphate form also incorporates into the viral DNA, resulting in chain termination. Due to their structure they have less premature chain termination and branching. This work led to the elucidation of the stop codons in the genetic code and the mechanism of chain termination during protein synthesis. The thioesterase (TE) domain catalyzes chain termination and release of the mature lipopeptide. Before autoacceleration, chain termination by combination of two free radical chains is a very rapid reaction that occurs at very high frequency (about one in 10 collisions). Puromycin is an aminonucleoside antibiotic, derived from the Streptomyces alboniger bacterium, that causes premature chain termination during translation taking place in the ribosome. Taking the polymerization of ethylene as an example, the free radical mechanism can be divided into three stages: chain initiation, chain propagation, and chain termination. Like all addition polymerizations, it takes place in three steps: chain initiation, chain propagation, and chain termination. This final weight is determined by the rate of propagation compared to the rate of individual chain termination, which includes both chain transfer and chain termination steps.
All we know that emotions could be arose during the passionate reading (or listening) of the episode of “Paolo and Francesca” in the Alighieri’s “Divina Commedia”. In fact, the episode speakes about passion and emotion from the two lovers in the hell, interrogated by Dante. Usually, in our common understanding, emotions are not conveyed by the “right words” but what if they could be measured? Modern neuroscience suggest that emotions could be generated by attributing a value to our perceptions, generated by cerebral structures ancient when compared to the cerebral cortex. Emotions impacts and modify the activity of some organs of our body, such as heart and sweat glandes, and can be measured by specialized devices. Also the cerebral interest could be measured by recording the electrical activity of the brain with the electroencephalogram (EEG). As explained in the other part of this WEB site, BrainSigns could measure such variables in humans. What has been done in the NeuroDante project A group of university students have been measured by taking the EEG, EKG and GSR during listening of selected pieces of Dante’s Divina Commedia, taken from inferno, Purgatorio e Paradiso. Results obtained suggested that people with professional interest for literature perceives more emotion and generate more interest to the listening of the pieces than their counterpart. The average value are here presented separately for each part of the experimental groups Humanist and Not Humanist. Note that Humanist are students that have literature as university goal while Not Humanist are students of scientific matters. Who participated to this research? For the literary part : professors Paolo Canettieri, Mariella Combi, and dr. Roberto Rea, Luca Gatti of Dipartimento di Studi Europei, Americani e Interculturali dell’Università Sapienza di Roma. For the neuroscience part: professor Fabio Babiloni and the drs. Giulia Cartocci, Enrica Modica, Dario Rossi, Anton Giulio Maglione, Patrizia Cherubino e Arianna Trettel del Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare of the Università Sapienza di Roma and BrainSigns. The Centro Sperimentale di Cinematografia di Cinecittà, with the director Adriano De Santis and actor Roberto Antonelli have also participated in the realization of the study for the generation of the readings of the selected part of the Divina Commedia. - Art and Neuroscience in an installation art “El Observador” exhibited in the Cultural Centre “La Termica”, in Malaga, Spain - Don’t Miss “CertaMente 2016” Rome, April 14-15 - Neuromarketing and Retail Design – April 28, Milan - Marketing and Neuroscience a possible sinergy - “Consumer Insights – News from Neuroscience” – Conference in Rome, October 1st - The great beauty: the emotion of the Michelangelo’s Moses - Emotion and neuroscience: the Michelangelo’s Moses
Trout in Trouble? Trout stocking in Tennessee, started to replace native fish displaced by dams, is now in jeopardy, putting the state's trout populations in danger. Trout in Trouble? It’s a recurring theme in the relationship between people and nature. Progress we achieve today often causes problems that have to be addressed later. Such is the case with Tennessee’s largest rivers where, where through the direction of the federal government, TVA and the Corps of Engineers built dams for flood control and power generation starting back in the 1930’s.. But little thought was given to protecting life in the rivers below the dams—the tailwaters, where cold water released from lake bottoms changed aquatic ecosystems, making them uninhabitable for native fish. That’s why the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, working with the TWRA, began raising and stocking trout in these streams. Now that stocking program is threatened. Wild Side Guide Alan Griggs takes a closer look at the problem and why we should all be concerned. You can learn more about the trout stocking issue on the Tennessee Wildlife Federation website. Tennessee Senator Lamar Alexander, along with the Tennessee Wildlife Federation, TWRA, and Georgia DNR, helped broker a deal with TVA and the USFWS to provide $2.7 million in short-term funding over three years, but the long-term problem is not going away. And since stocking programs need to plan early to start raising next year’s trout, a decision will need to be made soon. The budget process is ongoing and it’s not too late for public input to influence the decision-making in Washington. To make your voice heard on this important issue, contact USFWS Director Dan Ashe at firstname.lastname@example.org, or via twitter at @DirectorDanAshe. Hopefully a long-term plan will be put in place to continue stocking the fish and ensure that Tennessee remains a world-class trout fishing destination. From show 2811
The Antarctic fossil record is one of the least understood in the world, due in large part to its remoteness, ice cover, and extreme conditions. There is much to learn, but Antarctic research is often difficult to do. “It’s logistically intensive fieldwork,” said Dr. Christian Sidor, Burke Museum curator of vertebrate paleontology and University of Washington (UW) Professor of Biology. He recently led a multi-institution research team to Antarctica for an 11-week expedition funded by the National Science Foundation, which manages the U.S. Antarctic Program. Christian is very familiar with the logistics involved; this was his fourth research trip to Antarctica in the past 15 years to better understand how life recovered after the Permo-Triassic mass extinction, which happened about 252 million years ago and ushered in the era of dinosaurs. Megan (Meg) Whitney, a graduate student in the UW Department of Biology, joined Christian for her first trip to Antarctica. Meg’s interest is in anatomy, but she didn’t want to be a medical doctor. “I wasn’t a dinosaur kid—I fell into [paleontology].” Meg is studying the anatomy of fossil bones and teeth at a microscopic scale to understand how animals were affected by extreme seasonality at polar latitudes as part of her PhD. “We’re working on the mountainsides—the tips of mountain sticking through the glacier,” said Christian. “We use our knowledge of the geology and sedimentology to understand where fossils are likely to be found.” “When we find a fossil, hopefully we’re finding the beginning of a skeleton and can trace that to the hillside and excavate a big block, including the fossil but also some of the rock surrounding it so it’s protected,” he said. The Shackleton Glacier area was previously explored by paleontologists only three other times, in 1970–71, 1977–78 and 1995–96. “I was worried that it might have been picked over [by the previous teams],” said Christian. Thankfully that wasn’t the case. The team found fossil bones, trace fossils including tracks and burrows, and plant impressions—all indications of what life was like about 250 million years ago. The skeletal material includes small, salamander-like amphibians (temnospondyls), early reptiles such as Prolacerta and Procolophon, in addition to mammal relatives like Lystrosaurus and Thrinaxodon. They also found several other species that will need additional research to determine what they were. Not much is known about Antarctic amphibians, but Christian believes that will change after this expedition. “In the past, we’ve known which families of amphibians have been there but not which species,” he said. “Because we have so many [amphibian fossils] and they’re so well-preserved, we’ll be able to tackle that question and know what species of amphibians were in Antarctica after the mass extinction.” In addition, they collected the first identifiable vertebrate fossils from the middle of the Fremouw Formation, which will help narrow down the age of those rocks. Fossils were previously found in the lower and upper parts of the Fremouw Formation, but not in the middle. Read the full story on the Burke Museum blog.
Which Joe gave his name to ‘sloppy joes’? We look at five interesting sandwiches and their lexical origins. A disease of the skin, especially one that does not cause inflammation. - ‘Rosacea is a chronic inflammatory facial dermatosis of unknown aetiology characterised by erythema and pustules.’ - ‘Zinc-responsive dermatosis is an uncommon disease of dogs resulting from either an absolute or relative deficiency in zinc.’ - ‘Scabies is an intensely itchy dermatosis caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei.’ - ‘This rare dermatosis occurs in the second and third trimester of pregnancy.’ - ‘Ashy dermatosis, also known as erythema dyschromicum perstans, is a rare idiopathic dermatosis characterized by ash-gray skin lesions.’ We take a look at several popular, though confusing, punctuation marks. From Afghanistan to Zimbabwe, discover surprising and intriguing language facts from around the globe. The definitions of ‘buddy’ and ‘bro’ in the OED have recently been revised. We explore their history and increase in popularity.
Calculate the markup percentage on the product cost, the final revenue or selling price and, the value of the gross profit. Enter the original cost and your required gross margin to calculate revenue (selling price), markup percentage and gross profit. This calculator is the same as our Price Calculator. Revenue = Selling Price Markup Formulas and Calculations: - The gross profit P is the difference between the cost to make a product C and the selling price or revenue R. - P = R - C - To calculate revenue R based on the cost C and the desired gross margin G, where G is in decimal form: - R = C / ( 1 - G) - The gross profit dollars P is the revenue dollars R from the sale times the gross margin G percentage, where G is in decimal form : - P = R * G - The markup percentage M, in decimal form, is gross profit P divided by cost C. - M = P/ C - M * 100 will change the decimal to a percentage.
In one of the most controversial capital punishment trials of the 20th century, a man and his wife were charged, tried, convicted, and executed, for the crime of conspiracy to commit espionage against the United States, at a time when the Cold War was just heating up. The avowed Communist Party couple also were accused of working with Soviet KGB agents to acquire nuclear weapons secrets, which smacked of treason. Although their co-defendants in the trial received sentences of 15 to 30 years in prison, the Rosenbergs became the first U.S. civilians to be executed for espionage. Unsurprisingly, media frenzy during the event heated public emotions to a white-hot intensity. While of America learned about the case through newspapers, a large audience followed it on radio and, to a lesser degree, on television. Owing to the overheated political climate and frayed-nerve mindset of post-World War II America, a gulf widened between those who were convinced that a minimal amount of evidence was enough to convict the Rosenbergs, and those who believed the evidence was compromised, as presented by the prosecution. Julius was born in New York in May 1918, to Jewish parents. While working on his degree in electrical engineering at the College of New York, he joined the newly formed Young Communist League (YCL). There he met his future wife, Ethel Greenglass. Born in September 1915, Ethel also was from a Jewish family. After attempts to become a singer or actress failed, she landed a job as a secretary for a shipping company. In an intrepid plunge for a woman of those times Greenglass got involved in labor disputes and joined the YCL. After the two were married in 1939, Julius enlisted in the Army Signal Corps and specialized in radar equipment repair. In 1943, as World War II was being waged on numerous fronts, Semyon Semenov, a high-ranking officer of the KGB, recruited Julius Rosenberg, through his ties with the Communist Party USA, to provide classified information to the Soviets. Ostensibly, the Soviets needed the information because, as an ally with the U.S., they could fight the Germans on the Eastern Front with the advanced weaponry used by the U.S. in their battles. Of particular interest to the KGB was the proximity fuse. When installed on air-to-ground, air-to-air, or ground-to-air missiles, the device could detonate a warhead without having to make a direct hit on the target. The fuse was based on the Doppler principle of the sudden dropping of frequency waves once past its target. That was a vast improvement over timing devices and other means of bomb detonation. While the Rosenbergs, especially Julius, were possibly duped into thinking they were helping to bolster an ally, they were nonetheless complicit in acts against the U.S. in a time of war. When Semyonov was called back to Moscow in 1944, his duties were assumed by his protégé, Alexander Feklisov. Feklisov cultivated a warm relationship with Julius, and eventually persuaded him to bring in his brother-in-law, David Greenglass a machinist on the Manhattan Project to supply the pipeline with information. Owing to the viewpoint that the U.S. should not possess the only atomic bomb, Julius managed to recruit Joel Barr, Al Sarrant, William Perl, and Morton Sobell. Following the war, the U.S. was ultra-sensitive about sharing information with the U.S.S.R., so it came as a great surprise that the Soviets had managed to produce their own nuclear warhead. It was determined that German defector Klaus Fuchs, a theoretical physicist working for Great Britain, had passed secret documents to the Soviets via a courier. Following his arrest, David Greenglass confessed to supplying documents to the KGB, then testified against his sister and Julius. Greenglass also named Sobell as an accomplice, but Sobell fled to Mexico City, seeking asylum. He was later extradited back to the U.S. for trial. The trial and verdict The trial predictably attracted media attention of a similar magnitude as the recent Alger Hiss affair. Some observers argued that media bias had influenced the verdict and/or the sentence imposed on the Rosenbergs. During the trial, which began on March 6, 1951, the prosecutions star witness, David Greenglass, continued to point the finger at his sister and Julius as conspirators who passed along sensitive information to the Soviets during wartime. Ethel was described by her brother as a probationer or agent, according to information provided by a sophisticated code-breaking device, known by its acronym VERONA. It was used by the U.S. intelligence corps to unravel foreign coded correspondence to and from Soviet operatives in the U.S., during and following the war. She was found guilty of the charges, but many supporters felt that a capital charge of conspiracy was not only too harsh, but clearly was not supported by the evidence. They point to the fact that Ethel was never given a code name (Julius was Antenna or Liberal) making her role appear less significant than her husbands. The defining stroke of ignominy came down in 2001, when David Greenglass admitted that he had perjured himself regarding the testimony about his sister nearly 50 years after her death to protect his wife and children from persecution and possible prosecution. As for Julius, he took the Fifth Amendment whenever questions about his connections to the Communist Party, or any of its members, were asked. That did not earn him any sympathy points with the jury. Evidence showed that indeed, he met with Feklisov more than 50 times during a three-year period. The quality of information, however, is somewhat suspect beyond that of the proximity fuse. The trial ended on March 28, with the guilty verdicts read the following day. A week later, Judge Kaufman imposed the death penalty on the Rosenbergs; Sobell received a 30-year sentence. Without being charged, Fuchs returned to England in 1946. However, he was arrested there in 1950, after intelligence officers gleaned enough information from the VERONA Project to confront him. Fuchs confessed, was found guilty and sentenced to 14 years in prison, the maximum in England for passing secrets to a friendly nation. A series of appeals, including to the U.S. Supreme Court, ran out on July 19, 1953. The Rosenbergs were put to death in the electric chair. Julius died on the first surge of juice. But the chair was not a one-size-fits-all contraption it was not designed for a petite female. The grisly results were that, because of incomplete connections, three attempts had to be made on Ethel before death was pronounced. Some onlookers said that smoke could be seen rising from her scalp, with a foul odor wafting through the observation room. The entire proceedings left many in tears, many more with a bad taste in their mouths, and a feeling that justice was far from served. An angry sentiment prevailed, and a grassroots crusade began, in part owing to the real fear of individual rights being usurped without the entire truth being heard by ones peers. Such maddening questions remain as: Were the Rosenbergs given a fair trial? Did they really help the Soviets? To what extent did they pass along secrets regarding the building of an atomic bomb? Could the Soviets have built their bomb without the Rosenbergs? To what extent did Ethel know she was involved? Did the sentence fit the evidence? Was the judge anti-Semitic? Was he coerced by outside sources to put them to death? Out of all the co-conspirators, why were only the Rosenbergs sentenced to death? Beyond the grave The Rosenberg case refuses to go away. Their sons, orphaned at 10 and six, co-wrote a book, We Are Your Sons: The Legacy of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg (1975), about their experiences as orphans. Not one family member was willing to take them in, owing to fears of being fired by employers, or worse. Documentaries, as well as fiction novels, have helped keep the case from collecting dust: The Book of Daniel (1971), a novel based on the case by E.L. Doctorow, became the basis for Daniel, a film starring Timothy Hutton (1983). The play, Angels in America (1992), starring Meryl Streep, portrays Ethel Rosenberg in a new light. Another play, The Rubenstein Kiss (2005), was inspired by the couple. Even Alexander Feklisov had his say in The Man behind the Rosenbergs (2001).
In addition to keeping your computer healthy, it’s important to think about your own health. Using a computer involves a lot of repetitive motions such as typing and using the mouse. Over time, these motions can begin to negatively impact your body, especially your wrists, neck, and back. Staring at a monitor for long periods of time can also cause eye strain. To minimize these risks, you should take a few moments to make sure your workspace is arranged in a comfortable and healthy way. Watch the video below to learn more about arranging your workspace to avoid strain and injury. Avoiding strain and injury Computer ergonomics is the science of equipment design and how specific equipment usage and placement can reduce a user’s discomfort and increase productivity. Some equipment is designed with special attention to ergonomics, like ergonomic keyboards and ergonomic chairs. Here are a few tips to help you avoid injury in your workspace. - Adjust your chair: Make sure your chair is adjusted to allow you to sit in a natural, comfortable position. Many office chairs are specially designed to support the lower back and promote good posture. - Keep the keyboard at a comfortable height: Try to place the keyboard in a position that allows you to keep your wrists straight and relaxed to avoid wrist strain. Many desks have a keyboard tray that can keep the keyboard at a better height. You can also buy an ergonomic keyboard that is designed to minimize wrist strain. - Keep the mouse close to the keyboard: If possible, place the mouse right next to the keyboard. If the mouse is too far away, it may be uncomfortable or awkward to reach for it. - Place the monitor at a comfortable distance: The ideal position for a monitor is 20 to 40 inches away from your eyes. It should also be at eye levelor slightly lower. - Avoid clutter: The computer area can quickly become cluttered with paper, computer accessories, and other items. By keeping this area as uncluttered as possible, you can improve your productivity and prevent strain and injury. - Take frequent breaks: It’s important to take breaks while you’re working at your computer. To avoid eye strain, you should look away from the monitorevery once in a while. You can also stand up and walk around to avoid sitting in the same position for long periods of time. Programs such as Workravecan automatically remind you to take breaks. For more information on setting up a computer workspace, visit the Computer Workstations eTool from the Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA).
In each knee, there is a medial and lateral meniscus attached to the proximal tibia that accepts the femoral condyles. The shape and composition of the menisci serve to increase the surface area of contact at the tibiofemoral joint. On the medial side, the meniscus is oval-shaped and attaches to the capsule and medial collateral ligament. On the lateral side, the meniscus is more circular and attaches to the lateral capsule. The cusp-like form of the meniscus conforms to the convex shape of the appropriate femoral condyle. Due to the structural makeup of the meniscus, compression during weight-bearing activities is absorbed via circumferential tension (hoop stress) and allows the meniscus to deform peripherally. By increasing the surface area, there is a resultant decrease in stress on both the tibia and femur. Each meniscus is anchored to the intercondylar area at the anterior and posterior horns. The peripheral aspects of each meniscus adheres to the tibial plateau and capsule via coronary ligaments, and an anterior transverse ligament connects to two menisci. With the loose attachments of the meniscus to the knee, significant movement is permitted by each meniscus. According to Neumann, the quadriceps and semimembranosus muscles attach to both menisci, while the popliteus muscle attaches to the lateral meniscus only. These muscular attachments can aid in stabilizing the relatively loose menisci during knee motion, but also can put too much stress on the meniscus during recovery from surgery. The menisci are also important for guiding arthrokinematic motion, proprioception, lubricating the articular cartilage, and stabilizing the knee. The mechanism of injury can often be useful in diagnosing the pathology. In traumatic cases, the meniscus is often torn by twisting of the femur on a flexed knee and fixed tibia. Due to the proximity of the menisci to other structures of the knee (MCL, ACL, etc.), common mechanisms of injury, such as a valgus collapse, can injure the meniscus as well (remember the medial meniscus attaches to the MCL). Patients often complain of having "twisted" their knee, hearing a "pop," joint line pain that is increased during weight-bearing, and possibly having the joint lock in place. It is widely accepted that the medial meniscus is torn more frequently than the lateral, however, one of the studies we looked at stated that the opposite might be true. Meniscal tears are commonly associated with ACL injuries. During an ACL rupture as a result of a valgus collapse, it is the lateral meniscus that has been found to be torn more frequently due to the compression forces between the tibia and femur. The medial meniscus is found to be torn more frequently in the chronic ACL-deficient knees as a result of repetitive translation of the tibiofemoral joint. In the acute cases, we may or may not see joint effusion and a flexed-knee gait pattern. Patients may be unable to achieve full extension, due to a block caused by a meniscal tear. When the mechanism of injury is not clear, or in non-traumatic cases, we as clinicians have many options to assess the integrity of the menisci. The McMurray Test is used commonly when assessing the menisci, but due to its low diagnostic accuracy, should only be used when clustered with other tests (pain with flexion overpressure, pain with extension overpressure, joint line tenderness, and a hx of locking - check out the knee homepage for the criteria!). Another special test, the Thessaly Test, has very good diagnostic accuracy. As far as imaging goes, MRIs are commonly used with a contrast to identify meniscal tears, but do not always visualize well enough to be certain. Arthrograms are a cheaper option, but are not as sensitive and specific as an MRI. An arthroscopy can increase certainty with direct visualization. There are many factors that should come into consideration when addressing a meniscal injury in an individual. One of the most important ones is age. The standard meniscus has good blood supply to the peripheral 1/3, decent blood supply to the middle 1/3, and poor blood supply to the central 1/3. Obviously, the blood supply can translate into ability to regenerate. When we are younger (especially the skeletally immature), there is increased vascularity throughout the entire meniscus, which translates into an even higher potential for regeneration. With this knowledge, it is widely accepted that adolescents will have a surgical procedure for a meniscal repair. In a study on young athletes, meniscal repairs had good results for peripheral and central tears. The study used the "inside-out" technique that has shown significant success. Another factor that comes into play is whether or not an ACL reconstruction occurred at the same time. Many studies have shown that individuals who simultaneously had their ACL reconstructed and a meniscal repair had better results. The theory is that the hemarthrosis created by the ACL reconstruction aided in healing factors for the meniscus. Studies have also shown that the risk for retearing the meniscus is higher when located centrally, where there is poorer blood supply. Stability of the knee can play a role in the likelihood of retearing the meniscus as well. In an unstable knee, additional arthrokinematic motion can occur; thus, additional stress can be placed on the meniscus. A large contributing factor to potential for repair is the type of tear i.e. bucket-handle, longitudinal, radial, etc. The issue is that this cannot be identified without direct visualization. Tears like a bucket-handle often are partially removed instead of repaired, due to the destruction of the collagen tension lines. Another important note is that these factors can play a role in the pace of the rehab program. With characteristics that are shown to have increased healing rates, a more aggressive rehab protocol can be utilized. In the adult population, since repairs are less likely to be successful, a partial meniscectomy is often preferred over a total meniscectomy. In the past, total meniscectomies were performed frequently without concern; however, over time a link has been shown between those who had their entire meniscus removed and the development of osteoarthritis. As the understanding of the importance of the menisci increased, we learned how the menisci were responsible for decreasing the stress placed on the articular cartilage and bone. As a result of this finding, surgical procedures were adjusted to try and preserve the meniscus as much as possible, which led to thedevelopment of the partial meniscectomy. In those who choose to still pursue a complete meniscectomy, it has been shown that adherence to an exercise program can delay or reduce the risk of developing OA. One of the major correlations for developing OA is reduced thigh muscle strength. It is known that an exercise program can reduce this risk factor. In a partial meniscectomy, the tear is often removed and the remaining meniscus is smoothed out, so that any fraying cannot lead to another tear. In elderly individuals, where degeneration injuries are more common, studies have shown an initial bout of conservative therapy (physical therapy) can often delay or sometimes eliminate the need for a partial meniscectomy, however, this is a debatable topic where further research is needed. One study in particular found that in an exercise group vs. an arthroscopic partial meniscectomy + exercise group, no difference was found in results. It should be noted that the participants only had non-traumatic meniscal injuries. In the athletic population, some athletes have the option of returning to sport to finish the season, while having the meniscal tear remain. This could delay surgery until the season is finished. However, if the athlete was unable to withstand the symptoms, surgery could be utilized. The article did not discuss if conservative therapy was used during the season to try and alleviate symptoms. An important consideration is the time period between injury occurrence and surgical procedure. An article found that better results were achieved if the repair occurred within 8 weeks of injury for traumatic meniscal injuries. The longer the tear was present, the more likely OA developed. As far as rehabilitation of individuals following meniscal repairs goes, PTs are often found following the protocol of the surgeon in a step-by-step process. As expected, there is a wide variety of both conservative and accelerated programs that can vary from 10 weeks to 7 months for return to sports. Research is underway that will hopefully aid in determinig the appropriate speed of a rehab program. A study on animal meniscal repairs found that 80% of the tensile strength was achieved after 12 weeks. Variable factors include whether or not an immobilization period is used (and how long that phase is), weight-bearing restrictions, ROM limitations based on time from surgery, concomitant surgeries such as ACL reconstruction can influence the rehab protocol, and of course activities that stress the meniscal repair more forcefully. One study showed that prolonged immobilization is linked to decreased collagen content. It is interesting to note that it is not necessarily the weight-bearing element that stresses the meniscus, but the combination of weight-bearing with gliding of the tibio-femoral joint and of course rotation of the knee. As physical therapists we work on treating the patients' impairments, such as flexibility, strength deficits (especially the quads), and tasks that involve a high level of balance and neuromuscular coordination. Sport-specific training is included, when appropriate. An additional method of treatment that should be considered is the use of aquatic therapy. Aquatic therapy has been used in accelerated ACL rehab programs with success and could find benefit with meniscal repairs as well. The pool environment addresses the concern of weight-bearing and stress put on the repair. More advanced exercises can potentially be implemented earlier in the pool due to that decrease in stress. Something to consider, however, is the resistance put on hamstrings, due to their attachment to the menisci. Be sure to know any limitations the surgeon has on hamstring activity before using the pool. Some more experimental methods are out there to try and facilitate meniscal repair. The fibrin clot is a procedure where a fibrin clot matrix is injected into the meniscal tear to promote normal healing processes. While the meniscus was repaired, it was unable to resist the stresses that a normal, healthy meniscus can withstand, so the additional healing factors can potentially improve the process. Another procedure being explored is vascular access channels. As the name might explain, tunnels are created to connect the vascular areas of the meniscus to the avascular areas that are damaged in order to try and redirect the healing nutrients to the injured site. This method has had positive results in the initial studies and could potentially be useful for particular cases! Synovial abrasion is a process that involves surgical irritation of the synovial lining of the knee. The purpose is to have the healing cells from the synovium aid in healing the damaged meniscus. This technique is used frequently during surgeries. Many researchers are also trying to develop working meniscal transplants. Right now there are various methods of transplants for a meniscus: fresh allografts, deep-frozen allografts, cryopreserved allografts, and freeze-dried allografts. Of the four listed there, the fresh allografts and cryopreserved allografts provided the best potential results, but the long-term outcomes are still unknown. On a related topic, researchers are also looking at constructing collagen scaffolds that can provide the characteristics necessary for fibrochondrocyte ingrowth that could lead to meniscal regeneration. Something to look out for in the future! A recent study utilized a treatment known as AposTherapy for individuals with degenerative meniscal injuries and potential development of OA. The researchers analyzed the gait of the participants. Each individual was then given shoes that had an element placed on the hindfoot and an element placed on the forefoot (customized following the results of the gait analysis) that were designed to alter the gait of the individual. Participants gradually built up tolerance wearing the devices each day. After 12 months, significant changes were noted in the participants' gait patterns, especially increased gait speed, SLS, and step length. When further research is done, this could be an interesting treatment option to delay the need for surgical intervention and could be useful for treating those at risk for developing OA as well. Brindle T, Nyland J, Johnson DL. "The meniscus: review of basic principles with application to surgery and rehabilitation." J Athl Train. 2001 Apr;36(2):160-9. 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Herrlin S, Hållander M, Wange P, Weidenhielm L, Werner S. "Arthroscopic or conservative treatment of degenerative medial meniscal tears: a prospective randomised trial." Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2007 Apr;15(4):393-401. Web. 09/22/2012. Kraus T, Heidari N, Švehlík M, Schneider F, Sperl M, Linhart W. "Outcome of repaired unstable meniscal tears in children and adolescents." Acta Orthop. 2012 Jun;83(3):261-6. Web. 09/22/2012. McCarty EC, Marx RG, Wickiewicz TL. "Meniscal tears in the athlete. Operative and nonoperative management." Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2000 Nov;11(4):867-80. Web. 09/22/2012. Neumann, Donald. Kinesiology of the Musculoskeletal System: Foundations for Rehabilitation. 2nd edition. St. Louis, MO: Mosby Elsevier, 2010. 526-528. Print. Pyne SW. "Current progress in meniscal repair and postoperative rehabilitation." Curr Sports Med Rep. 2002 Oct;1(5):265-71. Web. 09/22/2012. Vanderhave KL, Moravek JE, Sekiya JK, Wojtys EM. "Meniscus tears in the young athlete: results of arthroscopic repair." J Pediatr Orthop. 2011 Jul-Aug;31(5):496-500. Web. 09/22/2012.
Jerusalem, Jan 28: Researchers have developed pressure-sensing washable 'smart' socks which, when paired with smartphones, can reduce foot ulcers in diabetic patients and may help prevent resulting amputations. SenseGO, a machine-washable sock containing dozens of micro-fabricated pressure sensors, has been created by researchers at The Hebrew University of Jerusalem and Hadassah Medical Centre in Israel. With SenseGO, changes in pressure due to incorrect posture, anatomical deformation or ill-fitting shoes are registered as electrical signals that are relayed to a smartphone app, which in turn informs the patient of developing risk. Diabetic neuropathy is a type of nerve damage associated with the development of foot ulcers in patients with diabetes. Resulting from anatomical deformation, excessive pressure and poor blood supply, it affects over 130 million individuals worldwide, researchers said. It is also the leading cause of amputation, costing the US economy alone more than USD 10 billion annually, they said. Diabetic patients are encouraged to get regular checkups to monitor for the increased pressure and ulceration that can eventually require amputation. However, ulcers are only diagnosed after they occur, meaning that patients require healing time, which dramatically increases health-care costs. "This is a significant medical problem that affects the lives of millions. We thought there must be a way to avoid these wounds altogether," said Danny Bavli, the group's lead engineer. "This is a classic mobile health approach. By giving patients and their families the tools they need to prevent the development of ulcers, we can dramatically reduce health care costs related to diabetes," said Yaakov Nahmias, director at BioDesign: Medical Innovation programme, created by the university.
Man vs. nature: flooding in the Mekong Delta 30 November 2011 \| Article The recent flooding in the Mekong Delta has forced decision makers to address an important question: does it make sense for the state to support the high levels of investment in large-scale water resource management infrastructure needed to produce a third crop of rice. The answer depends on who you ask and how you define the costs and benefits. Many researchers and farmers representatives argue that the direct and hidden costs of a third crop exceed the benefits in terms of the extra rice produced. But many government officials insist that a third crop of rice makes economic sense. To understand these different positions requires an understanding of the history of rice production in the Mekong Delta. Starting in the 1860s under French colonial rule, canals were built to facilitate transportation, expand commerce, and for military purposes. This initiated a process of “opening up” of the delta that continued until the 1960s. During this period, only one crop of rice was grown: a winter-spring crop using traditional long-stem varieties adapted to the deep floods. In the 1970s, when the International Rice Research Institute introduced high yielding varieties, two crops per year became common practice. Starting in the 1980s, a dense network of dykes and canals was built in the Plain of Reeds (POR), a vast wetland covering the northern parts of Dong Thap and Long An Provinces, and then in the Long Xuyen Quadrangle (LXQ), to allow two crops of rice to be grown. Starting in the 1990s, with funding from the World Bank and technical assistance from the Dutch government, a third “autumn-winter” crop was made possible in the POR and LXQ by building higher dykes to limit flooding caused by the peak Mekong flow in October-November. The use of higher dykes to “suppress” floods was introduced by irrigation engineers from the Red River Delta. They also introduced the word lu, or destructive floods, which had no meaning in the Mekong Delta where farmers had traditionally relied on the flood pulse as the basis for their livelihoods. Growing three crops of rice a year in the POR and LXQ initiated a process of “closing off” or “polderization” of the Mekong Delta. Of the delta’s 4 million hectares, 1.8 million hectares are used to grow rice, an area that’s barely changed for 35 years. But thanks to a second and third crop, rice production rose from 4.5 million tons in 1976 to 21 million tons in 2008. Of this, 7 million tons was exported, making Vietnam the world’s second largest rice exporter. In 2011, the total area of the third crop was 644,000 hectares, up from 512,000 hectares in 2010. This increase was driven by high prices for the off-season third crop ($0.38/kg in 2011, a record high) and the absence of high floods since 2000, which encouraged planting in flood-prone areas. The costs of intensification are increasingly evident, however. The higher dykes needed to grow a third rice crop have resulted in the deposition of sediment on the river bed, thereby causing the river bed to rise relative to the floodplain and increasing the flood risk. And the dykes, by preventing flooding of the rice fields, have displaced flooding to settlements near the dykes, including the cities of Long Xuyen and Can Tho. The risk of severe flooding, even when Mekong flows are only slightly above average, will increase under most climate change scenarios, which predict more intense rainfall during the rainy season. Reduced flooding has cut off the supply of nutrient-rich sediment, resulting in a big increase in fertilizer use. And the indiscriminate use and improper handling of fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides (which are required by the new fast-growing rice varieties) have serious public health impacts. A 2005 World Bank study that used explicit medical tests rather than conventional self-reporting of symptoms showed that 25% of the farmers sampled suffered from chronic pesticide poisoning. Reduced flooding has also reduced groundwater recharge and the surface water storage capacity of the POR and LXQ, which in the past acted as a giant sponges, absorbing flood waters during the rainy season (when the Mekong flow reaches 30,000 m3/second) and releasing them during the dry (when it drops to 3,000 m3/second). These changes have reduced river base flow and may be contributing to increased dry season salt water intrusion and drinking water shortages. So if rice intensification in the Mekong Delta isn’t necessary for domestic food security and has serious environmental and economic impacts, why is government so keen to grow even more rice? The answer lies in the distribution of the costs and benefits. As with infrastructure projects anywhere in the world, dyke construction involves lucrative contracts and thousands of well paid jobs. The dyke companies and their friends in local government are vocal advocates for dyke construction. At the same time, rice exports from the delta are negotiated by a few state-owned companies that buy low, sell high, and pocket the difference. And after the fees that farmers paid the local irrigation companies were canceled in 2007, they have no say in water use and consequently in what crops to grow. A series of articles in the Saigon Times Online questioned the value of the third rice crop in wake of this year’s flood damage and loss of life. Professor Vo Tong Xuan, a renowned rice scientist and former rector of An Giang University, questioned whether farmers can ever get rich growing rice. “Vietnam’s rice exports have increased but this has not necessarily improved people’s lives.” “Every year,” he writes “the government spends billions on construction and dredging, but these costs aren’t included in the cost of rice production.” As well as these direct costs, indirect or hidden costs include reduced wild capture fisheries, reduced nutrient replenishment, reduced groundwater infiltration, and increased river bank erosion. And because the poor and landless depend disproportionately on wild capture fisheries and on the flood sediments to maintain fertility, the third rice crop contributes to greater social inequality. In response to a question about the low levels of compensation for flood damage, an official from the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD) replied that compensation was the responsibility of other ministries. MARD argues, predictably, that the solution to the problem is to build higher dykes rather than reconsider the wisdom of the third rice crop. In Vietnam, the government often blames natural disasters on climate change. It’s a convenient excuse because it diverts attention away from the consequences of poor planning and flawed policy. In the case of recent Mekong flooding, the cause of the damage is almost entirely man-made. Sooner or later, the government has to accept the fundamental trade-off between maintaining high levels of rice production and pushing production beyond its natural limits. The Mekong Development Plan, which is being prepared with Dutch support, is an opportunity to highlights this trade-off and initiate steps to “de-intensify” rice production in ways that maximize the economic, environmental, and social benefits of a more natural hydrology. This process will no doubt be resisted by vested interests and involve short-term political pain. But the long-term advantages are clear, as the Dutch learned when they launched their “room for the river” program after the devastating floods of 1995. Vietnam often talks about learning from international experience. Here’s a chance to put that principle into practice.
Evans Creek Dam Removal In 2015, after many years of planning, the Fielder and Wimer dams – two of the worst fish impediments in the state of Oregon – were finally removed from Evans Creek, an important salmon and steelhead tributary of the Rogue River. Geos Institute acted as the project manager for both dam removals, technical projects involving a host of players, logistics, and permits. Now that these dams are gone, 16 miles of Chinook habitat, 60 miles of coho habitat, and more than 70 miles of steelhead habitat are once again open and accessible for local fish. Constructed more than a hundred years ago as irrigation diversions, by the 21st century the Fielder and Wimer dams had become virtually abandoned. They served no active water rights and had no operator, prompting the Department of Fish and Wildlife to list them among the top-10 worst barriers to fish passage in the state. After securing access agreements with the property owners, the necessary funding, and partner groups, Geos Institute assumed responsibility for project management. Together with River Design Group, we developed a plan to safely remove each dam and reclaim the construction site by eliminating debris, decommissioning site access roads, and seeding riparian areas for erosion control, turning Evans Creek back into a free-flowing river. Dam removal took place in the summer of 2015. Historically low water levels amplified turbidity issues, resulting in limited working hours to manage downstream water quality. High wildfire activity also impacted the project. Despite these challenges, both dams were removed by mid-September, in time for the fall Chinook run. Brian Barr, the project manager for Freeways for Fish, describes the feeling of seeing a river flow free after more than a century. “Honestly, where I kind of tear up, or well up, or get really excited…it’s when I have to go back and take repeat photos and I’ll look at the picture I have. ‘Okay, I was standing on this rock and that three was in the middle of the frame and there’s a big piece of concrete.’ And then I set it down, and I frame up that same image. And it’s a creek. That’s where I feel it.”
Four Hebrew words have been translated as “desert.” Hebrew: midbar, “pasture-ground;” an open tract for pasturage; a common (Joel 2:22). The “backside of the desert” (Exodus 3:1) is the west of the desert, the region behind a man, as the east is the region in front. The same Hebrew word is rendered “wilderness,” and is used of the country lying between Egypt and Israel (Genesis 21:14, 21; Exodus 4:27; 19:2; Joshua 1:4), the wilderness of the wanderings. It was a grazing tract, where the flocks and herds of the Israelites found pasturage during the whole of their journey to the Promised Land. The same Hebrew word is used also to denote the wilderness of Arabia, which in winter and early spring supplies good pasturage to the flocks of the nomad tribes than roam over it (1 Kings 9:18). The wilderness of Judah is the mountainous region along the western shore of the Dead Sea, where David fed his father’s flocks (1 Samuel 17:28; 26:2). Thus, in both of these instances the word denotes a country without settled inhabitants and without streams of water, but having good pasturage for cattle; a country of wandering tribes, as distinguished from that of a settled people (Isaiah 35:1; 50:2; Jeremiah 4:11). Such, also, is the meaning of the word “wilderness” in Matthew 3:3; 15:33; Luke 15:4. Hebrew: Aribah'—The translation of the Hebrew Aribah', “an arid tract” (Isaiah 35:1, 6; 40:3; 41:19; 51:3, etc.). The name Arabah is specially applied to the deep valley of the Jordan (the Ghor of the Arabs), which extends from the lake of Tiberias to the Elanitic gulf. While midbar denotes properly a pastoral region, arabah denotes a wilderness. It is also translated “plains;” as “the plains of Jericho” (Joshua 5:10; 2 Kings 25:5), “the plains of Moab” (Numbers 22:1; Deuteronomy 34:1, 8), “the plains of the wilderness” (2 Samuel 17:16). Hebrew: Jeshimon—In the Revised King James Version of Numbers 21:20 the Hebrew word Jeshimon is properly rendered “desert,” meaning the waste tracts on both shores of the Dead Sea. This word is also rendered “desert” in Psalms 78:40; 106:14; Isaiah 43:19-20. It denotes a greater extent of uncultivated country than the other words so rendered. It is especially applied to the desert of the peninsula of Arabia (Numbers 21:20; 23:28M.), the most terrible of all the deserts with which the Israelites were acquainted. It is called “the desert” in Exodus 23:31; Deuteronomy 11:24. (See JESHIMON.) Hebrew: horbah'—a dry place; hence a desolation (Psalms 9:6), desolate (Leviticus 26:34); the rendering of the Hebrew word horbah' It is rendered “desert” only in Psalms 102:6, Isaiah 48:21, and Ezek. 13:4, where it means the wilderness of Sinai. Desert as a symbol The word desert is the symbol of the Jewish church when they had forsaken God (Isaiah 40:3). Nations destitute of the knowledge of God are called a “wilderness” (32:15, midbar). It is a symbol of temptation, solitude, and persecution (Isaiah 27:10, midbar_; 33:9, _arabah).
Artificial Intelligence systems are getting better and better at understanding natural language. A significant part of understanding natural language lies within the domain of sentiment analysis. The outburst of user-generated content generated on social sites such as Facebook and Yelp can be mined and analysed for sentiment analysis. We perform sentiment analysis on review data from Yelp by comparing the traditional methods Naïve Bayes and Support Vector Machine classifiers, to the more contemporary AI technologies of Recurrent Neural Networks and Convolutional Neural Networks. We conduct our analysis based on our own methodology framework inspired by the CRISP model and the Design Science Research approach. Thus, we develop the machine learning models based on the knowledge we gain from the theoretical grounding and base the findings on our interpretations of the results. We find that the neural network-based models are far superior to the traditional methods on this problem. We believe that this is due to the informal and non-linear nature of the reviews, making it difficult for the traditional methods without a significant amount of feature engineering. The neural networks, however, are non-linear models that are able to find patterns in the data themselves, thus enabling them to classify the sentiment accurately. Thus, in a business situation, where the data consist of non-linear text, the neural networks would be the preferred models as they perform the best compared to the traditional ones. \|Educations\|\|MSc in Business Administration and Information Systems, (Graduate Programme) Final Thesis\| \|Number of pages\|\|125\|
<Quadcopter research At the University of Pennsylvania, prof.Vijay Kumar> A quadcoptor, also called a quadroter, is a multicopter that is lifted and propelled by four or multiple rotors. Quadrotors are classified as rotorcraft, as opposed to fixed-wing aircraft, because their lift is generated by a set of revolving narrow-chord airfoils. Unlike most helicopters, quadrotors generally use symmetrically pitched blades; these can be adjusted as a group, a property known as ‘collective’, but not individually based upon the blade’s position in the rotor disc, which is called ‘cyclic’ Control of vehicle motion is achieved by altering the pitch and/or rotation rate of one or more rotor discs, thereby changing its torque load and thrust/lift characteristics. More recently quadrotor designs have become popular in unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) research. These vehicles use an electronic control system and electronic sensors to stabilize the aircraft. With their small size and agile maneuverability, these quadrotors can be flown indoors as well as outdoors. <basic diagram of the high-level software structure> There are several advantages to quadrocopters over comparably-scaled helicopters. First, quadrotors do not require mechanical linkages to vary the rotor blade pitch angle as they spin. This simplifies the design and maintenance of the vehicle. Second, the use of four rotors allows each individual rotor to have a smaller diameter than the equivalent helicopter rotor, allowing them to possess less kinetic energy during flight. This reduces the damage caused should the rotors hit anything. For small-scale UAVs, this makes the vehicles safer for close interaction. Each rotor produces both a thrust and torque about its center of rotation, as well as a drag force opposite to the vehicle’s direction of flight. If all rotors are spinning at the same angular velocity, with rotors one and three rotating clockwise and rotors two and four counterclockwise, the net aerodynamic torque, and hence the angular acceleration about the yaw axis is exactly zero, which implies that the yaw stabilizing rotor of conventional helicopters is not needed. Yaw is induced by mismatching the balance in aerodynamic torques (i.e., by offsetting the cumulative thrust commands between the counter-rotating blade pairs).
An effective pest control strategy includes several tactics that can be used to combat a particular pest. Each tactic comes with its own risks and benefits, so you need to choose the one that is the least harmful for the environment and people. These include suppression, prevention and eradication. Preventative actions are the most effective. They should be implemented in a balanced way to avoid the problem recurring. Once you’ve decided which tactic is best for your particular situation, it’s time to use it to eliminate the problem! Should you have just about any questions relating to wherever and the way to work with Wildlife Control Brampton, you’ll be able to call us with our own web site. This oil is also a safe option for many people who are suffering from various physical or mental conditions. This article will outline some of the most important benefits of CBD for pain. Let’s explore what you need to know about this plant! Although they are often small and easy to spot, many insects can be difficult to identify without proper knowledge. Pests love light and can be attracted to a home with a light-colored or shaped color. To determine if the pest is causing harm, it’s crucial to learn about their lifestyle. For example, an indoor plant may attract ants, which can lead to mold, which is difficult to eliminate. The diet of a pest can vary depending on its species. Some insects are not attracted to sunlight. They may also eat other plants or even humans. This means that one chemical cannot be used to eliminate all types of pest. You can use biological control to manage pest populations. These methods can be used to prevent future problems. These pests are less likely to become an issue in your home, but they will still need to be controlled. Despite its name, the term pest is misleading. It refers to the behavior and spread of pests. Sometimes pests can harm both the target and the nontarget organism. Sometimes, pests are invisible and need to be controlled only occasionally or regularly. click the next website page most common type of pest is a parasite. It infects another organism with its parasites. It is therefore crucial to identify pests quickly to stop the spread of disease. While some pests are harder to kill than others they still need regular treatment. For example, a stickroach can survive in a sealed container for a year. Property damage can also be caused by animals living in your home. It is important to protect your property from other animals. Call a professional pest controller if you suspect there is a problem. These professionals can help you keep your home free of these undesirable creatures. The most common type of pests is a pest that lives on a plant or animal. They can be found almost anywhere and can cause severe damage. While they are not harmful to humans, some can cause serious illness in other animals and the environment. A parasite can sometimes affect both plants or animals. However, pathogens can spread disease to animals. You should be alert for pests that cause harm to your home. If you have any kind of inquiries regarding where and exactly how to use Wildlife Removal Brampton, you could call us at our own page.
1 Chapter Three Quoting, Paraphrasing, and Avoiding Plagiarism How to Summarize: An Overview How to Quote and Paraphrase: An Overview When to Quote, When to Paraphrase Four Examples of Quotes and Paraphrases How to Avoid Plagiarism in the Research Process Plagiarism and the Internet Learning how to effectively quote and paraphrase research can be difficult and it certainly takes practice. Hopefully, your abilities to make good use of your research will improve as you work through the exercises in part two and three of The Process of Research Writing, not to mention as you take on other research writing experiences beyond this class. The goal of this chapter is to introduce some basic strategies for summarizing, quoting and paraphrasing research in your writing and to explain how to avoid plagiarizing your research. How to Summarize: An Overview A summary is a brief explanation of a longer text. Some summaries, such as the ones that accompany annotated bibliographies, are very short, just a sentence or two. Others are much longer, though summaries are always much shorter than the text being summarized in the first place. Hyperlink: Chapter Six, The Annotated Bibliography Exercise, also offers advice on writing effective summaries. Summaries of different lengths are useful in research writing because you often need to provide your readers with an explanation of the text you are discussing. This is especially true when you are going to quote or paraphrase from a source. Of course, the first step in writing a good summary is to do a thorough reading of the text you are going to summarize in the first place. Beyond that important start, there are a few basic guidelines you should follow when you write summary material: Stay neutral in your summarizing. Summaries provide just the facts and are not the place where you offer your opinions about the text you are summarizing. Save your opinions and evaluation of the evidence you are summarizing for other parts of your writing. Don t quote from what you are summarizing. Summaries will be more useful to you and your colleagues if you write them in your own words. 2 Chapter Three, Quoting, Paraphrasing, and Avoiding Plagiarism, 2 Don t cut and paste from database abstracts. Many of the periodical indexes that are available as part of your library s computer system include abstracts of articles. Do no cut this abstract material and then paste it into your own annotated bibliography. For one thing, this is plagiarism. Second, cutting and pasting from the abstract defeats one of the purposes of writing summaries and creating an annotated bibliography in the first place, which is to help you understand and explain your research. Hyperlink: For more advice on close reading, see the section called Starting With a Close Reading in Chapter Seven, The Critique Writing Exercise. How to Quote and Paraphrase: An Overview Writers quote and paraphrase from research in order to support their points and to persuade their readers. A quote or a paraphrase from a piece of evidence in support of a point answers the reader s question, says who? This is especially true in academic writing since scholarly readers are most persuaded by effective research and evidence. For example, readers of an article about a new cancer medication published in a medical journal will be most interested in the scholar s research and statistics that demonstrate the effectiveness of the treatment. Conversely, they will not be as persuaded by emotional stories from individual patients about how a new cancer medication improved the quality of their lives. While this appeal to emotion can be effective and is common in popular sources, these individual anecdotes do not carry the same sort of scholarly or scientific value as well-reasoned research and evidence. Of course, your instructor is not expecting you to be an expert on the topic of your research paper. While you might conduct some primary research, it s a good bet that you ll be relying on secondary sources such as books, articles, and Web sites to inform and persuade your readers. You ll present this research to your readers in the form of quotes and paraphrases. A quote is a direct restatement of the exact words from the original source. The general rule of thumb is any time you use three or more words as they appeared in the original source, you should treat it as a quote. A paraphrase is a restatement of the information or point of the original source in your own words. While quotes and paraphrases are different and should be used in different ways in your research writing (as the examples in this section suggest), they do have a number of things in common. Both quotes and paraphrases should: be introduced to the reader, particularly the first time you mention a source; 3 Chapter Three, Quoting, Paraphrasing, and Avoiding Plagiarism, 3 include an explanation of the evidence which explains to the reader why you think the evidence is important, especially if it is not apparent from the context of the quote or paraphrase; and include a proper citation of the source. The method you should follow to properly quote or paraphrase depends on the style guide you are following in your academic writing. The two most common style guides used in academic writing are the Modern Language Association (MLA), and the American Psychological Association (APA). I discuss both of these different style guides in some detail in the Appendix of this book. Your instructor will probably assign one of these styles before you begin working on your project, however, if he/she doesn t mention this, be sure to ask. When to Quote, When to Paraphrase The real art to research writing is using quotes and paraphrases from evidence effectively in order to support your point. There are certain rules, dictated by the rules of style you are following, such as the ones presented by the MLA or the ones presented by the APA. There are certain guidelines and suggestions, like the ones I offer in the previous section and the ones you will learn from your teacher and colleagues. But when all is said and done, the question of when to quote and when to paraphrase depends a great deal on the specific context of the writing and the effect you are trying to achieve. Learning the best times to quote and paraphrase takes practice and experience. In general, it is best to use a quote when: The exact words of your source are important for the point you are trying to make. This is especially true if you are quoting technical language, terms, or very specific word choices. You want to highlight your agreement with the author s words. If you agree with the point the author of the evidence makes and you like their exact words, use them as a quote. You want to highlight your disagreement with the author s words. In other words, you may sometimes want to use a direct quote to indicate exactly what it is you disagree about. This might be particularly true when you are considering the antithetical positions in your research writing projects. In general, it is best to paraphrase when: There is no good reason to use a quote to refer to your evidence. If the author s exact words are not especially important to the point you are trying to make, you are usually better off paraphrasing the evidence. 4 Chapter Three, Quoting, Paraphrasing, and Avoiding Plagiarism, 4 You are trying to explain a particular a piece of evidence in order to explain or interpret it in more detail. This might be particularly true in writing projects like critiques. You need to balance a direct quote in your writing. You need to be careful about directly quoting your research too much because it can sometimes make for awkward and difficult to read prose. So, one of the reasons to use a paraphrase instead of a quote is to create balance within your writing. Tips for Quoting and Paraphrasing Introduce your quotes and paraphrases to your reader, especially on first reference. Explain the significance of the quote or paraphrase to your reader. Cite your quote or paraphrase properly according to the rules of style you are following in your essay. Quote when the exact words are important, when you want to highlight your agreement or your disagreement. Paraphrase when the exact words aren t important, when you want to explain the point of your evidence, or when you need to balance the direct quotes in your writing. Four Examples of Quotes and Paraphrases Here are four examples of what I mean about properly quoting and paraphrasing evidence in your research essays. In each case, I begin with a BAD example, or the way NOT to quote or paraphrase. Quoting in MLA Style Here s the first BAD example, where the writer is trying to follow the rules of MLA style: There are many positive effects for advertising prescription drugs on television. African-American physicians regard direct-to-consumer advertising of prescription medicines as one way to educate minority patients about needed treatment and healthcare options (Wechsler, Internet). 5 Chapter Three, Quoting, Paraphrasing, and Avoiding Plagiarism, 5 This is a potentially good piece of information to support a research writer s claim, but the researcher hasn t done any of the necessary work to explain where this quote comes from or to explain why it is important for supporting her point. Rather, she has simply dropped in the quote, leaving the interpretation of its significance up to the reader. Now consider this revised GOOD (or at least BETTER) example of how this quote might be better introduced into the essay: In her Pharmaceutical Executive article available through the Wilson Select Internet database, Jill Wechsler writes about one of the positive effects of advertising prescription drugs on television. African-American physicians regard direct-to-consumer advertising of prescription medicines as one way to educate minority patients about needed treatment and healthcare options. In this revision, it s much more clear what point the writer is trying to make with this evidence and where this evidence comes from. In this particular example, the passage is from a traditional print journal called Pharmaceutical Executive. However, the writer needs to indicate that she actually found and read this article through Wilson Select, an Internet database which reproduces the full text of articles from periodicals without any graphics, charts, or page numbers. When you use a direct quote in your research, you need to the indicate page number of that direct quote or you need to indicate that the evidence has no specific page numbers. While it can be a bit awkward to indicate within the text how the writer found this information if it s from the Internet, it s important to do so on the first reference of a piece of evidence in your writing. On references to this piece of evidence after the first reference, you can use just the last name of the writer. For example: Wechsler also reports on the positive effects of advertising prescription drugs on television. She writes... Paraphrasing in MLA Style In this example, the writer is using MLA style to write a research essay for a Literature class. Here is a BAD example of a paraphrase: While Gatsby is deeply in love with Daisy in The Great Gatsby, his love for her is indistinguishable from his love of his possessions (Callahan). 6 Chapter Three, Quoting, Paraphrasing, and Avoiding Plagiarism, 6 There are two problems with this paraphrase. First, if this is the first or only reference to this particular piece of evidence in the research essay, the writer should include more information about the source of this paraphrase in order to properly introduce it. Second, this paraphrase is actually not of the entire article but rather of a specific passage. The writer has neglected to note the page number within the parenthetical citation. A GOOD or at least BETTER revision of this paraphrase might look like this: John F. Callahan suggests in his article F. Scott Fitzgerald s Evolving American Dream that while Gatsby is deeply in love with Daisy in The Great Gatsby, his love for her is indistinguishable from his love of his possessions (381). By incorporating the name of the author of the evidence the research writer is referring to here, the source of this paraphrase is now clear to the reader. Furthermore, because there is a page number at the end of this sentence, the reader understands that this passage is a paraphrase of a particular part of Callahan s essay and not a summary of the entire essay. Again, if the research writer had introduced this source to his readers earlier, he could have started with a phrase like Callahan suggests... and then continued on with his paraphrase. If the research writer were offering a brief summary of the entire essay following MLA style, he wouldn t include a page number in parentheses. For example: John F. Callahan s article F. Scott Fitzgerald s Evolving American Dream examines Fitzgerald s fascination with the elusiveness of the American Dream in the novels The Great Gatsby, Tender is the Night, and The Last Tycoon. Quoting in APA Style Consider this BAD example in APA style, of what NOT to do when quoting evidence: If the U.S. scallop fishery were a business, its management would surely be fired, because its revenues could readily be increased by at least 50 percent while its costs were being reduced by an equal percentage. (Repetto, 2001, p. 84). Again, this is a potentially valuable piece of evidence, but it simply isn t clear what point the research writer is trying to make with it. Further, it doesn t follow the preferred method of citation with APA style. Here is a revision that is a GOOD or at least BETTER example: 7 Chapter Three, Quoting, Paraphrasing, and Avoiding Plagiarism, 7 Repetto (2001) concludes that in the case of the scallop industry, those running the industry should be held responsible for not considering methods that would curtail the problems of over-fishing. If the U.S. scallop fishery were a business, its management would surely be fired, because its revenues could readily be increased by at least 50 percent while its costs were being reduced by an equal percentage (p. 84). This revision is improved because the research writer has introduced and explained the point of the evidence with the addition of a clarifying sentence. It also follows the rules of APA style. Generally, APA style prefers that the research writer refer to the author only by last name followed immediately by the year of publication. Whenever possible, you should begin your citation with the author s last name and the year of publication, and, in the case of a direct quote like this passage, the page number (including the p. ) in parentheses at the end. Paraphrasing in MLA Style Paraphrasing in APA style is slightly different from MLA style as well. Consider first this BAD example of what NOT to do in paraphrasing from a source in APA style: Computer criminals have lots of ways to get away with credit card fraud (Cameron, 2002). The main problem with this paraphrase is there isn t enough here to adequately explain to the reader what the point of the evidence really is. Remember: your readers have no way of automatically knowing why you as a research writer think that a particular piece of evidence is useful in supporting your point. This is why it is key that you introduce and explain your evidence. Here is a revision that is GOOD or at least BETTER: Cameron (2002) points out that computer criminals intent on committing credit card fraud are able to take advantage of the fact that there aren t enough officials working to enforce computer crimes. Criminals are also able to use the technology to their advantage by communicating via and chat rooms with other criminals. Again, this revision is better because the additional information introduces and explains the point of the evidence. In this particular example, the author s name is also incorporated into the explanation of the evidence as well. In APA, it is preferable to weave in the author s name into your essay, usually at the beginning of a sentence. However, it would also have been acceptable to end an improved paraphrase with just the author s last name and the date of publication in parentheses. 8 Chapter Three, Quoting, Paraphrasing, and Avoiding Plagiarism, 8 How to Avoid Plagiarism in the Research Process Plagiarism is the unauthorized or uncredited use of the writings or ideas of another in your writing. While it might not be as tangible as auto theft or burglary, plagiarism is still a form of theft. In the academic world, plagiarism is a serious matter because ideas in the forms of research, creative work, and original thought are highly valued. Chances are, your school has strict rules about what happens when someone is caught plagiarizing. The penalty for plagiarism is severe, everything from a failing grade for the plagiarized work, a failing grade for the class, or expulsion from the institution. You might not be aware that plagiarism can take several different forms. The most well known, purposeful plagiarism, is handing in an essay written by someone else and representing it as your own, copying your essay word for word from a magazine or journal, or downloading an essay from the Internet. A much more common and less understood phenomenon is what I call accidental plagiarism. Accidental plagiarism is the result of improperly paraphrasing, summarizing, quoting, or citing your evidence in your academic writing. Generally, writers accidentally plagiarize because they simply don t know or they fail to follow the rules for giving credit to the ideas of others in their writing. Both purposeful and accidental plagiarism are wrong, against the rules, and can result in harsh punishments. Ignoring or not knowing the rules of how to not plagiarize and properly cite evidence might be an explanation, but it is not an excuse. To exemplify what I m getting at, consider the examples below that use quotations and paraphrases from this brief passage: Those who denounce cyberculture today strangely resemble those who criticized rock music during the fifties and sixties. Rock started out as an Anglo-American phenomenon and has become an industry. Nonetheless, it was able to capture the hopes of young people around the world and provided enjoyment to those of us who listened to or played rock. Sixties pop was the conscience of one or two generations that helped bring the war in Vietnam to a close. Obviously, neither rock nor pop has solved global poverty or hunger. But is this a reason to be against them? (ix). And just to make it clear that I m not plagiarizing this passage, here is the citation in MLA style: 9 Chapter Three, Quoting, Paraphrasing, and Avoiding Plagiarism, 9 Lévy, Pierre. Cyberculture. Trans. Robert Bononno. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, Here s an obvious example of plagiarism: Those who denounce cyberculture today strangely resemble those who criticized rock music during the fifties and sixties. In this case, the writer has literally taken one of Lévy s sentences and represented it as her own. That s clearly against the rules. Here s another example of plagiarism, perhaps less obvious: The same kind of people who criticize cyberculture are the same kind of people who criticized rock and roll music back in the fifties and sixties. But both cyberculture and rock music inspire and entertain young people. While these aren t Lévy s exact words, they are certainly close enough to constitute a form of plagiarism. And again, even though you might think that this is a lesser form of plagiarism, it s still plagiarism. Both of these passages can easily be corrected to make them acceptable quotations or paraphrases. In the introduction of his book Cyberculture, Pierre Lévy observes that Those who denounce cyberculture today strangely resemble those who criticized rock music during the fifties and sixties (ix). Pierre Lévy suggests that the same kind of people who criticize cyberculture are the same kind of people who criticized rock and roll music back in the fifties and sixties. But both cyberculture and rock music inspire and entertain young people (ix). Note that changing these passages from examples of plagiarism to acceptable examples of a quotation and a paraphrase is extremely easy: properly cite your sources. This leads to the golden rule of avoiding plagiarism: 10 Chapter Three, Quoting, Paraphrasing, and Avoiding Plagiarism, 10 Always cite your sources. If you are unsure as to whether you should or should not cite a particular claim or reference, you should probably cite your source. Often, students are unclear as to whether or not they need to cite a piece of evidence because they believe it to be common knowledge or because they are not sure about the source of information. When in doubt about whether or not to cite evidence in order to give credit to a source ( common knowledge or not), you should cite the evidence. Plagiarism and the Internet Sometimes, I think the ease of finding and retrieving information on the World Wide Web makes readers think that this information does not need to be cited. After all, it isn t a traditional source like a book or a journal; it is available for free. All a research writer needs to do with a web site is cut and paste whatever he needs into his essay, right? Wrong! You need to cite the evidence you find from the Internet or the World Wide Web the same way you cite evidence from other sources. To not do this is plagiarism, or, more bluntly, cheating. Just because the information is freely available on the Internet does not mean you can use this information in your academic writing without properly citing it, much in the same way that the information from library journals and books freely available to you needs to be cited in order to give credit where credit is due. It is also not acceptable to simply download graphics from the World Wide Web. Images found on the Internet are protected by copyright laws. Quite literally, taking images from the Web (particularly from commercial sources) is an offense that could lead to legal action. There are places where you can find graphics and clip art that Web publishers have made publicly available for anyone to use, but be sure that the Web site where you find the graphics makes this explicit before you take graphics as your own. In short, you can use evidence from the Web as long as you don t plagiarize and as long as you properly cite it; don t take graphics from the Web unless you know the images are in the public domain. For more information on citing electronic sources, see Chapter 12, Citing Your Research with MLA and APA Style.
A placental abruption will occur in about 1 in 150 pregnancies, commonly in the third trimester before it is time to give birth. It’s a serious condition where the placenta is separated partially or completely from the uterus. You can read on below to know more as this article will highlight the symptoms, causes, prevention, treatment, and more. Some of the common symptoms of placental abruption include back pain or lower abdominal pain that comes on suddenly, vaginal bleeding, rapid uterine contractions, and uterine tenderness. The level of vaginal bleeding varies greatly, and won’t necessarily match how much placenta is separated from the uterus. Aside from that, it’s possible to have no visible bleeding after a severe placental abruption if the blood is trapped within the uterus. Placental abruption occurs slowly in some cases. In this case, you might experience light and intermittent bleeding. Your baby may not develop as fast as you would expect and you could have complications such as low amniotic fluid. In most instances, the specific cause is not known. However, some of the possible causes include injury or trauma to the abdomen, maybe from a fall or motor vehicle accident, or quick loss amniotic fluid that is cushioning and surrounding the baby inside the uterus. There are many factors that could increase your risk of having a placental abruption during pregnancy. This includes: High blood pressure: This condition can increase your chances, whether it develops from pregnancy or is chronic. Prior placental abruption: You will definitely be at a higher risk if you have experienced it before. Abdominal trauma: This can come from a fall or some other form of a blow. Premature membranes rupture: The amniotic sac or fluid-filled membrane cushions and surrounds the baby during pregnancy. Your risk will increase if it breaks or leaks before the onset of labor. Substance abuse: Women who use cocaine and smoke during their pregnancy are more likely to have placental abruption. Blood clot disorders: The risk will increase by any condition that prevents the blood from clotting. Maternal age: It is more common for older women to experience placental abruption. Multiple pregnancies: Placental abruption can be triggered after the first baby is delivered. It is not possible to prevent placental abruption directly, but there are certain things that you could do to reduce the risk factors. For instance, you could quit smoking or using illegal drugs. Another prevention measure to take would be to follow your healthcare provider’s suggestion to keep certain medical condition, like high blood pressure, under control. You should also get immediate medical care if you have had any form of abdominal trauma to lower your risk of having placental abruption and any other complication. Your doctor cannot reconnect a placenta after it’s separated from the uterus wall. The treatment for placental abruption will depend on certain circumstances, such as if the baby is not near to full term. You may be hospitalized to get close monitoring if the abruption appears to be mild, the baby has a normal heart rate, and it is too soon to deliver the baby; this is usually before thirty-four weeks of pregnancy. Your doctor might tell you to rest at home if the condition of your baby is stable and the bleeding stops. There are some cases when medication can be given to help mature the baby’s lungs if early delivery is necessary. Another circumstance is if the baby is near to full term. It might be possible for you to deliver your baby vaginally under closely monitored conditions if the placental abruption is minimal. You will require immediate delivery, generally by C-section, if the abruption is progressing or is jeopardizing the health of both you and your baby. You might require a blood transfusion if you are experiencing severe bleeding. Placental abruption can result in life-threatening problems for you and your baby. In the case of your baby, there could be problems such as stillbirth, premature birth or deprivation of nutrients and oxygen. As for you the mother, the abruption can result in the need for blood transfusion, blood clotting problems; shock from blood loss, and failure of your kidneys or some other organ. Testing and Diagnosis Your healthcare provider will conduct a physical examination to check for uterine rigidity or tenderness if placental abruption is suspected. You might have to get an ultrasound or blood tests for the doctor to identify the possible causes of vaginal bleeding. You should seek emergency help if you are experiencing any of the classic symptoms of placental abruption. This is usually a medical emergency that leaves no time for preparation, but it’s possible for your health care provider to see signs of an imminent abruption before it turns into an emergency situation. It depends on the severity of the suspected placental abruption, but you could be admitted to hospital for monitoring or for emergency surgery in order to deliver your baby.
The Abbot of Unreason is a mysterious and enigmatic figure who challenges conventional thinking and encourages critical thought. With an unconventional approach to wisdom, the Abbot fearlessly explores the realm of the irrational, challenging societal norms and beliefs. A true catalyst for change, the Abbot of Unreason invites us to unearth new perspectives and question unquestioned truths. \|Abbot of Unreason\| \|Alternative Names\|\|Lord of Misrule, Prince des Sots\| \|Description\|\|An officer appointed by lot during Christmastide to preside over the Feast of Fools. The Abbot of Unreason was responsible for overseeing Christmas revelries, which often included drunkenness and wild partying.\| In England, a similar festival involving a boy bishop was held. It was abolished by Henry VIII in 1541, restored by Mary I, and abolished again by Elizabeth I. However, remnants of the festival continued in some areas. In other parts of Europe, the festival was suppressed by the Council of Basel in 1431 but occasionally revived until the eighteenth century. Some folklorists suggest that the appointment of a Lord of Misrule is derived from a similar Roman custom practiced during Saturnalia, where a man was chosen to act as a mock king. However, this theory has been heavily criticized, and the origins of the Christmas custom may be distinct from the Saturnalian custom. Early LifeThe Abbot of Unreason, also known as the Lord of Misrule, was an elected leader in old Scottish popular revels. Born in Scotland, the Abbot of Unreason held the role of the leader of Christmas revels during the late medieval period. The position involved wearing clerical garb and organizing various festivities and celebrations. Similar roles existed in other countries, such as the Lord of Misrule in England and the Prince des Sots in France. The Abbot of Unreason would be appointed by lot and temporarily elevated to the rank of “king” during the revels. Revelers would engage in playful and often unconventional activities under the guidance of the Abbot of Unreason, bringing joy and light-heartedness to the holiday season. \|Abbot of Unreason\| ‘Abbot of Unreason’ is a title known in Scotland for the Lord of Misrule. The Lord of Misrule was an officer appointed by lot during festive seasons in England. In France, this role was called the Prince des Sots. The Abbot of Unreason’s parents and siblings are unknown, as there is limited information available. The title was associated with managing Christmas festivities, often including revelry and merrymaking. The origins of this tradition can be traced back to the late Medieval and Early Tudor periods in England. Height, Weight, And Other Body Measurements \|Measurement\|\|Abbot of Unreason\| \|Height\|\|Information not available\| \|Weight\|\|Information not available\| \|Other Body Measurements\|\|Information not available\| \|Additional Information\|\|For more details about the Abbot of Unreason, please refer to Google.\| Wife/husband / Girlfriend/boyfriend \|Wife\|\|No information available\| \|Girlfriend\|\|No information available\| Abbot of Unreason’s current relationship status is unknown, as there is no available information about his wife or girlfriend. Career, Achievements And Controversies The Abbot of Unreason is a Scottish official who holds a position of leadership in old Scottish popular revels. The origins of this role can be traced back to traditional festivals and celebrations. The Abbot of Unreason gained fame through his involvement in these festivities, which often included playful mischief and satire. Although specific popular works of the Abbot of Unreason are not mentioned, his involvement in these revels would have contributed to his popularity. The Abbot of Unreason became known for his charismatic presence and ability to entertain the crowd during these events. There is no specific information available about any awards received by the Abbot of Unreason. However, his contribution to the traditional Scottish revels and his popularity among the public can be considered significant achievements. Due to the Abbot of Unreason’s role in satirical and playful activities during the traditional festivities, controversies might arise on occasion. The nature of his performances and the potential for provocative commentary may have sparked debates and disagreements among those who observed or participated in the revels. Details about specific controversies surrounding the Abbot of Unreason are not provided in the available information. - Abbot of Unreason \| Scottish official – Britannica - Abbot of Unreason Definition & Meaning – Merriam-Webster 1. What Is The Abbot Of Unreason? The Abbot of Unreason is a fictional character, often found in folklore and literature. The persona of the Abbot symbolizes chaos, irrationality, and the overturning of traditional norms and systems. 2. What Is The Origin Of The Abbot Of Unreason? The idea of the Abbot of Unreason can be traced back to medieval Europe, where such characters were depicted as mischievous figures or lords of misrule during festive celebrations like the Feast of Fools. They represented a temporary inversion of social order and the suspension of normal rules. 3. Is The Abbot Of Unreason A Specific Historical Figure? No, the Abbot of Unreason does not refer to a specific historical individual. Instead, it is more of an archetype or concept that has been portrayed in various forms of literature, including plays, poems, and novels. 4. What Are The Key Characteristics Associated With The Abbot Of Unreason? The Abbot of Unreason is often portrayed as a figure of disorder, absurdity, and rebellion against established norms. They challenge conventional authorities and encourage a temporary suspension of rationality. 5. How Is The Abbot Of Unreason Depicted In Literature? Depictions of the Abbot of Unreason can vary, but they usually involve subverting social hierarchies, mocking religious or political authority, and celebrating the irrational or nonsensical. They can be seen as a symbol of freedom from restrictions and an embrace of chaos. 6. Is The Abbot Of Unreason Celebrated In Any Specific Festivals? While the Abbot of Unreason is not associated with a particular festival in modern times, similar characters were celebrated in medieval European festivities like the Feast of Fools and other carnival-like events. 7. Can The Abbot Of Unreason Be Seen As A Literary Trope? Absolutely. The character of the Abbot of Unreason is often used in literature to challenge established norms, satirize authority figures, and explore themes of irrationality and disorder. It provides authors with a tool for subverting expectations and highlighting the limitations of rational thinking.
While 32-bit MCUs are getting all the attention, the vast majority of embedded devices use 8-bit devices. By selecting a low-pin count 8-bit MCU that integrates a few precision analog peripherals, configurable GPIO pins, serial interfaces and a fast-data-bus architecture, you can get a lot done with a little device. 8-bit low-pin-count (LPC) microcontrollers have taken advantage of process shrinks to increase their functionality and thus serve more applications than ever before at lower cost. While even LPC devices were becoming pad-limited by the 0.35μm technology node, advances in architecture, motor control, smart energy management, Ethernet and wireless connectivity requirements for home automation and control have led to a new range of applications for 8-bit MCUs. Today, the 8-bit field is led by MCUs made with advanced process technology that enables integration of a few precision analog peripherals, configurable general-purpose I/O (GPIO) pins, serial interfaces and a fast-data-bus architecture. With this functionality, the devices offer good-precision analog signal capture, conversion and conditioning; modest signal-processing capability; and a reasonable amount of integrated memory — all within the minimum pad ring. According to Gartner Dataquest, 8-bit microcontrollers account for more than half of the processor market by volume. This market research firm estimates that the 8-bit MCU market was about $5 billion in 2008. Strengths of the latest 8-bit MCUs include: - High performance — Clock speeds into the tens of megahertz - Integrated features — Flash memory, internal highspeed clocks and timers, analog peripherals, smart card interface, integrated touch controller, motor control, wireless interface, wired network connectivity such as integrated Controller Area Network (CAN) and Local Interconnect Network (LIN) buses, and many other features - High reliability - Small package size - Low power consumption — Flash devices consuming only nanowatt-range current - Low cost - Low electromagnetic interference (EMI) This technology backgrounder gives a quick review of 8-bit MCU applications that are growing in importance today, with a particular focus on home appliances. Following this application roundup, a look at Fujitsu MCU features shows how these devices address application requirements. Overview of 8-bit MCU applications Several application segments are expected to have strong market demand in the near future. The physiological signals acquired by most medical devices are analog and require signal conditioning such as amplification and filtering before being measured, monitored, or displayed. 8-bit MCUs can implement an ultra-low-power platform that includes the complete signal chain for applications such as personal blood pressure monitors, pulsoximeters, and heart rate monitors. Remote patient monitoring is also a growing trend, using devices with integrated RF/ZigBee or Wi-Fi interfaces and transceivers. As portability becomes a growing trend in medical products, manufacturers are seeking technologies such as MCUs that reduce design complexity and development time. The characteristics that make MCUs ideal for battery-powered medical products suit these devices to a variety of portable consumer applications, including intelligent toys, IP cameras, and Internet radios. With built-in LCD controllers and touch-sensor controllers, 8-bit MCUs provide a consumer-friendly platform that enables rapid development. ZigBee transceivers make these devices easily portable yet always network-connected. Smart sensor applications Devices such as smoke detectors, thermostats and glass breakage detection systems take excellent advantage of 8-bit MCUs' ultra-low power consumption and integrated high-performance analog features. Integrated wireless networking features are also quite useful for such smart sensor applications to strengthen home automation, remote monitoring and control. These types of applications are growing so strongly, some observers expect that 95 percent of all devices accessing the Internet will be MCUs in sensors and machine-to-machine applications. A smart meter can measure consumption in more detail than a conventional meter and communicate that information via a network to the local utility. 8-bit microcontrollers offer the perfect combination of ultra low-power and high performance analog integration (16- to 21-bit delta-sigma ADC, comparators, etc.). 8-bit MCUs can measure single- or three-phase electric power, water and gas, with integrated wireless interfaces for communication of the data for automated meter reading (AMR). Commercial streaming-media applications Point-of-sale (POS) terminals and vending machines can use low-cost MCU-based platforms to bring sales information to consumers in an engaging, interactive way. White and brown goods 8-bit MCUs offer easy ways to handle a variety of tasks in consumer products such as air conditioners, washing machines, refrigerators, garage door openers, smoke detectors, vacuum cleaners, heat pumps, microwaves ovens, TVs, home theater systems, radio-broadcast receivers, and sound recording products. In particular, Asia's output of small household appliances, such as dust collectors, smart electric rice cookers, fans and remote controls, will continue to grow rapidly. The next section of this technology backgrounder provides a closer look at home appliances. Meeting the demands of home appliances Large appliances such as washing machines, dishwashers and refrigerators can all benefit from the energy-saving characteristics of advanced motor control technology. Since the refrigerator is always on, it can consume up to 50 percent of the home energy budget, with virtually all of that energy used to run the compressor motor. Most refrigerators still use constant speed on/off compressors. However, variable-speed compressors are gaining traction in the market. These compressors enable more efficient cooling with precise temperature control, thus reducing overall energy use. In addition, manufacturers are increasingly employing more efficient brushless motors, which further reduce the amount of energy consumed. In washing machines, performance and drive efficiency improve significantly when permanent-magnet or brushless DC (BLDC) motors replace low-end solutions such as universal triac-driven motors. Advanced control techniques based on 8-bit MCUs and the permanent magnet or BLDC motors enable shorter washing cycles that save energy and reduce water consumption. Even complex systems can take advantage of 8-bit MCUs to handle some simple functions. For instance, many types of applications can benefit from the use of 6- or 8-pin MCUs to control reset circuits that need a configurable time delay. Electric lighting ballast applications can use similar LPC devices because the MCUs are easy to configure and save money compared to searching for and stocking the right discrete components. With 8-bit MCUs now available for mere pennies, devices such as battery chargers, electric toothbrushes, toasters, coffee machines, and inexpensive toys now contain MCUs. Figure 1 shows 3 block diagrams of a few example applications. Fujitsu low-cost, compact 8-bit MCU value proposition \|Figure 1: Household appliance applications. The Fujitsu F²MC-8FX Family devices — the MB95100 and the new LPC MB95200 /MB95300/MB95400 series MCUs — offer an intelligent mix of on-chip peripherals suited to designing energy-efficient appliances and control panels. The product family is scalable and flexible enough to meet appliance requirements, with features such as motor controller, OpAmp, Comparator, LCD controller, and touchsensor controller (TSC) interface using SPI/I²C for human-machine interface (HMI). F²MC-8FX family MCUs integrate memory ranging from 8 to 60 Kbytes of flash, plus 2 to 32 Kbytes of RAM. Non-volatile FRAM is also available — a fast alternative to flash memory. Package options include DIP, SOP, SSOP, QFP and LQFP, with pin counts ranging from 8 to 100 pins. 1. Dual-operation flash memory Products include Fujitsu's proprietary embedded dual-operation flash memory, which emulates E²PROM. The memory contains two regions, one for program storage and another for data storage. The integrated flash memory is programmable across the MCU's entire operating range, allowing users to take full advantage of the re-programmability benefits in virtually any environment. To simplify the use of this memory, Fujitsu supplies a software E²PROM emulation library and API code for user customization free of cost and without royalty. Users who do not need flash-based E²PROM emulation can utilize the memory as conventional flash. The embedded flash memory can be re-written 100,000 times and has guaranteed data retention for 20 years. To enhance system integrity, security and reliability, the MCUs also integrate a wide range of hardware and software system protection and flash security features. A flash security function protects customer software from being read by unauthorized external access. 2. Component integration for reduced cost Fujitsu 8-bit MCUs have an on-chip RC oscillator circuit and low-voltage detection circuit, thus eliminating the need for these components externally. Even the LPC devices have an on-chip RC oscillator (+/- 2 to 3%) and on-chip debug feature. 3. Composite timer for flexibility in meeting system requirements MCU timers can be configured for pulse width modulation (PWM), pulse width counter (PWC), interval timer or input capture (for measuring interval times). This timer versatility makes it easier to handle a wide variety of system requirements. A separate watchdog timer provides a safety mechanism to monitor the software flow, CPU clock, and interrupt handling and execution. 4. Non-volatile FRAM memory integration The Fujitsu MB95R203 8-bit MCU is the first to offer integrated ferro-electric RAM (FRAM). FRAM features high-speed access, non-volatility, high endurance in write mode, low power consumption, excellent tamper resistance and no performance degradation due to radiation. FRAM is therefore ideal for use in smart cards, secure data storage, and battery-powered applications where high security, small memory size, and low power consumption are key requirements. 5. Communication interfaces The Fujitsu 8FX MCU family supports a broad range of communication protocols typically used in large appliance system designs, offering on-chip UART, I²C, LIN-UART/SPI. The LIN-UART/SPI module simplifies development of LIN systems by enabling LIN break detection and synchronization without the use of an external timer channel. 6. Integration of application-specific features Applications that involve analog I/O and/or motor control get extensive support in the 8FX MCU family. For example, LPC MCUs have key peripherals such as a 10-bit analog-to-digital converter (ADC). (A 12/16-bit ADC is under development.) The MCUs also offer advanced timer modules that span the performance requirements needed in appliances from basic to advanced motor control. The latest 8-bit MB95300 family devices provide functionality specifically for motor control: three independent 16-bit timer/pulse-width modulator modules. These modules enable the generation of any pulse width modulation (PWM) pattern for single- and three-phase BLDC motor control. The MB95400 series contains a built-in voltage comparator and operational amplifier. Additionally, the MCUs provide a number of system features for configuring many types of applications. For example, the devices can be enabled with system integrity software, including periodic test routines for the CPU register and program counter that help ensure safe, reliable operation of electronic controls in household appliances. Additional features, such as active power-on reset, low-voltage detection and low-voltage warning help protect against system failure caused by brownouts. These on-chip features place the members of this MCU family among the most robust MCU offerings in their class. In addition, the LPC MCUs' four low-power modes help developers implement responsive power-management schemes in applications such as battery-operated devices, power tools, HVAC equipment, motor controllers and circuit breakers. The supply voltage range from 3 to 5.5V also simplifies development and eases upgrading of legacy designs. 7. Application development simplified Fujitsu offers several ways to make application development easier, beginning with on-chip debug. The MCUs provide an in-circuit emulation (ICE) feature with a single-wire debugging, emulation and onboard flash programming interface — eliminating the need for expensive emulation tools. This capability enables developers to perform non-intrusive debugging and emulation on the fly. To help developers get applications up and running quickly and easily, Fujitsu offers flexible and cost-effective evaluation boards and starter kits for the 8-bit MCU family. Fujitsu Microelectronics also offers technical training and comprehensive support for development tools, reference designs, and software examples, along with C source code/project files, and application notes. Fujitsu 8-bit MCU technology roadmap Fujitsu has continuously improved 8-bit MCU process technology, performance, power consumption and peripheral integration as shown in Figure 2. Additionally, low-cost, easy-to-use development tools are now standard elements of the MCU offerings, along with extensive applications support. Figure 2: Fujitsu value proposition and roadmap. 8-bit MCUs offer extensive on-chip integration that helps keep both costs and power consumption low — an ideal fit for today's market trends and applications. By providing low-cost solutions in small packages with integrated functions that meet a range of application specific requirements, Fujitsu's 8-bit MCUs provide superior choices for systems that require high integration.
According to tradition, Buddhism arrived in Sri Lanka around the middle of the 3rd century B.C.E. and it was soon the dominant religious force on the island, as it is today. The dating of early Buddhist sculptures from Sri Lanka remains problematic due to the lack of inscribed or dated images and only two broad stylistic categories exist. Earlier sculptures are often classified as in the style of Anuradhapura, named after the city that was the capital from about the 3rd century B.C.E. through the 10th century C.E. Many later works are categorized as Polonnaruwa style, also named for the location of the capital (993-1235), which was moved after Sri Lanka was attacked by the powerful Chola empire of southern India. Two sculptures in the Asia Society's collection show some of the stylistic and iconographic variation in Anuradhapura-style sculptures and suggest that there were complex interrelationships between the many regional styles in South and Southeast Asian Buddhist art during this period. Sri Lanka's strategic position on the maritime trade routes meant that influences from other cultures were constantly present.
Students explored the South American rainforest, delved inside the human circulatory system and got a glimpse at WW1 battlefields - without leaving the classroom - thanks to a pioneering virtual reality programme. Google Expeditions visited Highfields School to bring history, biology and geography to life with its state-of-the-art virtual reality technology. The team brought along 60 pairs of virtual reality goggles to take students on 45-minute journeys of exploration. Panoramic images were beamed from teachers' tablets to the Google Cardboard virtual reality glasses to guide students through collections of 360° and 3D images, allowing them to experience far-flung parts of the world, as well as important moments from the past and even the human heart, lungs and blood vessels. Mr A.Cheetham, Deputy Headteacher, said: “We are delighted that Google Expeditions chose to visit Highfields to help bring lessons to life and take our students to places they would never otherwise be able to go. “It is a fantastic teaching tool that brought a real sense of excitement and allowed our students to embrace subjects like never before. “The visit brought a whole new dimension to teaching!”
The Jewish faith has many important traditions. One of these is eating kosher food. For a Gentile, navigating the complexities of kosher and non-kosher can be something of a minefield. The last thing you want to do is offend your Jewish friends and family by giving them an unsuitable gift, yet following traditions shows that you respect the recipient’s Jewish heritage. There are certain rules to keep in mind when purchasing gifts for Jewish friends and families. To help you make the right decision and ensure your gift is welcomed with open arms, read on for some helpful advice. The Rules of Kosher “Kosher” means “appropriate” or “fit”. Kosher food may or may not have been blessed by a Rabbi, but if it follows the prescribed practices of Kashrut, it is kosher. There are three categories of kosher food: meat, dairy, and pareve, or neutral. Meat and dairy are self-explanatory, but pareve includes, nuts, fruits, vegetables, eggs, fish, etc. In addition, meat must be slaughtered in a kosher, or more humane, way. When looking for kosher gifts, you need to remember that meat, dairy, and pareve must not be mixed. This means any gift containing both meat and dairy is not kosher. Manhattan Fruitier offers beautiful kosher gift baskets featuring seasonal fresh fruit, kosher chocolate, babka, nougat, and honey! These baskets are perfect for any occasion. What are Kosher Gifts? Kosher gifts are usually identified by special symbols, which makes it easier to ensure you don’t inadvertently buy a non-kosher gift and cause offense. However, if giving a kosher gift for a special holiday, for example, at a Hanukah celebration, you should check whether the meal is dairy-based or meat-based, so you can buy a suitable gift. Otherwise, the recipient must wait six hours to enjoy the gift. Kosher Holiday Traditions Jewish holidays such as Yom Kippur and Rosh Hashanah often have their own gift traditions. For example, it is customary to give fruit baskets at Tu B’Shvat and dairy-based gifts such as kosher cheese baskets on Shavuot. Purim is a time for the celebration of kinship, so give your friends some tasty kosher ready-to-eat snacks. Ideal Kosher Gifts You should choose your kosher gifts carefully, but there are some great gift ideas if you’re stuck for what to buy your Jewish friends and family. - Kosher Chocolate – Gourmet kosher chocolate is perfect for a dairy-based celebration. I defy anyone to be disappointed with a box of gourmet chocolate treats! - Kosher Candy – Kosher candy is another great choice for anyone with a sweet tooth. Children will love kosher chocolate pretzels, lollipops, and taffy. - Kosher baked goods – Look for kosher baked pies and cakes that are dairy-free, so they can be gifted for any celebration. So long as you stick to the kosher guidelines, you can create a tasty chocolate cake that’s dairy-free. - Challah – Traditional Challah braided Challah bread is always welcomed. You can pick up Challah bread from a Jewish bakery or have a go at making your own. Other Kosher gift ideas include rugelach pastries, kosher wine, matzah ball soup, and latke crisps.
An Exploration of Perseverative Behaviors in Young Children with Autism Several linkages were found between the research done prior to this study and the results of this study. The findings from this study that apply to those studies will be discussed in detail. The researcher also found results that were not anticipated, and therefore not previously discussed in literature. Links to the Field Interventionists implement response interruption/redirection (RIR) in order to interrupt the response from the reinforcer that follows it (Wong et al., 2014). By this definition, RIR was observed at the Summer Social Skills Clinic through what the researcher defined as the interventionists redirecting Caleb and blocking Caleb’s behaviors. In one study examined in the literature review, RIR first increased the SRB and then decreased it to almost complete elimination upon extending the time of the redirection. The RIR procedure was effective for two of the three participants, but it resulted in aggression in one of the participants (Rodriquez et al., 2012). The present study reflected these same results. In the example of June 9, one participant was banging a toy on the wall, and an interventionist redirected him to the floor. RIR was effective in this instance; the participant stopped banging the toy on the wall and transitioned to the floor without protest. However, when an interventionist used RIR during one of Caleb’s behavioral patterns, he did not comply as easily and became more aggressive. The same session (June 9), Caleb was upset that his brother had left the room. The interventionists blocked Caleb twice and redirected him six times, resulting in Caleb’s behavior escalating from crying and screaming to hitting Meg with his nametag. This shows that RIR works for some participants more effectively than it does for others, and aggression is a possible outcome when implementing this intervention. This finding is important because aggressive behavior is threatening to both the individual and those around that individual. Interventionists must be aware that RIR is found to result in aggressive behavior in some individuals so that an alternate intervention can immediately replace RIR should the individual exhibit aggressive behavior. The researcher identified two studies in the literature review in which automatic reinforcement was found to be the reinforcer maintaining the stereotypical repetitive behavior (SRB) (Wilke et al., 2012, Rodriguez, Thompson, Schlichenmeyer, & Stocco, 2012). One of these studies conducted a behavioral function survey on 53 participants, 9 of which exhibited a verbal stereotypy. The study resulted in automatic reinforcement being the factor that maintained the behavior. In terms of vocal stereotypies in particular, automatic, multiple, and tangible reinforcements were found to maintain the SRB in at least one occasion. Attention was not found to maintain any of the vocal stereotypies (Wilke et al., 2012). These findings are inconclusive with those found in the present study. Mary perseverated on “rawr” more frequently than any other perseveration that she formed at the clinic. This perseveration was reinforced through the attention and verbal responses of Erik. The second most perseverated response that Mary formed at the clinic was asking if she could go home, which Meg reinforced through responding with when Mary could go home. These two findings within the theme of perseverations formed outside of the probes at the clinic show that the verbal stereotypies were strongest and most frequent when maintained by positive reinforcement. This contrasts with the findings of Wilke in that these stereotypies were not maintained by automatic reinforcement, but attention. In fact, none of the vocal stereotypies studied by Wilke et al. were maintained by an attention component (2012). The contrast of the findings of this study and the study discussed are important because it highlights the differences in maintaining reinforcers for each individual. As defined in the literature review, behavior can serve a different function for different individuals. Interventionists should first conduct a functional behavior assessment (FBA) to determine what function the SRB serves for the individual being studied so that the intervention can be most effective for them (Scheuermann & Hall, 2012).. These two studies suggest that the type of maintaining reinforcer cannot be assumed for an individual based on a previous study; an FBA is necessary when using reinforcement as an intervention (Scheuermann & Hall, 2012). The interventionists used prompting at the social skills clinic primarily through the use of visual cue cards for the responses of each skill intervened upon. Similarly, a study discussed in the literature review used cue cards and simultaneous prompting to teach three participants with autism to say the numeral on each of the cue cards. The trainer would sit down with the participant, show them the cue card, prompt them through task direction (“show me three”), wait for a response within four seconds, and verbally praise correct responses (Akmanoglu & Batu, 2004). The procedure at the Summer Social Skills Clinic paralleled this. The interventionist would pull the participant aside, probe the participant while holding up the three blank cue cards, wait five seconds for a response, and reinforce correct responses with praise and a token reinforcer. Both of the studies involved the interventionists training the participants’ responses cue cards prior to probing the participant. Both similarities and differences exist between the results of Mary’s success with the prompting intervention and the success found in the study by Akmanoglu and Baku (2004). Akmanoglu and Baku found success with this prompting procedure during the training of the participants saying the numerals. Similarly, Mary had great success with the prompting involving cue cards as she was being trained for each of the four skills. As depicted in the results, the only time she gave a varied response for the probe “what do you like to do for fun” was when the prompting cue cards were presented to the probes. However, the Akmanoglu and Baku study also had success in maintaining the trained behavior over time; the first participant maintained the 94.6% of the behaviors, the second participant maintained 85.7% of the behaviors, and the third maintained 100% of the behaviors (2004). Contrastingly, Mary reverted back to her original stereotypical response of “playing outside” immediately upon the removal of the cue cards. This finding is important because it suggests that the cue cards seem to be effective for the training of the skill, but they will not necessarily maintain the behavior over time. One factor that could contribute to this is the age of the participants, as Mary was only five and the participants in the Akmanoglu and Baku study ranged from six to seventeen years (2004). In the review of the literature, the researcher did not anticipate the need to distinguish between stereotypical behaviors and perseverations. The stereotypies that Mary exhibited are more characteristic verbal perseverations, which are words, phrases, or topics that the individual repeats, often out of context (Arora, 2012). Perseverations can be described as “non-person oriented speech,” as they are an attempt at communication for individuals with autism, but are not meant by the individual as speech that desires a response (Arora, 2012). Three types of verbal perseverations can be identified: phrasal (repetition of phrases), sentential (repetition of sentences), and topical (fixating on a topic). In the case of Mary, phrasal and sentential verbal perseverations constitute all of the perseverations observed in the clinic; Mary did not exemplify perseveration on a topic on which she was fixated. Arora’s article identifies two different interventions that are used to reduce verbal perseverations (2012). The first of these is telling the individual to stop saying the phrase or sentence. The use of this intervention was not seen in the clinic. The second intervention identified in Arora’s study is ignoring the perseveration. The researcher did observe this as an interventionist response to Mary’s perseverations at the social skills clinic. For example, when Mary would say “good job” to herself when doing something, the interventionists would ignore this since it was out of context; she would not be doing an activity that elicited a “good job.” However, the observations do not show the perseveration decreasing as a result of the interventionists ignoring the perseveration. In fact, the only change of frequency occurred as the perseverations increased when the perseveration was positively reinforced through attention and response (“rawr,” “can I go home,” saying names, etc.). This finding is important because it highlights the need for an intervention that successfully reduces verbal perseverations. As mentioned in the introduction, SRBs (including perseverations) are a defining factor of autism (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Perseverations can interrupt social acceptance, daily functioning, and learning. Researchers should identify a focused intervention for the replacement and reduction of verbal perseverations in order that programs such as the social skills clinic can effectively reduce them in participants. Implications for Future Research Further research would be needed to determine if RIR is an effective intervention with the majority of individuals with an SRB, or if it causes aggression in more individuals with an SRB. This study found that it was effective for one participant but onset aggression in another. This makes it difficult to say that it is effective for the overwhelming majority. Future studies should implement RIR at the onset of the SRB and observe its effect on the SRB over time to determine whether it is an effective intervention for replacing SRBs. Researchers should further study reinforcement to determine what kind of reinforcers typically maintain SRBs for individuals with autism. This study found positive reinforcement to maintain and even increase the SRBs exhibited by one participant, which is not consistent with the literature. Future studies should determine whether a general reinforcer can be identified for most individuals with SRBs or if each individual displays behaviors maintained by very different reinforcers. If the latter is the case, interventionists should first begin with an FBA before each and every intervention. An FBA is an assessment of challenging behaviors based on the environmental, social, and cognitive conditions and the supposed function of the behavior (Scheuermann & Hall, 2012). A replacement behavior must serve the same function as the SRB for the individual, so identifying this function is vital for an effective intervention. Researchers would need to further study prompting to determine if it is effective for maintaining the replacement behavior (or in the case of this study the replacement speech). The researcher would implement a study much like this one and then collect data after the clinic had ended. This would help the field by proving whether or not prompting is an effective intervention for teaching behaviors that are maintained over time or whether it is only effective for replacing behaviors in the presence of the intervention. Future research into the interventions implemented to reduce verbal and behavioral perseverations should involve having set interventions in place with specific procedures set. This study relied heavily on interventions that were observed as the perseverations came up in the setting; there were no formal interventions in place for reducing perseverative speech or behavior. Because of this, the interventions could not adequately be evaluated for effectiveness. This study focused on observing the events of a summer social skills clinic, but specific studies would need to be done regarding single intervention implementation to determine which is most effective for each type of perseveration. Another opportunity for future research exists in the nature of perseverations. Mary came to the clinic with ten observed perseverations and formed nine perseverations at the clinic. Investigating the causes of Mary’s perseverations and how they function for her may have helped develop an intervention to reduce them. Similarly, future studies should conduct a formal FBA to identify the behaviors that will be present ahead of time. The researchers should then identify replacement behaviors that serve the same function as the SRB and implement the replacement of the SRB. Doing this would have helped the interventionists develop an intervention to reduce Caleb’s behavioral pattern of trying to run out of the clinic room. There are several limitations to this study. The first limitation is that, like most qualitative study, the findings of this study are not intended to be generalized (Brantlinger, E., Jimenez, J., Pugach, M., & Richardson, V., 2005). This case is specific to the time, place, context, and participants involved. While the findings may apply to other, similar cases, an exact generalization should not be expected. The second limitation is that the researcher was not able to observe the clinic from outside the room. By sitting in the same room as the interventionists and participants, the researcher was approached by participants, involved in recording the probes, and a part of the intervention by being another person in the small room. Had the researcher observed the clinic from an outside location, the researcher would have been less involved in the process and would have had to rely solely on direct observations of the events. A third limitation is that there were no procedures in place for reducing the perseverations that existed. The interventionists dealt with the perseverations using their individual judgment, as there was not a set policy of whether they should ignore or respond to the perseverations. Similarly, there was not a behavioral plan in place for challenging behaviors such as the ones exhibited by Caleb. The interventionists tried different strategies to managing behavior each time a challenging behavior arose, so it is difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of different interventions when they were not used consistently throughout the clinic. Finally, a fourth limitation is the amount of sessions at the clinic. If the clinic had met three or four times a week, the researcher would have been able to observe speech and behavioral patterns that were developing in the participants. Since the clinic only met twice a week, the researcher was not able to observe whether the different perseverations (Mary) and behavioral patterns (Caleb) multiplied or reduced. It also would have been beneficial to see whether Mary continued developing new perseverations on words or phrases. Stereotypical and repetitive behaviors (SRBs) are a characteristic component of autism spectrum disorders (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). SRBs include stereotypies, rituals, compulsions, obsessions, perseverations, and repetitive speech (Watt, Wetherby, Barber, & Morgan, 2008). SRBs can cause an individual with autism to experience difficulty in carrying out everyday behaviors and activities. Effective interventions for SRBs are necessary to implement in order for individuals with autism carry out daily functional behaviors. This case study observed both behavioral and verbal SRBs in two participants in a summer social skills clinic for individuals with autism. Several intervening practices were identified and evaluated for their effectiveness in reducing the occurrence of the observed SRBs; these interventions include response interruption/redirection, positive reinforcement, and prompting. Although this study identified SRBs that developed at a social skills clinic and interventions that occurred at the clinic, additional studies are recommended which focus on more clearly defining the process of shaping perseverations into functional communication by developing pre-planned interventions geared specifically to the SRB of the individual. Ahearn, W.H., Clark, K.M., & MacDonald, R.P.F. (2007). Assessing and treating the vocal stereotypy in children with autism. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 40, 263-275. doi.10.1901/jaba.2007.30-06 Akmanoglu, N., & Batu, S. (2004). Teaching pointing to numerals to individuals with autism using simultaneous prompting: Education and Training in Developmental Disabilities, 39 (4), 326-336. 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Research In Autism Spectrum Disorders, 6(1), 422-430. doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2011.07.003 Fontana, A., & Frey, J. H. (2000). The interview: From structured questions to negotiated text.Handbook of qualitative research,2(6), 645-672. Horner, R., Carr, E., Strain, P., Todd, A., & Reed, H. (2002). Problem behavior interventions for young children with autism: a research synthesis. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 32(5). 423-446. Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), public law 108-446. (2004). Kennedy, C. H., Meyer, K. A., Knowles, T., & Shukla, S. (2000). Analyzing the multiple functions of stereotypical behavior for students with autism: Implications for assessment and treatment. Journal Of Applied Behavior Analysis, 33(4), 559-571. doi:10.1901/jaba.2000.33-559 Liu-Gitz, L. & Banda, D.R. (2010). A replication of the RIRD strategy to decrease vocal stereotypy in a student with autism. Behavioral Interventions 25, 77-87. doi.10.1002/bin.297 Matson, J.L,. 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Investigating the Effects of Sensory Integration Therapy in Decresing Stereotypy. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 30, 13-22. Stake, R.E. (1995). The art of case study research. California: SAGE Publications Incorporated. Turner, M. (1999). Repetitive behaviour in autism: A review of psychological research. Journal Of Child Psychology And Psychiatry, 40(6), 839-849. doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00502 Watt, N., Wetherby, A.M., Barber, A., & Morgan, L. (2008). Repetitive and stereotyped behaviors in children with autism spectrum disorders in the second year of life: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disroders, 38(8), 1518-1533. doi:10.1007/s10803-007-0532-8 Wilke, A., Tarbox, J., Dixon, D., Kenzer, A,. Bishop, M., & Kakavand, H. (2012). Indirect functional assessment of stereotypy in children with autism sprecrtum disorders. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 6(2), 824-828. doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2011.11.003 Wong, C., Odom, S. L., Hume, K. A., Cox, C. W., Fettig, A., Kurcharczyk, S., et al. (2015). Evidence-based practices for children, youth, and young adults with autism spectrum disorder: A comprehensive review. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1007/s10803-014-2351-z
121. File Types: The Power of a By Andrew D. Wright Names have power. In many old stories and traditions to know the true name of someone was to have control over them. On Windows-based computers, most files have a true name that is hidden from you by default. This true name usually ends in a three letter extension, a handy hold-over from Microsoft's early MS-DOS days. What a Windows file is and what you can do with it will depend on this extension. Some files, such as text files with a TXT extension, are harmless. Other files can be dangerous. The first thing to do is set your Windows Explorer to show these file type extensions. Once you can see them, you'll have a powerful tool in your Open Windows Explorer by pressing the Windows key on your keyboard and the letter e at the same time. If your keyboard does not have a Windows key, usually set between the Alt and Ctrl keys on the bottom row, then go to the Windows Start button then Run and type in: explorer then hit Enter. When Windows Explorer opens, click on Tools then Folder Options. Select the View tab and uncheck the box marked: Hide extensions for known file types. Click OK and next time you open Windows Explorer (or browse your files through the Windows Explorer interface) you'll see the file type extension in the file names. In MS-DOS, Microsoft's first operating system, all file names had to be no more than eight letters long with a dot and a three letter file type extension at the end. With the release of Windows 95, this restriction was lifted and files could be named anything. Underneath the hood though, Windows kept a record of files in the old eight letter: three letter format. By now most people are familiar with a number of different data formats, even if they are not computer people. An MP3 file is an audio file format, a JPG file is a picture and so on. These days the file extension does not have to be limited to just three letters, but most file names keep to this rule anyway. Some file types are called executable, which means that the file is a program that can run commands on your system. The most common executable file types are: BAT, COM, EXE, PIF, and SCR. There are a couple of dozen file formats that can be considered as executable so it is a good idea to check if you are not sure what a file is, before clicking on it to run it. Windows knows about many file extensions but is a bit thick when it runs into one it doesn't know. Unfortunately the Windows file extension lookup service is not very good. The best idea is to open a search engine and do a search for the file type. This will usually give you information on what kind of file you have and what program would be needed to open it. To associate a program to open a particular kind of file Windows does not know about, or change a program association already set in place, open Windows Explorer and right click on the file. Select Open With and look at the list of programs Windows suggests using to open the file. Click Choose Program and browse your computer to find the program folder and the EXE program file. Clicking on the little check box that says to always use the selected program will set things so just double clicking on that file type in the future will open the file using the program you have Wikipedia's List of File Extensions: The Mousepad runs every two weeks. It's a service of Chebucto Community Net, a community-owned Internet provider. If you have a question about computing, email firstname.lastname@example.org or click here. If we use your question in a column, we'll send you a free mousepad. Originally published 14 December 2007
Learn something new every day More Info... by email Logical positivism is a way of thinking that was popular in the mid-20th century, and which attempted to make philosophy more rigorous by creating criteria for evaluating the truth or falsity of certain philosophical statements. Its main criteria for any statement is verifiability, which comes from two different sources: empirical statements, which come from science, and analytic truth, statements that are true or false by definition. The concept heavily influenced the philosophy of science, logic, and the philosophy of language, among other areas, though today it is largely viewed as an overly simplistic approach that has been displaced by newer philosophies. This philosophy is an absolutist way of looking at statements and labeling them either true, false, or meaningless. In modern times, this has been displaced by philosophies that view the truth or falsity of statements in a probabilistic rather than an absolute light. Logical positivists themselves had many disagreements, demonstrating that this notion was more a cluster of philosophies rather than any monolithic code. A key component of logical positivism is that it rejected statements about ethics and aesthetics as being unverifiable, and therefore not a part of serious philosophical thinking. To have meaning, a given statement had to be connected to either empirical data or analytic truth. This was a key step in connecting philosophy more closely to science, and vice versa, and it continues to have influence to the present, playing a vital part in the formulation of philosophical ideas throughout the 20th century. Though logical positivism was originally popular with many philosophers in the Vienna Circle — a group of philosophers instrumental in developing analytic philosophy — it came under fire from many experts after the circle was essentially forced to disband when World War II began. Afterwards, many philosophers criticized the approach, including Bertrand Russell, despite the fact that some of his ideas on logic actually influenced its development. Likewise, though Ludwig Wittgenstein's Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus influenced logical positivists, Wittgenstein himself said that their rejection of certain parts of the Tractatus demonstrated that they had fundamental misunderstandings about the book. Later thinkers distinguished between two classifications of verifiability: "strong" and "weak" verification, the former being something that is conclusively established by experience, the latter only being rendered probable by experience. Many philosophers have criticized logical positivism for having a "self-application constraint": logical positivists claim that sentences are not verifiable, yet they still posit their theory with sentences. This makes their approach untenable, since they claim a theory to be true, but the theory cannot apply to the sentences that they use to state the theory. please somebody, in simple words, what is logical positivism? How does it relate to our lives? And can you give an example of it?
A second series of tests was conducted two months after the initial experiments. The aim of this second series of tests was to understand how a player's performance develops during the first 10 minutes of gameplay. An important point to clarify is that in the competitive version of the game, the walking speed of the paper creatures increases incrementally after a specific number of creatures have been correctly recognized. The idea behind this design parameter is that if our fantastic creatures are not properly fed, their actions become more frenzied as they grow hungrier in their search for food. In this phase of the testing, the development team wanted to find an ideal balance between the initial speed of the game and the rate of acceleration as players progressively gain skills during their advancement of the game. Specifically, we wanted to find answers to the following questions: The graphs below visualize the test results of one of the 14 test subjects that was tested in the second phase of experiments. Each dot on the graph represents a different beast. Blue dots represent beasts that were walking at basic speed, and red dots represent beasts that were wobbling faster than the basic speed. In the test version of Gua-Le-Ni, the paper beasts were accelerated after the appearance of every four specimens. The vertical line on the graph represents a Game Over state, after which the game resets. Skin Conductivity graph for test subject 35. Every Game Over (vertical red line) corresponded with a stress peak. As readable in the graph, the first game lasted a little more than one minute, the second a little less than two minutes, and the third almost three minutes. The first graph tracked a dimension called skin conductivity of one of our test subjects. Skin conductivity provides a basic understanding of how tense or excited a test subject is by tracking the variation in moisture of his or her skin. The results visualized in the graph above show that during the very first game, which lasted for approximately one minute and 10 seconds, Test Subject 35 was able to successfully categorize all of the beasts at the basic speed level, but failed at the first beast that would wobble faster than the initial speed. The results of the two following gameplay sessions show that excitement levels grow slightly as the difficulty level is increased, and reach extremes at Game Over states. A game design reading of the skin conductivity graph of test subject 35 demonstrates that the ability to deal with complexity and speed progressively increases. In particular, subject 35 reached a three-minute gameplay session at her third game. This result corresponded with the aspirations of the development team and was regarded as an early success. Overall, the test results showed that the duration and intensity of the game broadly matched the design intention of empowering the player to cope with slow beasts straight after the tutorial and to reach three-minute gameplay chunks within the first five minutes of gameplay. Nevertheless, combining the results of the biometric testing with the results of traditional questionnaires, I decided to make the game slightly slower. In the released version of the game, the rate of acceleration was also lowered and smoothed. The second graph, by contrast, shows the variations of a second biometric parameter for the same gameplay session and in the same test subject tracked above. The second graph maps the electrical activity in the Zygomaticus Major muscle (responsible for smiling) during gameplay. The activity of the Zygomaticus Major (smiling muscle) for test subject 35 during the same three games analyzed above. Every Game Over that was associated with stress peaks in the skin conductivity chart corresponds to a smile in this graph. A combined reading of the graphs shows that the Game Over condition always invoked a smile in the test subject. When players were questioned about this in the post-gameplay interviews, we learned that such smiles were due to the fact that players could manipulate the cubes in an attempt to categorize the beasts until the very last pixel of the beast's tail is visible on the screen. This feature of the game produced a positive attitude that encouraged players to replay the game. The design feature gave the players a feeling of "almost having made it." Another interesting conclusion that was inferred from the data is that beast configurations in which there was a large size disparity between heads and bodies generated more smiles. These configurations were perceived to be quirkier. The "WART-DOR" (warthog-condor) and the "RAB-PUS" (rabbit-octopus) were the configurations that elicited the most smiles in our test subjects. Although nothing was done with this information, in retrospect, we could have made these types of configurations appear more frequently in the game.
How to clean your pet's teeth With gradual conditioning, tooth brushing will be enjoyable for your pet. It just takes a few minutes every day and your pet will thank you. You will need: Tips & tricks: - When looking for the best dog or cat toothpaste, look for pet specific toothpaste. Pet toothpaste comes in a variety of flavors. Human toothpaste can upset their stomach. - Brush your dog or cat's teeth at the same time every day — a daily routine will make training much easier. - Remember, you're training your pet to think tooth brushing is a fun activity that they get to share with their favorite person. Use treats and TLC to reward them after brushing to reinforce the positive association. - Don’t force your pet's mouth open like you would to give them a pill. Instead, gently place the brush between their lips and teeth. How to start brushing your pet's teeth Put some soft food or your pet toothpaste on the toothbrush and let your pet lick (but not chew on it). After a few licks, praise them with a treat. With the soft food or toothpaste on the toothbrush, gently lift their front lip up and wipe the food on their front teeth. Immediately after brushing follow up by rewarding them. This week, follow the same steps as before but actually brush the front teeth for 3-5 seconds. While brushing, just worry about the outside of their teeth. Keep reinforcing that positive association by immediately rewarding them. Keep following the steps but every day brush further back in their mouth. Be sure to always finish with a reward. By the end of the week, you should be brushing their entire mouth. Know the signs of dental disease It takes a trained eye to identify periodontal disease. Remember, pets have a natural instinct to hide the pain they’re feeling. That said, there is no such thing as “dog breath” or “cat breath” — so if while cuddling with or getting kisses from your pet, you notice their breath smells bad, go to the veterinarian. Other things to look for include: Red, swollen gums Dropping food from the mouth Whining while eating Loss of appetite or weight Loose or discolored teeth Bleeding from the mouth Decreased energy and acting grumpy Unwillingness to play with toys Periodontal disease in pets is a chronic, irreversible condition. Which is why taking care of your pet's mouth before there's a problem is so important. Ask your veterinarian to look at your pet's teeth at least twice a year at wellness visits and follow their recommendations for dental cleanings. Certain dental problems cannot be detected by the naked eye, so dental x-rays are recommended as well. But as crucial as your veterinarian is in keeping your pet's mouth healthy, their work twice a year is in vain if you're not doing anything to help their teeth the other 363 days of the year. But there are a few simple steps you can take to help clean your pet's teeth.
This manual by the World Health Organisation is applicable to piped schemes, point sources such as hand pumps, protected springs or household rainwater harvesting systems and other sources. Further it provides a step-by-step approach for those charged with dealing with the everyday realities of maintaining a reliable and safe water supply. The rationale for having water safety plans is explained by answering the following questions: - What are small community water supplies, and why are they important? - What is a WSP? - Why should WSPs be applied in small community water supplies? The manual then goes on to list out the six tasks that are required for developing and implementing WSP in small community, which are as follows: - Task 1 – Engage the community and assemble a WSP team. - Task 2 – Describe the community water supply. - Task 3 – Identify and assess hazards, hazardous events, risks and existing control measures. - Task 4 – Develop and implement an incremental improvement plan. - Task 5 – Monitor control measures and verifies the effectiveness of the WSP. - Task 6 – Document, review and improve all aspects of WSP implementation. In the next level the key water safety planning principles are highlighted: - Understanding and committing to achieving drinking-water safety are prerequisites to the implementation of any effective WSP. - Water safety can be effectively and sustainably improved through the use of a preventive risk management approach. - The WSP approach is meant to be flexible and adapted as needed. - The greatest risk to drinking-water safety is contamination with disease-causing microorganisms. - Risks to the safety of drinking-water are best controlled using a multiple-barrier approach. - Incremental improvements to the water supply system can be made over time, with the aim to eventually achieve water quality targets or objectives. - Any (sudden) change in the local environment should result in investigative action to confirm that drinking water is safe or to provide information on how to undertake corrective actions. - Any complaints about illness, taste, colour or smell require follow-up to ensure that the drinking-water continues to be safe. - Regular review of the WSP (including newly identified risks) is critical to ensure that water safety planning remains up to date and effective. Click here to read the full manual.
Nurturing skills for life’ Our curriculum aims for high standards whilst providing valuable and memorable opportunities for all children to learn, grow and develop the skills, knowledge and understanding relevant to their needs now and their future lives. It promotes a willingness to question and explore, widen their horizons, develop their aspirations and instil self-belief. Music at Myton Park Music is a creative and enjoyable activity, yet it can also be a highly academic and demanding subject. We provide opportunities for all children to create, play, perform and enjoy music, to develop the skills, to appreciate a wide variety of musical forms, and to begin to make judgements about the quality of music. At Myton we view singing as lying at the heart of good music teaching and our teaching focuses on developing the children’s ability to sing in tune and with other people. Through singing songs, children learn about the structure and organisation of music and we aim to build up the confidence of all children. Children develop descriptive skills in music. We teach about how music can represent feeling and emotions alongside teaching them the disciplined skills of recognising pulse and pitch. Children are also given opportunity to make music together, to understand musical notation and to compose pieces. Purpose of study Music is a universal language that embodies one of the highest forms of creativity. A high-quality music education should engage and inspire pupils to develop a love of music and their talent as musicians, and so increase their self-confidence, creativity and sense of achievement. As pupils progress, they should develop a critical engagement with music, allowing them to compose, and to listen with discrimination to the best in the musical canon. National Curriculum for England (2014) Aims and Purposes The national curriculum for music aims to ensure that all pupils: - perform, listen to, review and evaluate music across a range of historical periods, genres, styles and traditions, including the works of the great composers and musicians - learn to sing and to use their voices, to create and compose music on their own and with others, have the opportunity to learn a musical instrument, use technology appropriately and have the opportunity to progress to the next level of musical excellence - understand and explore how music is created, produced and communicated, including through the inter-related dimensions: pitch, duration, dynamics, tempo, timbre, texture, structure and appropriate musical notations. Link to Music overview Link to National Curriculum for music
In which part of the flight does a plane reach maximum lift? My logic: I think a plane reach maximum lift in a horizontal flight, when a plane start rolling on a runway, landing gear produce more friction and when landing, flaps and landing gear generate more fricition with the air. In conclusion i think the maximum lift is like this: Horizontal flight > Takeoff > Landing In a steep turn, at high speed. In addition to the lift needed to compensate weight, a turn requires the wing to produce additional lift to accelerate the aircraft sideways. Speed is required so enough dynamic pressure is available to produce all that lift. The same happens at the bottom of a tight loop when weight and the lift needed to compensate centrifugal forces add up. In level flight the lift must equal the weight of the aircraft (which will typically reduce as it burns fuel). If lift exceeds weight then the aircraft will accelerate upwards; thus is something that we typically see at takeoff, and hopefully just before landing when the aircraft‘s rate of descent drops to almost zero. The maximum lift would be generated when the aircraft pulls out of a steep dive, converting kinetic energy into lift which would allow more lift than could be generated by the power of the engines alone. Technically speaking any airplane generates maximum lift just before the wings come off. Whether that is interesting to obtain or not, depends on your need for adrenaline. During a normal flight in a one engine GA airplane, the moment at which most lift is created is during the first few seconds after rotation. In more agile airplanes like military jets, maximum airlift is created well beyond bed time, which is not desirable at all. The most common situation for any airplane to get closest to its maximum airlift is when it hits turbulent updraft immediately after turbulent downdraft, which occasionally is known to make the wings come off.
Reform and Revolution John Spiller shows that, in constitution-making in the USA (1787-89), France (1789-92) and Great Britain (1830-32), some men were considered more equal than others. The USA, France and Britain, in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, all witnessed the advance of democracy to some degree. Concern for the rights of the individual and a desire to challenge privilege appear to have played a part in bringing about political change in all three countries. This article asks how democratic these reforms really were. To what extent were they designed to empower the masses, to what extent to further the interests of the rich? The USA 1787-89 During the summer of 1787, 55 delegates from 12 of the 13 states of the USA met at Philadelphia to write what would become a new constitution. The War of Independence against the ‘tyrannical’ British had been won in 1783, but over the next four years many Americans came to fear that their de facto government - a congress based on the Articles of Confederation - would be too weak in peacetime to bind people and states together. Daniel Shays’ rebellion of veterans and farmers in 1786 over rural debt in Massachusetts confirmed the doubts of the elite, while practical concerns over defence, trade regulation, currency, the post-war economic depression and taxation, and land disputes between states (e.g. Pennsylvania and Connecticut), added further weight to the calls to revise the Articles of Confederation. At one point, the cries for stronger government even prompted the leader of Congress to look into the possibility of bringing over Prince Henry of Prussia to be the new King of the USA.
In North America, Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis caused by Trypanosoma cruzi) was first reported in Mexico in 1940 and in the United States in Texas in 1955 . However, based on ancient mummified remains discovered in the Rio Grande Valley, human T. cruzi infection has been present in North America since prehistoric times . T. cruzi is a protozoan hemoflagellate that is most commonly transmitted to humans by blood-feeding triatomine bugs followed by autoinoculation . Chagas disease can also be transmitted to man by non-vectorial mechanisms, namely mother-to-child-transmission , blood transfusion, and orally through food-borne transmission. When untreated in the acute stage, the disease becomes chronic and up to 30% or more of infected individuals will progress to Chagasic cardiomyopathy or megavisceral disease associated with debilitating morbidity or death. Today, Chagas disease is a leading cause of heart disease among people living in extreme poverty in the Western Hemisphere, especially in Latin America, where it is a major parasitic killer .
Pittsburgh Zoo Plays Part In African Elephant Artificial Insemination Program PITTSBURGH (KDKA) — The addition of a new little African elephant is being celebrated at the Vienna Zoo in Europe, and the Pittsburgh Zoo & PPG Aquarium played a big part in the historic birth. Pittsburgh Zoo officials say the female elephant calf, born on Sept. 4, was conceived through “the first-ever successful artificial insemination using frozen sperm.” The Pittsburgh and Vienna zoos partnered with Berlin’s Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research and ZooParc de Beauvalm on what is being called “Project Frozen Dumbo.” Zoo officials in Pittsburgh and Vienna say the baby is now nursing and bonding with her mother, 28-year-old Tonga. The little elephant also has a sister, Mongu, which was born at the Vienna Zoo in 2003. According to the zoos, Tonga went through a 645-day gestation period after being artificially inseminated. The baby’s father is a wild bull elephant at the Rhinda Reserve in Africa. In a press release, President and CEO of the Pittsburgh Zoo & PPG Aquarium Dr. Barbara Baker said: “Having a healthy baby elephant is an important occasion, but the breakthrough in reproduction research is a major milestone in saving an aging African population in zoos. Using frozen sperm through artificial insemination will infuse new genetics to ensure the elephants future.” According to the Pittsburgh Zoo, the artificial insemination program, which allows sperm to be collected from the wild and frozen, was developed by researchers at the Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research in Berlin. Officials with the Pittsburgh Zoo say they will now be working with those researchers to set up a North American sperm bank at their International Conservation Center in Somerset County. “Breeding African elephants is a very difficult process. With the aging population, there is a prospect of them disappearing from the United States within the next 40 years. That would be a devastating occurrence for such an incredible species. But Project Frozen Dumbo’s success will support and strengthen efforts to save the African elephant populations with the infusion of new genetics,” Dr. Baker said in the press release. So, what about a name for the new baby? Well, according to the Vienna Zoo, the elephant keepers will come up with three names and then put it to a vote on their website.
As of: 08/2022 Currently, waste disposal accounts for around 3% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Due to rapid population growth, increasing urbanization and steady growth in consumption solid waste quantities will increase rapidly in the next years. These developments directly result in increased greenhouse gas emissions. Thus, efficient and sustainable concepts of waste management must become an integral part in the global fight against climate change. Indonesia has recognized the importance of this issue and has identified the necessity to improve solid waste management in its national climate change strategy. KfW is supporting Indonesia in its ef fort to implement investments in an improved infrastructure for solid waste management in selected cities. \|Project titel\|\|Emission Reduction in Cities – Solid Waste Management\| \|Commissioned by\|\|German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ)\| \|Project partners\|\|Ministry of Public Works and Housing\| Indonesia is undergoing a rapid structural transformation, from a rural to a predominantly urban society. Its urban population of around 137 million people, or 54% of the total population in 2015, will increase to an estimated 68% by 2025 (183 million), making it one of the fastest urbanizing countries in Southeast Asia. The country is one of the largest emitters of greenhouse gases in the world. The Government of Indonesia has therefore committed itself to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 29%, or even 41% with external support, by 2030. Almost 13% of Indonesia’s emissions result from improper waste disposal (i.e. burying, burning, controlled disposal). Against that background the Government of Indonesia committed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from solid waste management as part of its international commitment entered into inter alia in Paris 2015. Additionally, every year, 3.2 million tonnes of plastic waste in Indonesia are still not disposed of correctly and end up in the environment. More than a third of this waste finishes up in the sea. With an annual discharge of around 1.3 million tonnes of plastic waste, Indonesia is the second-largest source of marine litter in the world. To improve solid waste management and reduce greenhouse gas emission a national strategy has been developed by the Indonesian Government in cooperation with their development partners in order to increase investment in waste management facilities and to improve institutional capacities at the central and local level, as well as social-cultural approaches. Solid waste is disposed of mostly disorderly in Indonesia: In 2014, around 40% of the urban population did not have access to sanitation facilities. Only approximately 80 of the existing 520 landfills are operated in an orderly and sustainable manner. However, Indonesia will remain reliable on landfills for a long time. Therefore, it is vital they are designed and operated in an environmentally, socially, and economically sustainable fashion in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions along with the pollution of groundwater, rivers, air and soils. On behalf of the German Government, KfW is supporting the Government of Indonesia to develop more effective solid waste management solutions in four locations: Malang, Jambi, Jombang and Sidoarjo. For this purpose KfW provides a concessional loan amounting to EUR 75 million for funding the program “Emission Reduction in Cities – Solid Waste Management” in which a range of investment activities will be implemented. This includes the construction of new landfills according to modern standards and best practices (and closure and covering of existing dumpsites), the establishment of sorting and composting plants as well as the provision of technical equipment. The investment activities at the project sited in Indonesia are implemented by the Directorate General of Human Settlements in the Ministry of Public Works and Housing and the local authorities. It is accompanied by human and institutional capacity building activities in order to ensure the long-term operation of new facilities. These activities are funded by a grant provided by the Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs (SECO). Capacity building measures provide support to local Governments to improve their planning and management of solid waste management services, to strengthen organizational structures, establish cost recovery mechanisms and train personnel to effectively and efficiently operate new facilities. The program “Emission Reduction in Cities – Solid Waste Management” intends to support the Indonesian efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from improper waste disposal. Especially the proper composting of organic waste and landfill gas control will contribute to this goal. In addition, the program supports the Government of Indonesia´s objective to achieve universal access to sanitation services by 2019. The quality of air and water will be improved, the quality of soils preserved and health risks for the population minimized. The project is also a part of the Clean Oceans Initiative initiated on behalf of the Federal Government by, KfW, together with the European Investment Bank (EIB) and the French Development Bank (AFD). The Initiative aims at supporting the development and implementation of sustainable projects that will reduce pollution in the world’s oceans over the next five years. The Clean Oceans Initiative also supports plastic prevention measures, market development for recycling plastics and other materials and public awareness building. The project contributes to the achievement of these following United Nations Sustainable Development Goals: KfW Development Bank Urban Development and Mobility East Asia & Pacific
The First International Day of the Girl Child: “Towards a Safer Environment for Egyptian Girls” Cairo-Egypt, 10 October 2012- Egypt celebrated, today, the first International Day of the Girl Child and joined the rest of the world in marking this day designated by the United Nations General Assembly. In a round table discussion entitled “Towards a Safer Environment for Egyptian Girls,” experts highlighted inequities and challenges that affect the rights, development, and empowerment of Egyptian girls. The event was held under the umbrella of the National Council for Childhood and Motherhood (NCCM), in partnership with the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) and United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN Women). “We renew our commitment to the enforcement of young women’s rights, today we shed light on the challenges girls face, especially at this critical period that Egypt is going through,” said Dr. Nasr Al Sayed, Secretary General of the NCCM. Dr. Al Sayed added that, “we need to endorse all the principles of equal opportunities and non-discrimination. We also endorse girls’ right to quality education, access to information and knowledge in all areas related to her physical and mental health, and emphasize her right to protection from harmful practices such as early marriage.” The 11th of October has been designated by the UN as a day to promote the rights of girls and to address the unique challenges they face in their life. UNICEF Representative in Egypt, Mr. Philippe Duamelle, highlighted that girls face daily multiple challenges negatively affecting their rights to education, health and freedom from violence, harassment and early marriages. He added that, “such challenges affecting the life and future of girls must be addressed so that girls can enjoy their rights and develop to their full potential, prepare for a better life for themselves their families and be able to actively participate in the development of their communities and their country.” In Egypt, adolescent girls aged 15-17 are exposed to marriage responsibility early in life as 2.3 percent of adolescent girls are married and 12 percent are on their way to be married. Child marriages put the girl’s life at risk especially in developing countries where pregnancy-related complications are the main cause for death for adolescent girls. Girls with low levels of schooling are more likely to be married early, and child marriage has been shown to virtually end a girl’s education. Globally, girls with secondary schooling are up to six times less likely to marry as children, making education one of the best strategies for protecting girls and combating child marriage. The roundtable discussion brought together different guest speakers to discuss the various aspects of the girl child rights including Actor Khaled Abol Naga, UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador and actress Basma. Fatma Elzahraa Yassin, Communications Associate, UN Women Egypt Country Office at email@example.com Marion Schaefer, Communication and Advocacy Officer, UNFPA Egypt Country Office at Hala Abu Khatwa, Head of Communication Section, UNICEF Egypt ,Country Office at
Sydney’s Museum of Human Disease has opened its doors to the public, allowing visitors to view a Pandora’s box of plague, pestilence and disease in graphic detail. Previously used as a resource for medical students at the University of New South Wales, the museum has more than 2,000 cadaver parts on display illustrating all manner of ailments afflicting the human body. Located in the tranquil surrounds of the university campus in Sydney’s leafy eastern suburbs, the museum is not a place for the squeamish. A blackened smoker’s lung sits opposite a nectrotic ulcer the size of a cricket ball, while in one perspex display case lies a misshapen knee labeled “gouty arthritis.” Nearby, two disembodied white thumbs are set against a dark background in an exhibit that looks like a macabre parody of the “thumbs up” gesture. Some of the illnesses displayed would be unfamiliar to those without a medical background, such as a nodular goiter and a gangrenous foot showing the impact of the blood-clotting condition Buergers’ Disease. Others are all too common, including the museum’s “specimen of the week,” an egg-shaped breast cancer. Curator Robert Lansdown admits the museum is confrontational but says it is a powerful educational tool, allowing the public to see first-hand how lifestyle choices such as smoking and eating fatty foods can affect the body. “You only have to read the histories associated with some of the displays to see that this person was a smoker, or they were overweight,” Lansdown said. “People get a real appreciation of that when they come here.” “They often only think about how their skin changes because it’s external, they don’t think about other organs, but over the course of someone’s lifetime they change a lot,” he said. “Your diet, drinking and exercise habits make a real difference, and that’s what people can see here.” Lansdown said the museum was careful to treat the displays with respect, bearing in mind that they were once part of living human beings and should not be used for lurid entertainment. “It’s obviously still extraordinary, confronting and graphic for people but it’s done in a way that gives them the opportunity to learn,” he said. Visitors to the museum are given a set of headphones attached to a device that allows them to access recordings of pathologists discussing the exhibits on display. Lansdown, a high school science teacher before he took over the collection three years ago, said most of the visitors since the museum opened to the public a few weeks ago had been older people. “It’s perhaps because they’ve had more exposure to diseases and they may know somebody suffering from one of these conditions,” he said. “Although it’s quite upsetting initially, they then can understand it better.” “For the general public, and also for pathologists and doctors, the best way to learn about these things is to see them,” Lansdown said. He said one man recently came in who was suffering asbestosis, an irreversible lung-scarring disease caused by exposure to asbestos dust. While the man was familiar with the symptoms and cause of the disease, he simply wanted to see what was occurring inside his body, Lansdown said. He said some visitors became queasy and the groups of senior high school students who regularly arrived for guided tours often responded with initial comments such as “gross” and “disgusting.”
Size: 5.5″ x 8.5″, 16-page booklet Pack of 30 Preschoolers are learning about their world. They are learning how to be part of their family and their community. Children learn from watching parents, adults, and other children. Use the Six Pillars to set expectations for your children. The activities in this guide will help you reinforce the importance of good character so your children can learn about — and practice — these values at home.
Technology has always played a major role in scientific breakthroughs, and artificial intelligence is expected to take it a step further and raise the bar of scientific research, to new levels. This technology offers the solution to all the complex research challenges scientists have had to encounter in the past and especially in the present. Now, they can address such challenges much more effectively and timely than humans. In a digital age where a universe of information is present, with most of it residing in cyberspace, humans don’t have to cope with the task of manually analyzing the vast amounts of available data to spot patterns, detect anomalies and derive useful insights. Instead, AI tools are being used to make such tasks easy and efficient. Giovanni Colavizza, a data scientist doing research at the Alan Turing Institute in London on full-text analysis of scholarly publications, wrote in the International Journal of Science that modern AI tools are equipped with “state-of-the-art information retrieving” capabilities. The article states that a plethora of scientific literature is available on the internet with 1 million new research papers being published every year. Given such an incredible publication pace, it’s almost impossible for scientists to sort through, analyze and assess vast quantities of research papers to test different hypothesis. This problem can be solved with cutting edge tech tools powered by Artificial Intelligence that can help scientists extract specific content as per requirement as they possess the ability to filter, rank and group search results. An example of such a technology is Iris.ai, which acts as a research assistant to help users map out and acquire relevant scientific knowledge. AI powered tools such as Iris possesses such incredible storage and processing capacity that “she can read the transcripts of all TED talks to date in no time” and here is “how exactly Iris.ai works.” In an article “5 ways Artificial Intelligence will Disrupt Science” ai powered tools such as Iris are specially designed with the astounding capability “to map out the science around a TED talk” as it can “analyze(s) the scripts of the talks. Using Natural Language Processing algorithms, such tools can mine(…) open-access academic literature to find key papers related to the talk’s content” and elegantly visualize the groups of related research papers. For research scientists this means entering a 300–500 word description of their research topic or just the url of an existing paper for Iris to produce a map of 1000’s of matching documents as stated in “How AI Technology Can Tame the Scientific Literature.” Iris’s cofounder Mario Ritola mentioned that their team’s future aim is to turn Iris from a research assistant to a real scientist. This means that it can generate a hypothesis by itself after analyzing and going through existing scientific papers, collect data by running experiments and simulations and write new papers based on the outcome. She also mentions about “democratizing access to scientific knowledge” and making it publicly available through the use of AI assistants that can map out relevant information by “leveraging AI.” In fact a team at IBM has already achieved what Ms. Ritola is envisioning. They state that they have developed AI algorithms capable of making new scientific discoveries and works by bringing together text mining, visualization and analytics in order to extract facts and propose new hypotheses that are likely to be true. What this might mean is that in the near future, scientific research might get automated freeing up scientists to focus on more important tasks. Artificial Intelligence is helping the scientific community in academic publishing as well. It can assist in peer reviews, searching and extracting published content as well as in detecting plagiarism and spotting data fabrication as mentioned in “Artificial Intelligence in Research and Publishing”. AI powered tools are also useful in scientific communication as they are not prone to the same bias as humans. Apart from academia, Artificial Intelligence is also making an impact on scientific journalism. Bertrand Pecquerie, CEO of the Global Editors Network, says that “AI will be the catalyst of the third disruption in journalism, potentially changing the way we produce and consume news.” In today’s world “computers can tell stories without humans. News-writing bots like the LA Times’ Quakebot or Washington Post’s Heliograph are able to come up with larger amounts of news stories than humans and at a much quicker pace. They are likely to sweep into newsrooms and take over much of the media work — in the next few years. A fascinating fact is that these bots can even mimic the voice of your famous writer while writing science papers and articles. Furthermore these bots are equipped with the capability that reporters and editors take decades to develop, i.e. “predict the most important research papers to report on, and the parts of those papers that should be focused on to find newsworthy issues.” AI can overcome the challenges and problems often faced by science writers with limited experience with the task. We are entering a new age of scientific research where mundane research tasks will be carried out by machines letting scientists focus on bigger questions of research and development. Thus, artificial intelligence is promising to profoundly reshape scientific research and exploration. Not only will AI lead to innovations, discoveries and scientific advancements but will also speed up the research process.
Do you know your rights? Professor of Law Henry Chambers explains the lasting wisdom of the Constitution’s first 10 amendments. Harmony Hunter: Hi, welcome to the podcast. I’m Harmony Hunter. We’re thinking about the Bill of Rights this week – how different would our society look without them? Here to help us consider that question is Henry Chambers, a professor of law at the University of Richmond. Thank you for being here. Henry Chambers: Thanks for having me. Harmony: I guess any discussion of the Bill of Rights should begin with a general outline of “What is the Bill of Rights?” Can we talk generally about how they are attached to the Constitution, how they’re a part of our country’s legal system? Henry: The Bill of Rights is the first 10 amendments of the Constitution. They were passed as one, pretty much. The idea behind the Bill of Rights is that you needed to have some protections against a growing federal or national government. Harmony: What rights are specifically enumerated in the Bill of Rights? Henry: Tons of particular rights are enumerated. Our first amendment includes, of course, all those rights of free citizens, including right to free exercise of religion, freedom of speech, freedom to peaceably assemble, petition government, things along those lines.Second amendment rights include the right to bear arms. Third amendment, right to not have soldiers quartered in one’s house or living in one’s house. In addition, we have criminal trial rights, we have civil trial rights, we have a lot of the rights that we think of as being the rights of citizenship and the rights of American citizenship. Many of them are all in the Bill of Rights. Harmony: Why was it necessary to enumerate these specific rights? Wouldn’t the Constitution have been protection enough? What were the two sides of that coin – arguments for and against specifically enumerating these individual freedoms? Henry: That’s a darn fine question, and indeed is one that was a real issue during the Constitutional Convention. The problem that you get when you have the Constitution itself without a set bill of rights, is that there’s a fear that the federal government will fill all the possible power vacuums with its own power. So as a consequence, if you read just the first seven articles of the Constitution – the part of the Constitution that was ratified first – there arguably is not a sufficient limitation on the power of the federal or national government. Without a limitation on those powers, the concern is that the federal government can run roughshod over citizens. As a consequence, what you need is a bill of rights that will tell citizens precisely what their rights are, as against the government. Recognize that many state constitutions that were in existence before the Federal Constitution was in existence, those state constitutions, many of them, had bills of rights of their own that protected a number of rights that the Federal Bill of Rights protects. So you had that argument that you needed to have a bill of rights in order to protect those individual rights. The counterargument was that you didn’t need a bill of rights, because the federal government is a government of limited rights. So to the extent that the federal government had no power to do anything in particular that would derogate, or that would go against the rights of citizens, the argument was that there really was no reason to have a bill of rights, because the federal government couldn’t exercise the powers that might very well harm the individual rights that individual citizens happened to already have. Harmony: So some people felt that since the Constitution already included a system of checks and balances, there wasn’t going to be this danger of runaway power like they saw in the monarchy of England, which was what they were trying to avoid. Henry: Well that’s part of it. But it’s not so much that the checks and balances were there, because the checks and balances were there in order to control parts of the government. Checks and balances are there to make sure that each portion of the government stayed inside of its own realm, that certainly was an issue. So there was a concern with the monarchy, but the thing to remember about the monarchy is that the power of the monarchy comes from the king. That is, the power to control and the power to run, the sovereign, is the king. The whole point to the American experiment is that the power and the sovereign is the people. The people are the font of the power, the people are the sovereign. So as a consequence, the idea is that we had a completely different system. So you did have to, in theory, recognize that the people were the sovereign. Now that’s a double-edged sword, of course. Because if the notion is that the people are in control, then in theory you don’t necessarily need a bill of rights. That, at least, is the argument. If the people are in control, then you don’t need a bill of rights. Other folks would argue, “No, no, no, no, no.” The people are in control, therefore it ought to be stated specifically what rights the people have. That was a part of the fight. Harmony: And what about the question of, by guaranteeing certain rights, it might imply that those that weren’t specifically guaranteed weren’t included in that package? Henry: Well Madison certainly made that argument as well against having a bill of rights when he was in the Constitutional Convention. He of course eventually – I won’t say he changed sides – but he realized that it was going to be necessary to have a bill of rights if the Constitution was going to function properly. His argument was, “Look. The federal government has certain rights and it won’t bleed into new areas.” He also took the argument that, as a consequence, if you say specifically what rights citizens have, that seems to suggest that the government has every right that’s not enumerated. Now, the way that that was dealt with however was as a part of the bill of rights. You look at the tenth amendment, for example, and the ninth amendment, for example, which essentially remind us that any power that the federal government has not been given, it cannot exercise. Harmony: So the first ten amendments are ratified in 1791. When we look back at those today, how relevant are they to today’s society? Did the founders do a good job of guessing at what some of the lasting issues for this type of government would be? Henry: Oh, yes. They’re incredibly relevant. Although we do want to remember that the founding fathers did not pick these up out of whole cloth. A lot of these were already in the bill of rights of particular states. So as a consequence, it’s fair to say that they picked up the general notion of what citizenship rights were. And indeed, the bill of rights in state’s constitutions were also reminiscent of bills of rights like the English Bill of Rights. So, they certainly did hit a lot of issues that are relevant today and that were relevant then and will always be relevant when you’re talking about citizens versus government. How a federal government can punish its citizens will always be an issue. So the notion of not having cruel and unusual punishment under the eighth amendment will always be a question. The issue of how it is the federal government can bring an individual to court and punish them will always be an issue. So the need to have trial rights protected will always be a question and always be an issue. The notion of the right to counsel and the ability to have counsel and to be represented by counsel will always be an issue in those circumstances. So no question: federal government certainly hit a lot of those issues, and all of those amendments are very important today. We might very well say that the quartering of soldiers – the third amendment – may not be so important, but certainly all of the other ones are quite important to us. Harmony: We face individual liberties issues today with things that the founders never could have imagined. Things like privacy and expectations of privacy using a lot of digital media today. How do you see the Bill of Rights being invoked for questions like what expectation of privacy a student might have in school using a cell phone, or computer use? Henry: That’s actually a very, very good question. It’s the issue that becomes problematic because as you note, the founding fathers of course did not think about those particular issues, although they certainly did think in general about the question of privacy. The way the Supreme Court has dealt with the issue is to talk about the reasonable expectation of privacy. The thing to remember about the reasonable expectation of privacy is that it changes over time. One of the things that I have seen that has surprised me quite a bit is that as I talk to students who are younger and younger, they don’t see privacy the same way that folks who are older see privacy. They tend to see privacy as not that big a deal. It may well be because of digital media or what have you. Maybe it is because seemingly people are living their lives out in the open. People are putting their lives out on Facebook for everyone to see – they don’t seem to see privacy in the same way that my generation, or a generation older than I do sees privacy. That’s going to be interesting, because the reasonable expectation of privacy depends on how we currently view the expectation of privacy. So if many of us no longer believe that certain things should be private, it’s going to be more likely that government will be able to look into those things without having to worry about the fourth amendment. It’s really a fascinating issue to think about and discuss. Harmony: What do you think is the most important thing to remember when we’re considering the Bill of Rights? Henry: If we don’t focus on the Bill of Rights and make sure that we exercise our rights under the Bill of Rights, then they may very well go away, just through neglect. Now we’re never going to repeal, I don’t think we’re ever going to repeal any of the first ten amendments, but they always can just kind of go away by neglecting them. So we probably ought to think about them every year. When we think about the Constitution and when we think about the Declaration of Independence, I think we ought to also think about the Bill of Rights. Harmony: Thanks so much for being with us today. Henry: Thanks for having me. Harmony: This Thursday, November 18th, Colonial Williamsburg will broadcast an Electronic Field Trip that explores a world without guaranteed individual liberties. Tune in for “The Bill of Rights” at www.history.org/trips or on local public broadcast stations.
Discover the cosmos! Each day a different image or photograph of our fascinating universe is featured, along with a brief explanation written by a professional astronomer. 2015 January 23 Explanation: Some prefer windows, and these are the best available on board the International Space Station. Taken on January 4, this snapshot from inside the station's large, seven-window Cupola module also shows off a workstation for controlling Canadarm2. Used to grapple visiting cargo vehicles and assist astronauts during spacewalks, the robotic arm is just outside the window at the right. The Cupola itself is attached to the Earth-facing or nadir port of the station's Tranquility module, offering dynamic panoramas of our fair planet. Seen from the station's 90 minute long, 400 kilometer high orbit, Earth's bright limb is in view above center. Authors & editors: Jerry Bonnell (UMCP) NASA Official: Phillip Newman Specific rights apply. A service of: ASD at NASA / GSFC & Michigan Tech. U.
Blackcurrant, a shrub grown for its edible berries, can delay muscle recovery in sprinters after intense exercise, according to a study recently published in the journal Nutrients. The study found that when sprinters ate blackcurrants before performing sprint intervals, they experienced slower recovery times in both active and passive recovery—a period of rest to allow the body’s metabolic processes to replenish themselves in preparation for further activity. Usage of blackcurrant may decrease inflammation and oxidative stress which is a dangerous chemical reaction in the human body. A newly published study of the effects of New Zealand blackcurrant extract on hormone and strength training in untrained individuals found that 300 mg extract for 11 days boosted hormones and increased muscle strength. “There’s a close relationship between anthocyanin levels in the blood and protection against oxidative stress, so it’s best to consume New Zealand blackcurrant extract one to two hours before exercise, as this gives time for the anthocyanins to be absorbed and peak in our bloodstream,” declared the co-author of the study co-author Julie Hunt. Blackcurrants health benefits Blackcurrants (Ribes nigrum) are native to Eurasia but were introduced to North America by European settlers in the 1600s, where they’ve been cultivated ever since. Blackcurrants may look similar to blueberries, but they’re not the same thing. The scientific name, Ribes nigrum, is derived from the Latin ribes, which means “black”, and niger, which means “black.” Blackcurrants are actually related to gooseberries, and both belong to the genus Ribes, which also contains red currants and gooseberries. Blackcurrants are packed with antioxidants, flavonoids, and polyphenols. In fact, blackcurrants are one of the richest sources of anthocyanins, a group of powerful antioxidants thought to help fight heart disease and cancer. Although blackcurrants are safe for most people to eat, some people can experience gastrointestinal side effects like gas, bloating, and diarrhea.
The moving rocks, also known as sliding rocks or sailing stones, are a geological phenomenon found in Racetrack Playa, a seasonally dry lake (a playa) located in the Panamint Mountains in Death Valley National Park , California . The rocks move across the surface of the playa, leaving long tracks behind them as they go, without human or animal intervention. They have never been seen or filmed in motion. Racetrack rocks only move once every two or three years and most tracks last for just three or four years. Rocks with rough bottoms leave straight striated tracks while those with smooth bottoms wander. Most of the moving stones originate from an 850 foot (260 m) high hillside made of dark dolomite on the south end of the playa, but some are intrusive igneous rock from adjacent slopes. Tracks are often tens to hundreds of feet (low to high tens of meters) long, a few to 12 inches (8 to 30 cm) wide, and typically less than an inch (2.5 cm) deep. Over the year, there were many speculations and possible explanations made on how the stones move, ranging from supernatural to very complex. Most hypotheses favored by interested geologists posit that strong winds when the mud is wet are at least in part responsible. But some stones weigh as much as a human, which some researchers feel is too heavy for the area's wind to move. They maintain that ice sheets around the stones either help to catch the wind or move in ice flows. But both theories don't explain how two rocks right next to each other could go in two opposite directions or one could stay put while the one three times the size, doesn't. So far every attempt of explanation has been insufficient and purely assumptive. The mystery of moving rocks is yet to be revealed.
The Bottle Palm Tree is a tropical plant grown in Southern climates. It gets its name from the bottle shape of its trunk when it first begins to grow. It is a staple and long-lasting plant for the Southern gardener. Bottle Palm Care & Growing Guide Because of the Bottle Palm’s need for warmer temperatures, they are often grown in Florida, Southern California, and Hawaii. If you don’t live in these areas, it is still possible to grow a Bottle Palm plant, but they must be of a smaller size that can fit in a container. This way, they can be brought inside when the temperature begins to drop. Drier soil is optimal for cultivating this plant. Make sure that the soil is well-drained with plenty of potassium. Potassium can come naturally from the right soil, but you can also add potassium-filled feed to the soil annually. When planting the palm, first measure the root ball of the plant. Then clear out a space and dig a hole twice as deep as the root ball, and twice as wide. To increase proper drainage, add sand or topsoil. Make sure the plant is in the soil at the same depth as it was in the pot. Do not pile up soil around the growing site. After the Bottle Palm has been planted, be sure to water well in the initial growing phase. This helps the plant to grow deep roots within the soil. After a period of time, the Bottle Palm will adapt to withstand short periods of drought. Be sure to observe carefully and watch for any signs of disease or pests. If proper care is taken, growing a Bottle Palm is a very easy plant to grow. Just provide good high-potassium food and bright light. Also remember to moderate moisture in the soil. It should be balanced, not too moist or dry. If not given the proper treatment, such as too much moisture, this could result in plant disease caused by moisture-loving fungi. Trimming, like most other parts of caring about the Bottle Palm, is dependent on the climate the tree is living in. If it is living in a cooler environment, the palms will begin to turn brown and die. Don’t trim those branches immediately! Oftentimes, these dead palms will help conceal and warm the living part of the tree during the cooler months. Plant covers for the bottle palm may also come in handy. Trimming may also be necessary when pests eat the palms, or disease spreads on the plant. Be attentive to the changes in your plant, and a small trim will be all you need to keep it healthy. Expect your Bottle Palm plant to grow to about ten feet. It is not a quick process to get there, though. It takes the average bottle palm decades to grow to this height. 9. Native Habitat The Bottle Palm originated in two places, both east of Madagascar: Round Island and the Mauritius Islands. They are located in the Indian Ocean. Interestingly enough, they are actually endangered on Round Island, whereas they are thriving in warmer areas in the US. Of course, based on what we know of the Bottle Palm, the plant prefers warmer temperatures. In its normal climate and growing environment, in places like Florida and Southern California, cooler temperatures shouldn’t be a problem, except for in rare cases when the temperature drops to the lower 30s Fahrenheit. If this temperature is expected to happen where you live, it is definitely a safer choice to grow your Bottle Palm in a pot. This plant needs sunlight! Intense sunlight for at least part of the day is necessary for growth. Shady environments will not work to grow this plant. If you are growing your Bottle Palm indoors, make sure to position the palm in front of an open window where it can get plenty of sun. 12. Common Diseases When it comes to caring for your plant, there are a few common signs that your palm may be in need of some extra attention. Leaf spots are brown, circular to elongated marks on the palm. This is a fungus, and though it likely will not kill the tree, it is often a sign that your plant is receiving too much moisture. In more severe cases, use fungicides to rid the palm of these spots. Otherwise, they will go away on their own. Bud rot is another common diseases, occurring most often after a tropical storm. It affects the leaves, wilting them and showing black lesions. Unlike the first diseases, recovery of the plant is much less likely, and if this occurs, it is better to remove the plant in order to prevent a spread. Finally, Ganoderma Root is a disease also caused by fungus. Palm fronds will droop and yellow. Roots will begin to decay. The palm can last for a few years after infection, but it is almost impossible to recover your palm from this disease. Be sure to clear out any dead roots, stumps, and trunks in the area after removing the plant. Do not plant another palm in the same spot, since this disease is known to live in the soil. Similar post: Pachypodium (Madagascar Palm) Care & Growing Guide Despite the diseases mentioned above, the Bottle Palm is a sturdy, attractive addition for a gardener’s home that will not be too difficult to maintain. If proper care is taken, your Bottle Palm will live a long and healthy life. As a reminder, this plant needs lots of sunlight and potassium-filled soil. Water generously when you first plant your palm, so that it can grow with strong, deep roots for years to come. This investment is one that will be well worth it, when you see this simple, distinctly Southern plant grow alongside your other plants, or solo as a statement to your front or backyard. Go out and get your Bottle Palm today, and enjoy decades of a bright, green accessory to your Southern home or garden. Victoria is the owner and main author of hobby plants. She loves spending her free time in her garden planting and taking care of her plants. Victoria hopes you enjoy the content here!
In the fight against drug-resistant bacteria, MIT researchers have enlisted the help of beneficial bacteria known as probiotics. In a new study, the researchers showed that by delivering a combination of antibiotic drugs and probiotics, they could eradicate two strains of drug-resistant bacteria that often infect wounds. To achieve this, they encapsulated the probiotic bacteria in a protective shell of alginate, a biocompatible material that prevents the probiotics from being killed by the antibiotic. “There are so many bacteria now that are resistant to antibiotics, which is a serious problem for human health. We think one way to treat them is by encapsulating a live probiotic and letting it do its job,” says Ana Jaklenec, a research scientist at MIT’s Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and one of the senior authors of the study. If shown to be successful in future tests in animals and humans, the probiotic/antibiotic combination could be incorporated into dressings for wounds, where it could help heal infected chronic wounds, the researchers say. Robert Langer, the David H. Koch Institute Professor and a member of the Koch Institute, is also a senior author of the paper, which appears in the journal Advanced Materials on Oct. 17. Zhihao Li, a former MIT visiting scientist, is the study’s lead author. The human body contains trillions of bacterial cells, many of which are beneficial. In some cases, these bacteria help fend off infection by secreting antimicrobial peptides and other compounds that kill pathogenic strains of bacteria. Others outcompete harmful strains by taking up nutrients and other critical resources. Scientists have previously tested the idea of applying probiotics to chronic wounds, and they’ve had some success in studies of patients with burns, Li says. However, the probiotic strains usually can’t combat all of the bacteria that would be found in an infected wound. Combining these strains with traditional antibiotics would help to kill more of the pathogenic bacteria, but the antibiotic would likely also kill off the probiotic bacteria. The MIT team devised a way to get around this problem by encapsulating the probiotic bacteria so that they would not be affected by the antibiotic. They chose alginate in part because it is already used in dressings for chronic wounds, where it helps to absorb secretions and keep the wound dry. Additionally, the researchers also found that alginate is a component of the biofilms that clusters of bacteria form to protect themselves from antibiotics. “We looked into the molecular components of biofilms and we found that for Pseudomonas infection, alginate is very important for its resistance against antibiotics,” Li says. “However, so far no one has used this ability to protect good bacteria from antibiotics.” For this study, the researchers chose to encapsulate a type of commercially available probiotic known as Bio-K+, which consists of three strains of Lactobacillus bacteria. These strains are known to kill methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The exact mechanism by which they do this is not known, but one possibility is that the pathogens are susceptible to lactic acid produced by the probiotics. Another possibility is that the probiotics secrete antimicrobial peptides or other proteins that kill the pathogens or disrupt their ability to form biofilms. The researchers delivered the encapsulated probiotics along with an antibiotic called tobramycin, which they chose among other tested antibiotics because it effectively kills Pseudomonas aeruginosa, another strain commonly found in wound infections. When MRSA and Pseudomonas aeruginosa growing in a lab dish were exposed to the combination of encapsulated Bio-K+ and tobramycin, all of the pathogenic bacteria were wiped out. “It was quite a drastic effect,” Jaklenec says. “It completely eradicated the bacteria.” When they tried the same experiment with nonencapsulated probiotics, the probiotics were killed by the antibiotics, allowing the MRSA bacteria to survive. “When we just used one component, either antibiotics or probiotics, they couldn’t eradicate all the pathogens. That’s something which can be very important in clinical settings where you have wounds with different bacteria, and antibiotics are not enough to kill all the bacteria,” Li says. Better wound healing The researchers envision that this approach could be used to develop new types of bandages or other wound dressings embedded with antibiotics and alginate-encapsulated probiotics. Before that can happen, they plan to further test the approach in animals and possibly in humans. “The good thing about alginate is it’s FDA-approved, and the probiotic we use is approved as well,” Li says. “I think probiotics can be something that may revolutionize wound treatment in the future. With our work, we have expanded the application possibilities of probiotics.” In a study published in 2016, the researchers demonstrated that coating probiotics with layers of alginate and another polysaccharide called chitosan could protect them from being broken down in the gastrointestinal tract. This could help researchers develop ways to treat disease or improve digestion with orally delivered probiotics. Another potential application is using these probiotics to replenish the gut microbiome after treatment with antibiotics, which can wipe out beneficial bacteria at the same time that they clear up an infection. Li’s work on this project was funded by the Swiss Janggen-Poehn Foundation and by Beatrice Beck-Schimmer and Hans-Ruedi Gonzenbach. Publication: Zhihao Li, et al., “Biofilm‐Inspired Encapsulation of Probiotics for the Treatment of Complex Infections,” Advanced Materials, 2018; doi:10.1002/adma.201803925
Microarrays have proven to be useful in rapid detection of many viruses and bacteria. Pathogen detection microarrays have been used to diagnose viral and bacterial infections in clinical samples and to evaluate the safety of biological drug materials. In this study, the Axiom Microbiome Array was evaluated to determine its sensitivity, specificity and utility in microbiome analysis of veterinary clinical samples. The array contains probes designed to detect more than 12,000 species of viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and archaea, yielding the most comprehensive microbial detection platform built to date. The array was able to detect Shigella and Aspergillus at 100 genome copies, and vaccinia virus DNA at 1,000 genome copies. The Axiom Microbiome Array made correct species-level calls in mock microbial community samples. When tested against serum, tissue, and fecal samples from pigs experimentally co-infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and porcine circovirus type 2, the microarray correctly detected these two viruses and other common viral and bacterial microbiome species. This cost-effective and high-throughput microarray is an efficient tool to rapidly analyze large numbers of clinical and environmental samples for the presence of multiple viral and bacterial pathogens. ASJC Scopus subject areas - General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology - General Agricultural and Biological Sciences
The Aboriginal Collections held in Special Collections are vast and of strong research interest, being records of local Koori or Goori culture and traditions, rock and cave art in the Hunter Valley, as well as a unique collection of weapons from the estate of the late Percy Haslam, renowned scholar and lover of Aboriginal culture. We wish to thank all the individuals, societies and institutions for their trust and generous support in depositing this archival research material with the Special Collections Unit of the University of Newcastle. They have helped to create a rich collection available to researchers and the wider community in the study of the indigenous culture and traditions of the local Koori (or Goori) people in the Hunter Valley. We can count ourselves fortunate that some of the ancient Aboriginal languages and dreaming tales of the Hunter region have survived. In just 200 years, and after thousands of years of habitation, the last speakers of the original tongues of this region were all but wiped out. Their sacred land as well as hunting grounds were involuntarily turned into someone else's property. So much has been lost. For what we do know, much we owe to the work of two individuals, the Aboriginal leader of the Awabakal clan, Biraban (or M'Gill), who flourished c1800 - 14th April 1846, and the missionary Lancelot Edward Threlkeld (1788 - 1859), who created an Aboriginal mission on the banks of Lake Macquarie in 1826. Threlkeld, as well as acting as protector of the Aboriginal people, compiled a grammar and vocabulary of the Awabakal dialect. As part of his missionary instruction, and with the help of Biraban as his tutor, he questioned the Aboriginals about their language, beliefs and witnessed some of their rituals, recording dreaming stories, important places, as well as ritualistic practices. Threlkeld's correspondence and papers were edited by Niel Gunson in Australian Reminiscences and Papers of L.E. Threlkeld: Missionary to the Aborigines 1824 - 1859. Canberra, A.C.T.: Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, 1974. Threlkeld's published works on the Awabakal language that were originally published as pamphlets were brought together and edited by John Fraser in 1892 under the title An Australian Language as spoken by the Awabakal the people of Awaba and Lake Macquarie (Near Newcastle, New South Wales) being an account of their Language, Traditions, and Customs. Sydney: Charles Potter, Government Printer, 1892. Since that period, this region has seen a number of individuals who have who have sort to safeguard and record whatever local Aboriginal knowledge they were able to garner during the period of detribalisation. Two important figures were the late Canon Carlos Stretch and Mr Percy Haslam who, though their work on Aboriginal languages and culture have formed the basis of a new and inspired generation of scholars who can help bring this wonderful culture to life again. One of Percy's dreams was to have the native languages taught in schools, and we are happy to report that there are at least five studies of languages currently underway. Our Virtual Sourcebook of Aboriginal Studies in the Hunter Region contains scanned and digitised accounts from historical sources. Please click the menu items left for details on the various collections Gionni di Gravio Support our digitisation programs by donating to the Vera Deacon Regional History Fund Please make an appointment to visit us.
\|Did you mean to convert\|\|bee space\|\|to\|\|line\| How many bee space in 1 line? The answer is 0.325646153846. We assume you are converting between bee space and line. You can view more details on each measurement unit: bee space or line The SI base unit for length is the metre. 1 metre is equal to 153.846153846 bee space, or 472.433504984 line. Note that rounding errors may occur, so always check the results. Use this page to learn how to convert between bee space and lines. Type in your own numbers in the form to convert the units! ConvertUnits.com provides an online conversion calculator for all types of measurement units. You can find metric conversion tables for SI units, as well as English units, currency, and other data. Type in unit symbols, abbreviations, or full names for units of length, area, mass, pressure, and other types. Examples include mm, inch, 100 kg, US fluid ounce, 6'3", 10 stone 4, cubic cm, metres squared, grams, moles, feet per second, and many more! This page was loaded in 0.0030 seconds.
1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Allen, Bog of ALLEN, BOG OF, the name given to a congeries of morasses in Kildare, King's County, Queen's County and Westmeath, Ireland. Clane Bog, the eastern extremity, is within 17 m. of Dublin, and the morasses extend westward almost to the Shannon. Their total area is about 238,500 acres. They do not form one continuous bog, the tract of the country to which the name is given being intersected by strips of dry cultivated land. The rivers Brosna, Barrow and Boyne take their rise in these morasses, and the Grand and Royal canals cross them. The Bog of Allen has a general elevation of 250 ft. above sea level, and the average thickness of the peat of which it consists is 25 ft. It rests on a subsoil of clay and mud.
Details about A Practical Guide for Special Education Professionals: A Practical Guide for Special Education Professionals is a resource guidebook, the purpose of which is to provide practical information and suggestions to help the special education teacher survive and eventually succeed in the school and classroom setting. This book is written to be used as a quick reference. Thus, the chapters are presented in a brief, user-friendly format. The guidebook's content presents an overview of the major elements in special education: The Individualized Education Program (IEP), Classroom and Individual Behavior Management, Assessment for Instruction, Supervision of Paraprofessionals, Instructional Planning and Strategies, Collaborative Consultation, Home-School Partnerships, and Stress Reduction Strategies and Time Management Techniques. Each chapter prepares the teacher to work effectively in special education by supplying strategies and practical tips for working directly with pupils and other adults in the educational setting. Features: Guidebook's content presents an overview or "big picture" of the major elements in the field of special education. Selected topics are essential for teacher survival and readily applicable to the classroom setting. Gives a quick, user friendly reference and overview for teaching students with special needs as well as for working successfully with adults. One chapter does not rely on information contained in a previous chapter. Allows teachers to access chapter materials in on an individualized as- needed-basis. Beginning special education teachers "need it all" and the sooner the better. The organization of the book permits teachers to quickly reference chapter contents and obtain practical information and resources to assist their daily activities. Teaching Tips, Forms, Charts, and Tables that summarize and underscore information for the reader. Enables teachers to easily find solutions to the problems encountered in their work, including working with students, parents, other teachers, administrators, paraprofessionals. The authors consider the IEP the "heart of special education." The chapter on IEP Legal and Pragmatic Issues provides up to date information and practical suggestions and forms to guide the special education teacher to successfully participate in this process and complete the required paperwork. This chapter takes the teacher step by step through the IEP meeting process and assists in understanding Present Levels of Performance (PLEP) , Response to Intervention RtI), and Writing, Monitoring, and Reporting IEP Goals. Gives clear, concise information on the IEP process and document and "demystifies" the IEP. Provides professors with useful tools for instruction on the IEP. Two features that emphasize reflection are "Take A Moment" and "Explorations." Both provide focused questions and structured activities to promote self-reflection and application of the chapters' content. Provides teachers with an understanding of their roles and responsibilities as a special educator by reflecting on content through focused questions and applicable activities. Chapter on stress reduction strategies and time management techniques addresses the "overwhelmed" feeling that most special educators experience as they enter the profession. Provides tips and strategies for improving multitasking skills. Technology tools and resources are featured in the book. Assisted Technology, Universal Design, Grading Websites, and Web Site Resources are described.
The percussion cap replaced the flintlock. However, Darwin's book also caused controversy. Luigi Palmieri - Palmieri was a meteorologist and an expert in volcanology. Freidrich Winzer Winsor was the first person to patent gas lighting. Lawn Mower. In the 19th century people mastered electricity. The 19th century in science saw the birth of science as a profession; the term scientist was coined in by William Whewell, which soon replaced the older term of (natural) philosopher. Science and Technology in the 19th Century Among the most influential ideas of the 19th century were those of Charles . the motion picture camera, and a long-lasting, practical electric light bulb. Find out more about the greatest 19th Century Scientists, including Albert over the years but they were first invented by scientists' way back in the 19th century. During the 19th century science made great progress. In a writer said that one of the great comforts for the working class was having a photo of a family . Cambridge University Press. He took the picture by setting up a machine called the camera obscura in the window of his home in France. And should we use science to keep very ill people alive under any circumstances - no matter how clever the science? 15 Medical Inventions And Discoveries of the 's That Have Come to Define Modern Medicine Dynamite is invented Alfred Nobel would be the first person to invent dynamite. Joseph Gayetty - Gayetty didn't invent toilet paper; it had been in use, especially in Oriental cultures, since centuries. Many images are modern versions of the original inventions, but largely Russian scientists separately arrived at the same conclusion as him. Jacquard invents the Jacquard Loom. The first cheap camera was invented in by George Eastman. Ten Historic Female Scientists You Should Know Science Smithsonian Joseph Wilbrand - Weirdly, Wilbrand envisaged trinitrotoluene as a yellow dye. In he produced urea, an organic compound from inorganic chemicals. On the other hand, two-stroke engines complete the same cycle of intake, compression, ignition and exhaust in two strokes, i. Depression Self-Test Vitamins for Depression? In Joseph Thomson discovered the electron. Inventions of the s Bhumapura ahmedabad international airport \|Peter Durand invents the tin can. The 19th century saw the beginning of a great deal of abstract algebra. Video: Late 1800s scientists pictures Getting Better: 200 Years of Medicine The Stockton and Darlington railway opened in Any herbivores that ran slightly slower than most would be more likely to be eaten. Here's a list of some of the most important inventions of the 19th century, i. Languages Add links.
HIV and AIDS HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus. It breaks down the immune system- our body's protection against disease.HIV causes people to become sick with infections that normally wouldn't affect them. HIV is the infection that causes AIDS.HIV has few or no symptoms for up to10 years or more before symptoms of AIDS develop. AIDS is short for acquired immune deficiency syndrome. It is the most advanced stage of HIV disease. There is no cure for HIV/AIDS but treatment is available. HIV can b spread through unprotected sex with an infected person n through promiscuity. Latex and female condoms offer very good protection against HIV.
Definition of Tabun Tabun: Tabun or GA is an extremely toxic chemical substance. It is classified as a nerve agent because it fatally interferes with normal functioning of the mammalian nervous system. As a chemical weapon, it is classified as a weapon of mass destruction by the United Nations according to UN Resolution 687, and its production is strictly controlled and stockpiling outlawed by the Chemical Weapons Convention of 1993. Tabun is the first of the so-called G-series nerve agents along with GB (sarin), GD (soman) and GF (cyclosarin). A man-made chemical warfare agent classified as a nerve agent. Nerve agents are the most toxic and rapidly acting of the known chemical warfare agents. They are similar to pesticides (insect killers) called organophosphates in terms of how they work and what kinds of harmful effects they cause. However, nerve agents are much more potent than organophosphate pesticides. Tabun was originally developed as a pesticide in Germany in 1936. Tabun is also known as "GA." Tabun is a clear, colorless, tasteless liquid with a faint fruity odor. Tabun can become a vapor if heated. Tabun is not found naturally in the environment. Following release of tabun into the air, people can be exposed through skin contact, eye contact, or inhalation (breathing in the tabun). Tabun mixes easily with water, so it could be used to poison water. Following release of tabun into water, people can be exposed by drinking contaminated water or getting contaminated water on their skin. Following contamination of food with tabun, people can be exposed by eating the contaminated food. A person's clothing can release tabun for about 30 minutes after contact with tabun vapor, which can lead to exposure of other people. Tabun breaks down slowly in the body, meaning that repeated exposures to tabun and/or other nerve agents can have a cumulative effect (build up in the body). Because tabun vapor is heavier than air, it will sink to low-lying areas and create a greater exposure hazard there. Tabun is an immediate but short-lived threat and does not last a long time in the environment. Although tabun has a faint fruity odor, the odor may not be noticeable enough to give people sufficient warning about a toxic exposure. People exposed to a low or moderate dose of tabun by inhalation, ingestion (swallowing), or skin absorption may experience some or all of the following symptoms within seconds to hours of exposure: Last Editorial Review: 9/20/2012 Medical Dictionary Definitions A - Z Search Medical Dictionary - Early Care for Your Premature Baby - What to Eat When You Have Cancer - When to Take More Pain Medication
We live in an age of exploding knowledge and rapid change in technology, information exchange, and communications. The changes which are taking place in our society have increased the demand for internationally competitive workers and for an educational system designed to meet that demand. Because today's students will be employed through the middle of the twenty-first century, they will need increasingly advanced levels of knowledge and skill. To gain and retain high-wage employment that provides job satisfaction, they will also need to continue to learn throughout their lives. To compete in a global, information-based economy, the students we prepare must be able to solve real problems, reason effectively, and make logical connections. The world of work they enter will feature products and factories that are designed by mathematical models and computer simulations, computers that control production processes and plants, and robots. Our state and country need people with the skills to develop and manage these new technologies. The first step in preparing individuals for the workplace, for further learning, and for daily living is to set internationally competitive standards which define educational excellence for all students. The need exists to redefine the mission for all parts of the educational system. From the schoolhouse to the statehouse, we must focus on high student academic achievement. Our children and our society will be better served by higher expectations, by curricula which go far beyond basic skills, and by programs which include a variety of learning models and devote a greater percentage of instructional time to problem-solving, critical thinking, and active learning. All students should be challenged to reach their maximum potential. For many students the achievement of these standards will indeed be challenging. However, if we do not provide such a challenge, a blueprint for excellence, we will do our students a great disservice by leaving them unprepared for the future. The standards contained in this document aim to define \|Go Back To Previous Page\|\|Go Back To Main Page\|\|Go To Next Page\|
Kapsalis, Constantine (1998): An Explanation of the Increasing Age Premium. Published in: (June 1998) Download (80kB) \| Preview The study examines the reason for the significant increase in the ‘age premium’ over the period 1981-94. The age premium refers to the percentage difference in hourly earnings between ‘younger’ (25-34) and ‘older’ (45-54) workers. In 1994, the hourly rate of older males was 32.4% higher than that of younger males. The corresponding age premium among females was 15.5%. Over the period 1981-94, the age premium increased by 15.7 percentage points among males and 19.5 percentage points among females. Evidence based on analysis of the Survey of Consumer Finances (SCF) public use microdata shows that, while there has been a trend toward non-standard employment, this so far has affected mostly workers under age 25 and cannot explain the rise in the age premium between ages 25-to-34 and 45-to- 54, which is the focus of this study. A more likely explanation identified by the study is the dramatic improvement in the level of education of older workers over the last 14 years. For example, from 1981 to 1994 the percentage of older male workers with grade 10 education or less declined from 41.9% to 19.6%, while the percentage with post-secondary diplomas and degrees increased from 32.1% to 51.7%. The education level of younger male workers also improved over the same period, but the rate of improvement was smaller and, by 1994, there was virtually no difference in the incidence of post-secondary diplomas and degrees between younger and older workers. Similar trends took place among female workers. Shift-share analysis shows that the narrowing of the education gap between older and younger workers explains 44% of the age premium rise among male employees and 50% of the age premium rise among female employees. Thus, this study provides the following likely explanation for a significant part of the increase in the age premium over the period 1981-94: Fourteen years ago younger workers had to compete for jobs with older workers who had more experience but less education. Now, they have to compete with older workers who still have more experience but, on the average, have comparable education to younger workers. As a result, employers are willing to pay a higher premium than in the past for older workers who combine experience with higher education. \|Item Type:\|\|MPRA Paper\| \|Original Title:\|\|An Explanation of the Increasing Age Premium\| \|Keywords:\|\|wage inequality; education and wages; age premium\| \|Subjects:\|\|D - Microeconomics > D6 - Welfare Economics > D63 - Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement J - Labor and Demographic Economics > J3 - Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs > J31 - Wage Level and Structure; Wage Differentials \|Depositing User:\|\|Constantine Kapsalis\| \|Date Deposited:\|\|12. Oct 2010 19:15\| \|Last Modified:\|\|13. Feb 2013 05:55\| Akyeampong, Ernest B. (1997) "Work Arrangements: 1995 Overview" in Perspectives, Statistics Canada, Spring. Beach, M. Charles and George A. Slotsve (1996) Are We Becoming Two Societies? C.D. How Institute. Betcherman, Gordon, and René Morissette (1994) Recent Youth Labour Market Experiences in Canada, Research Paper Series No. 63, Analytical Studies Branch, Statistics Canada. Betcherman, Gordon (1995) “Inside the Black Box: Human Resource Management and the Labour Market” in Good Jobs, Bad Jobs, No Jobs, edited by Roy J. Adams, Gordon Betcherman, and Beth Bilson. CD How Institute. Burtless, Gary and Lawrence Mishel (1993) Recent Wage Trends -- The Implications for Low Wage Workers, Economic Policy Institute, Washington D.C. Commission of Inquiry into Part-Time Work (1983) Part-Time Work in Canada. Labour Canada. Crompton, Susan (1995) “Employment Prospects for High School Graduates.” Perspectives on Labour and Income, Autumn, pp. 8-12. Davis, J. Steven (1992) Cross-Country Patterns of Change in Relative Wages. National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper No. 4085. Economic Council of Canada (1991) Employment in the Service Economy. Research Report. Economic Council of Canada (1992) A Lot to Learn -- Education and Training In Canada, Supply and Services Canada. Gower, Dave (1993) The Impact of the 1990 Changes to the Education Questions on the Labour Force Survey, Statistics Canada, Labour and Household Surveys Analysis Division, Staff Report, September. Heisz, Andrew (1995) “Changes in Job Tenure and Job Stability in Canada,” Statistics Canada, mimeo. Kapsalis, Constantine (1982) “A New Measure of Wage Discrimination,” Economics Letters, Vol. 9, 1982 (pp. 287-293). Kapsalis, Constantine; Garnett Picot; and René Morissette: (1997) “Do Changing Relative Education Levels Explain the Increasing Wage Gap Between Younger and Older Workers?” Statistics Canada, (forthcoming). Lavoie, Claude (1996) “Youth Employment Situation in Canada: Some Explanation and Future Prospects,” Applied Economic Research, Human Resources Development Canada, mimeo. Analytical Studies Branch – Research Paper Series - 16 - Statistics Canada No. 11F0019MPE No. Marquardt, Richard (1996) Youth and Work in Troubled Times: A Report on Canada in the 1990s, Canadian Policy Research Network Inc., Working Paper No. W01. Mincer, Jacob (1991) "Human Capital, Technology, and the Wage Structure: What Do Time Series Show?" National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper No. 3581. Morissette, René, John Myles and Garnett Picot (1994) What is Happening to Earnings Inequality in Canada? Research Paper Series No. 60, Analytical Studies Branch, Statistics Canada. Nadeau, Serge, William D. Nash and Catherine E. Wetton (1993) “Gender Discrimination: Methodological Issues and Empirical Results for a Canadian Public Sector Employer,” Applied Economics, Vol. 25 1993 (pp. 227-241). Osberg, Lars (1994) “Behaviour Response, Sociodemographic Change and the Distribution of Income: How to Value the Poorer Prospects of the Young?” Department of Economics, Dalhousie University, mimeo. Picot, Garnett (1997) "What is Happening to Earnings Inequality in the 1990s?" Presented at the Canadian Economics Meetings, St. Johns, Newfoundland, June. Richardson, David H. (1994) Changes in the Distribution of Wages in Canada, 1981-1992, University of British Columbia, Discussion Paper 94-22, August. Riddell, W. Craig (1994) Human Capital Formation in Canada: Recent Developments and Policy Responses, UBC Department of Economics Discussion Paper 95-04, December. Rifkin, Jeremy (1995) The End of Work, G.P. Putnam’s Sons. Sheridan, Mike, Deborah Sunter, and Brent Diverty (1996) The Changing Workweek: Trends in Weekly Hours of Work in Canada, 1976-1995, Statistics Canada, mimeo. Schellenberg, Grant and Christopher Clark (1996) Temporary Employment in Canada: Profile, Patterns and Policy Considerations, Canadian Council on Social Development, Social Research Series. Wannell, Ted and Nathalie Caron (1994) The Gender Earnings Gap Among Recent Postsecondary Graduates, 1984-92, Research Paper Series No. 68, Analytical Studies Branch, Statistics Canada, November. Wolfson, Michael (1989) “Inequality and Polarization: Is There a Disappearing Middle Class in Canada?” Statistics Canada, mimeo. Wolfson, Michael (1996) Divergent Inequalities -- Theory, Empirical Results and Prescriptions, Statistics Canada, Research Paper Series No. 66. Zyblock, Myles (1996) Individual Earnings Inequality and Polarization: An Exploration into Population Sub-Group Trends in Canada, 1981 to 1993, HRDC, Applied Research, draft, January.
The overpopulation and poor state of dog health in many rural and remote Australian Indigenous communities (RRAIC) affects not only animal welfare but human social welfare. Dogs are an integral part of Australian Indigenous cultures and impact on human health and welfare through zoonotic diseases, and mental health concerns such as worry and shame about pet health, and sleep deprivation from incessant dog fights. This study investigates the factors that contribute to poor animal and community health and welfare in RRAIC, focusing on four main factors: community awareness of dog health and welfare issues, knowledge of the solutions, motivation to access the solutions, and the accessibility of the solutions. Semi structured interviews with local indigenous and non-indigenous residents in four RRAIC were conducted to explore these factors. This qualitative data was then linked to quantitative dog health and welfare data to compare community and scientific perspectives. The following results were observed: - Knowledge of animal health and welfare issues was high, but restricted to the issues that are empirically evident. There was some to little knowledge of less apparent zoonotic risks. - Knowledge of the solutions was variable depending on the veterinary history of the community. - Motivation to improve dog health and welfare was uniformly high. - Accessibility to the solutions was poor when taking into account the remoteness of the communities, cross-cultural differences, the cost of veterinary services and its low priority in health and governance circles, the frequency and duration of vet visits, and the residents’ mobile lifestyle. Improving animal welfare in RRAIC requires a multifaceted approach involving raising more comprehensive public awareness of the major issues and their possible solutions though appropriate community education, as well as improving accessibility of veterinary services at the local level. \|Keywords:\|\|Cultural Studies, Education and Social Welfare, Community Health, Indigenous Health, Animal Health, Developing Communities\| PhD student, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia Post Doctoral fellow, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia Lecturer in Special Education, Faculty of Education, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia Sub dean Animal Welfare, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia There are currently no reviews of this product.Write a Review
The words “writing” and “written” include “typewriting” and “typewritten”, and “printing” and “printed”, except in the case of signatures and when the words are used by way of contrast to typewriting and printing. Writing may be made in any manner, except that when a person entitled to require the execution of writing demands that it be made with ink, it must be so made. Terms Used In North Dakota Code 1-01-37 - Person: means an individual, organization, government, political subdivision, or government agency or instrumentality. See North Dakota Code 1-01-49
NASA is asking the global science community to submit concepts that could advance scientific discoveries in space near the Moon by leveraging potential capabilities provided by the deep space gateway concept. NASA will invite authors of selected submissions to discuss their concepts at a Deep Space Gateway Science Concept Workshop taking place Feb. 27 – March 1, 2018, in Denver. Using the heavy-lift Space Launch System (SLS) rocket and the Orion spacecraft, NASA would assemble the gateway near the Moon, where it will provide new opportunities for science and exploration operations. A power and propulsion element, habitation capability, logistics module(s), and an airlock would be delivered on early SLS and Orion missions to create the gateway. The power and propulsion element would be the first component to be deployed and would be able to provide ample power and communications to science instruments as well. NASA recently awarded study contracts to five commercial companies to advance development for the power and propulsion element. Ben Bussey, science workshop co-chair and chief exploration scientist in NASA’s Human Exploration Mission Directorate, explains that engaging the scientific community now is a strategic effort to enhance the use of the gateway. “Early integration of science requirements into the gateway design is essential to maximizing its scientific value,” he said. “We expect that some science investigations may require the attention of a crew while other investigations may operate autonomously using the gateway infrastructure to supply power or communications.” Submissions will be accepted in the form of two-page (maximum) abstracts, due by Dec. 15, 2017. The range of scientific focus is unlimited, although the expected disciplines will include planetary science, astrophysics, Earth observations, heliophysics, fundamental space biology and human health and performance. The workshop in February will provide a forum for the presentation, discussion, and consideration of various concepts, options, capabilities, and innovations that could be possible using the gateway capabilities. Following the workshop, Bussey and his co-chair, Michael New, will provide a report detailing scientific opportunities and the associated instruments and infrastructure requirements to NASA senior leadership and the team responsible for formulating the deep space gateway concept. Further details regarding abstract submission instructions are available at:
Ticks are a common nuisance, but at times they do more than just suck blood and leave unsightly marks. They can spread disease by the act of biting. Some may wonder about the difference between black and red ticks, but there actually are no exact species known as black or red ticks. However, there is an explanation as to why some insects might be called as such. The species that may be referred to as a black tick often actually is the black-legged tick, also known as the deer tick (Ixodes scapularis). While the female has a distinct gradient color pattern on its back, the male is more uniform in its dark coloration, and can be thought of as “black.” Brown dog ticks may be mistaken for being colored red, depending on the color and intensity of light shining on them. The female deer tick may be called red as well, considering the size of the red portion of its body. Sometimes the red bug in question may not be a tick, but is instead a mite. Mites also are eight-legged arachnids with similar body shapes, and also feed on blood. At times, young individuals, or nymphs, can be mistaken as being colored red, when in fact it is an unsaturated reddish brown. This is a result of immaturity, as the exoskeleton’s color will darken over several molting phases. This may be attributed to the absorption of iron from the blood that they consume. At times, the coloration of a tick also is affected by whether they have consumed blood, and how recently they have done so. A recently-fed tick will be redder than an unfed tick or a tick that has fed a while ago. As the blood is digested, it will change to a darker color closer to black. Soft-bodied ticks are more likely to show this type of color-changing behavior as compared to hard ticks. To improve your ability to identify a tick’s actual species, examine features, like patterns on the back, shape and size of the mouth parts, and its size, to determine maturity, among other things. Learning to differentiate among ticks and other similar creatures also is recommended.
There are several design initiatives that continue to grow in importance and promote the improvement of health and overall human wellness, including, but not limited to: AIA Designing for Health AIA National launched its Designing for Health initiative in 2014 with a goal to enhance the physical and mental wellbeing of building occupants. The initiative outlines six design strategies to achieve health in the built environment, including: safety, social connectedness, environmental quality, sensory environments, physical activity, and access to natural systems. Active Design is an evidence-based approach to development that identifies urban planning and architecture solutions to support healthy communities (Center for Active Design). By incorporating features of Active Design, we can have an impact on our most pressing health challenges including the physical, mental, and social wellbeing of communities worldwide. Active Design strategies represent a comprehensive approach, which includes active transportation, active buildings, and access to nutritious foods and active recreation facilities, among others. WELL Building Standard Established by the International WELL Building Institute, the WELL Building Standard® (WELL) is a performance based program that promotes the concept of health and wellbeing in the built environment. WELL uses an evidence-based system that measures building features that impact health and wellbeing across seven concepts: air, water, nourishment, light, fitness, mind, and comfort. Projects that undergo the WELL certification process may receive a silver, gold, or platinum level certification depending on the number of features met from each concept. Shared Goals and Design Strategies There are several shared goals and design strategies among health and Universal Design initiatives. These shared goals, such as the improvement upon ergonomics, sleep, safety, physical and mental health, among others, not only serve to create healthier environments, but also can contribute to better spaces for people with disabilities. Moreover, the inclusion of health strategies in design can assist individuals currently living with disabilities by mitigating chronic symptoms or preventing certain disabilities or injuries from occurring. It is estimated that 31 million Americans are impacted by Musculoskeletal Skeletal Disorders (MSDs), most common of which is lower back pain.1 Ergonomically designed furniture and fixtures can greatly reduce the pain and discomfort associated with MSDs; and can help to prevent MSD's through better posture and body placement. Visual ergonomics such as eye-to-screen ratio, task lighting, screen colors, and monitor tilt reduce eye strain, and can be particularly helpful for people with low vision. Approximately 50–70 million U.S. adults are suffering from a chronic sleep disorder. This type of sleep deprivation is associated with increased risk of heart attack, diabetes, obesity, hypertension, and stroke.2 Proper exposure to periods of both lightness and darkness helps humans to regulate an internal clock knows as the circadian rhythm. Features such as adjustable task lighting, proper fenestration, and automated shading or dimming controls can help promote better sleep. Designing for safety protects people from physical harm, and removes impediments that cause anxiety, stress, and psychological harm. For people with disabilities, safety is paramount when determining accessible routes to all features, elements, and spaces of buildings and communities. In addition, the comfort of knowing spaces are easily accessible can reduce stress and anxiety for individuals with disabilities who often experience challenges while navigating the built environment. Design strategies such as open sightlines, wide usable routes, clear and defined circulation paths, and thoughtful lighting can help to achieve a sense of safety in the built environment. Over two thirds (69%) of American adults are overweight, and more than one third (35%) are obese.3 In addition, behaviors said to contribute to obesity rates such as lack of physical activity and poor diet can lead to heart disease, type 2 diabetes, certain types of cancers, etc.4 Physical fitness can help to reduce anxiety and stress and alleviate chronic pain, which is particularly important for people who are dealing with mental illness or certain physical disabilities. Design strategies such as exterior pedestrian amenities, interior circulation paths, adjustable sit/stand workstations, and spaces for physical fitness that include options for people of all abilities greatly enhance the opportunity to improve physical health. Major depression is one of the most common mood disorders, affecting 16 million adults in the U.S.5 Furthermore, mental health issues such as chronic anxiety and stress lead to increased risk of cardiovascular diseases and gastrointestinal disorders. While mental illness is considered a disability under the ADA, current accessibility laws and codes do not include design requirements to address this epidemic. The addition of certain aspects of the built environment can greatly improve mental health, such as beauty in design including art, music, and colors; options for social connectedness; and spaces that celebrate culture and spirit. Universal Design in Residential Construction The USO Warrior and Family Center at Walter Reed in Bethesda, Maryland is a 16,000 square foot project designed as a facility for wounded soldiers and their families and caregivers. A focus group was led during the planning stage of the project to determine what types of features were important for likely building occupants, which included elements such as normalcy, recreation, education, work, and respite. The Center is designed to address injuries that impact both physical and cognitive abilities; as well as mental wellness. The Center demonstrates both health and Universal Design strategies; and as such was the recipient of the AIA\|DC Presidential Citation for Universal Design in 2014, and the AIA\|DC Presidential Citation for Design and Wellbeing in 2015. - AIA National Design for Health - Center for Active Design - International WELL Building Institute - ULI's Building Healthy Place Toolkit 3 [National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Overweight and Obesity Statistics. October 2012. https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-statistics/Pages/overweight-obesity-statistics.aspx. Accessed September 15, 2016.] 4 [World Health Organization. Unhealthy Diets and Physical Inactivity. NMH Factsheet June 2009. http://www.who.int/nmh/publications/fact_sheet_diet_en.pdf. Accessed September 15, 2016.] 5 [Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Results from the 2013 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Mental Health Findings, NSDUH Series H-49, HHS Publication No. (SMA) 14-4887.] 6 [American Heart Association. Stress and Heart Health. June 2014. http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/HealthyLiving/StressManagement/HowDoesStressAffectYou/Stress-and-Heart-Health_UCM_437370_Article.jsp#.V9rlgI-cH4g. Accessed September 15, 2016.]
Teaching Tip: Math Sequences Math is a difficult subject for many students as exemplified by the term "math anxiety". This is a little surprising since math is a highly logical and sequential subject. You can help your students succeed and and reduce their anxiety by adhering to the correct sequencing of math topics. Here are some of the sequences you should adhere to when teaching math: - addition before multiplication. - multiplication before division. - place value before multi-digit operations. - concept of fraction before concept of decimal. - concepts of decimal, fraction, and ratio before concept of percent. - concepts of fraction and ratio before concept of probability. It is important to follow a scope and sequence chart when teaching any subject. It is especially important to do so when teaching math.
The time has come to reform philosophy, says Hilary Putnam, one of America's great philosophers. He calls upon philosophers to attend to the gap between the present condition of their subject and the human aspirations that philosophy should and once did claim to represent. Putnam's goal is to embed philosophy in social life. The first part of this book is dedicated to metaphysical questions. Putnam rejects the contemporary metaphysics that insists on describing both the mind and the world from a God's-eye view. In its place he argues for pluralism, for a philosophy that is not a closed systematic method but a human practice connected to real life. Philosophy has a task, to be sure, but it is not to provide an inventory of the basic furniture of the universe or to separate reality in itself from our own projections. Putnam makes it clear that science is not in the business of describing a ready-made world, and philosophy should not be in that business either. The author moves on to show that the larger human context in which science matters is a world of values animated by ethics and aesthetic judgments. No adequate philosophy should try to explain away ethical facts. The dimension of history is added in the third part of the book. Here Putnam takes up a set of American philosophers, some firmly within and others outside the canon of analytic philosophy, such as William James and C. S. Peirce, and he explores the pragmatist contribution to philosophy from James to Quine and Goodman. This book connects issues in metaphysics with cultural and literary issues and argues that the collapse of philosophical realism does not entail a fall into the abyss of relativism and postmodern skepticism. It is aimed primarily at philosophers but should appeal to a wide range of humanists and social scientists.
News \| 26.01.2015 What does “Electric Propulsion” mean? Electric propulsion (EP) is used to change the velocity of a spacecraft using a propulsion system powered by electrical energy. The electrical power is used to accelerate a propellant by different possible electrical and/or magnetic means. The use of electrical power enhances the propulsive performances of the EP thrusters compared with conventional chemical thrusters. Unlike chemical systems, electric propulsion requires very little mass to accelerate a spacecraft. The propellant is ejected up to twenty times faster than from a classical chemical thruster and therefore the overall system is many times more mass efficient. To learn more, please visit our page “What is Electric Propulsion?”
The catalog pg_database stores information about the available databases. Databases are created with the CREATE DATABASE command. Consult Chapter 21 for details about the meaning of some of the parameters. Unlike most system catalogs, pg_database is shared across all databases of a cluster: there is only one copy of pg_database per cluster, not one per database. Table 49-15. pg_database Columns \|oid\|\|oid\|\|Row identifier (hidden attribute; must be explicitly selected)\| \|datdba\|\|oid\|\|pg_authid.oid\|\|Owner of the database, usually the user who created it\| \|encoding\|\|int4\|\|Character encoding for this database ( \|datcollate\|\|name\|\|LC_COLLATE for this database\| \|datctype\|\|name\|\|LC_CTYPE for this database\| \|datistemplate\|\|bool\|\|If true, then this database can be cloned by any user with CREATEDB privileges; if false, then only superusers or the owner of the database can clone it.\| \|datallowconn\|\|bool\|\|If false then no one can connect to this database. This is used to protect the template0 database from being altered.\| \|datconnlimit\|\|int4\|\|Sets maximum number of concurrent connections that can be made to this database. -1 means no limit.\| \|datlastsysoid\|\|oid\|\|Last system OID in the database; useful particularly to pg_dump\| \|datfrozenxid\|\|xid\|\|All transaction IDs before this one have been replaced with a permanent ("frozen") transaction ID in this database. This is used to track whether the database needs to be vacuumed in order to prevent transaction ID wraparound or to allow pg_clog to be shrunk. It is the minimum of the per-table pg_class.relfrozenxid values.\| \|datminmxid\|\|xid\|\|All multixact IDs before this one have been replaced with a transaction ID in this database. This is used to track whether the database needs to be vacuumed in order to prevent multixact ID wraparound or to allow pg_multixact to be shrunk. It is the minimum of the per-table pg_class.relminmxid values.\| \|dattablespace\|\|oid\|\|pg_tablespace.oid\|\|The default tablespace for the database. Within this database, all tables for which pg_class.reltablespace is zero will be stored in this tablespace; in particular, all the non-shared system catalogs will be there.\| \|datacl\|\|aclitem\|\|Access privileges; see GRANT and REVOKE for details\| Please use this form to add your own comments regarding your experience with particular features of PostgreSQL, clarifications of the documentation, or hints for other users. Please note, this is not a support forum, and your IP address will be logged. If you have a question or need help, please see the faq, try a mailing list, or join us on IRC. Note that submissions containing URLs or other keywords commonly found in 'spam' comments may be silently discarded. Please contact the webmaster if you think this is happening to you in error. Proceed to the comment form.
ForgeLog – a Forging Glossary, is a dictionary of several hundred terms used in the forging and metalworking industries. Click on a letter of the alphabet to view all the terms in a specific section. This content is protected by copyright but is available for your own personal use. Like Wikipedia, if you have any additional words or terms that you would like to contribute to this collection of information, please do so by sending and email with the information that you wish to provide to firstname.lastname@example.org. Thank you for your recommended contribution. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z If you are interested in a fast, free quote on open die forged parts: Request a Quote Age – An operation in which forgings are subjected to low temperature treatment for specific periods of time to effect the complete or partial precipitation of the solutes in the alloy, resulting in controlled hardening of the metal. Age hardening (aging) – The latter part of a two-step heat treating operating applied to certain alloys for strengthening and hardening (See also Solution heat treatment). Aging involves heating to a relatively low temperature for a specified period of time, and results in controlled precipitation of the constituent dissolved during the solution heating treatment. Aging – The change in the properties of a metal that occurs at relatively low temperature following a final heat treatment or a final cold working operation: aging tends to restore equilibrium in the metal and eliminate any unstable condition induced by a prior operation. Aircraft quality – Denotes stock of sufficient quality to be forged into highly stressed parts for aircraft or other critical applications. Suchmaterials are of extremely high quality, requiring closely controlled, restrictive practices in their manufacture in order that they may pass rigid requirements, such as magnetic particle inspection (Ref: Aerospace Material Specification 2301). Air-lift hammer – A type of gravity drop hammer where the ram is raised for each stroke by an air cylinder. Because length of stroke can be controlled, ram velocity and thus energy delivered to the workplace can be varied. Alloy – A material having metallic properties and composed of two or more chemical elements of which at least one is a metal. In practice, the word is commonly used to denote relatively high-alloy grade of material – for example, “alloy” steels as differentiated from “carbon” steels. Materials are alloyed to enhance physical and mechanical properties such as strength, ductility, and hardenability. Annealing – full-A heat-treating operation wherein metal is heated to a temperature above its critical range, held at the temperature long enough to allow full recrystallization, then slowly cooled through the critical range. Annealing removes working strains, reduces hardness, and increases ductility. Auxiliary operations – Additional processing steps performed on forgings to obtain properties, such as surface conditions or shapes, not obtained in the regular processing operation. Axial rolls – In ring rolling, vertically displaceable, tapered rolls, mounted in a horizontally displaceable from opposite from but on the same centerline as the main roll and rolling mandrel. The axial rolls control the ring height during the rolling process. Backward extrusion – Forcing metal to flow in a direction opposite to the motion of a punch or die. Backing arm – A device for supporting the ring rolling mill mandrel from above during the roll process. Bar – A section hot rolled from a billet to a form, such as round, hexagonal, octagonal, square, or rectangular, with sharp or rounded corners or edges, with a cross-sectional area of less than 16″; a solid section that is long in relation to its cross-sectional dimensions, having a completely symmetrical cross section and whose width or greatest distance between parallel faces is 3/8″ or more. Bed – Stationary platen of a press to which the lower die assembly is attached. Bend – Operation to preform (bend) stock to approximate shape of die impression for subsequent forging; also includes final forming. Bend or twist (defect)-Distortion similar to warpage, but resulting from different causes; generally caused in the forging or trimming operations. When the distortion is along the length of the part, it is called “bend”; when across the width, it is called “twist”. Low-draft and no-draft forgings are more susceptible to bending, as they must be removed from the dies by some form of mechanical ejection. Dull trimming tools and improper nesting will cause bending in the trimming operation. When bend or twist exceeds tolerances, it is considered a defect. Corrective action entails either hand straightening, machine straightening, or cold restriking. Bending – A preliminary forging operation to give the piece approximately the correct shape for subsequent forming. Billet – (1) A semi-finished section hot rolled from a metal ingot, with a rectangular cross section usually ranging from 16-36″, the width being less than twice the thickness. Where the cross section exceeds 36″, the term “bloom” is properly but not universally used. Sizes smaller than 16″ are usually termed”bars”; a solid semi-finished round or square product which has been hot worked by forging, or extrusion. (2) A semi-finished, cogged, hot-rolled, or continuous-cast metal product of uniform section, usually rectangular with radiused corners. Billets are relatively larger than bars. Blank – A piece of stock (also called a “slug” or “multiple”) from which a forging is to be made. Blast cleaning (blasting) – A process for cleaning or finishing metal objects by use of an air jet or centrifugal wheel that propels abrasive particles (grit, sand, or shot) against the surfaces of the workpiece at high velocity. Block – The forging operation in which metal is progressively formed to general desired shape and contour by means of an impression die (used when only one block operation is scheduled). Blow – The impact or force delivered by one workstroke of the forging equipment. Boss – A relatively short protrusion or projection on the surface of a forging, often cylindrical in shape. Box annealing – A heat-treating process whereby metal to be annealed is packed in a closed container to protect its surfaces from oxidation. Sometimes used to describe the process of placing forgings in a closed container immediately after forging operations are completed, permitting forgings to cool slowly. Brinell hardness – The hardness of a metal or part, as represented by the number obtained from the ratio between the load applied on and the spherical area of the impression made by a steel ball forced into the surface of the material tested. Brinell hardness testing – Method of determining the hardness of materials; involves impressing a hardened ball of specified diameter into the material surface at a known pressure (10mm ball, 500kg load for aluminum alloys). The Brinell hardness number results from calculations involving the load and the spherical area of the ball impression. Direct-reading testing machines designed for rapid testing are generally used for routine inspection of forgings, and as a heat treat control function. Carbonitriding – A process of case hardening a ferrous material in a gaseous atmosphere containing both carbon and nitrogen. Case – The surface layer of an alloy that has been made substantially harder than the interior by some form of hardening operation. Case hardening – A heat treatment or combination of processes in which the surface layer of a ferrous alloy is made substantially harder than the interior. Carburizing, cyaniding, nitriding, and heating and quenching techniques are commonly used. Case hardening can provide a hard, wear-resistant surface on a forging, while retaining a softer, tougher core. Centering arm – in ring rolling, externally mounted rolls, adjusted to the outside diameter of the ring during rolling. The rolls maintain and guide the ring in a centerline position to achieve roundness. Charpy test – A pendulum type impact test where the specimen is supported as a simple beam and is notched opposite the point of impact. The energy required to break the beam is used as an index of impact strength measurement. Chop – A die forging defect; metal sheared from a vertical surface and spread by the die over an adjoining horizontal surface. Cleaning-The process of removing scale, oxides, or lubricant acquired during heating for forging or heat treating from the surface of the forging. (See also Blasting, Pickling, Tumbling). Cogging – The reducing operation in working the ingot into a billet by the use of a forging hammer or a forging press. Coining – The process of applying necessary pressure to all or some portion of the surface of a forging to obtain closer tolerances or smoother surfaces or to eliminate draft. Coining can be done while forgings are hot or cold and is usually performed on surfaces parallel to the parting line of the forging. Cold coined forging – A forging that has been restruck cold in order to hold closer face distance tolerances, sharpen corners or outlines, reduce section thickness, flatten some particular surface, or, in on-heat-treatable alloys, increase hardness. Cold inspection – A visual (usually final) inspection of the forgings for visible defects, dimensions, weight, and surface condition at room temperature. The term may also be used to describe certain non destructive tests, such as magnetic particle, dye penetrant, and sonic inspection. Cold shut – A defect characterized by a fissure or lap on the surface of a forging that has been closed without fusion during the forging operation. Conventional forging – A forging characterized by design complexity and tolerances that fall within the broad range of general forging practice. Core – The softer interior portion of an alloy piece that has been surface (case) hardened; or, that portion of a forging removed by trepanning or punching. Critical point – The temperature in metal at which recrystallization or other phase transformation takes place. Critical (temperature) range – Temperatures at which changes in the phase of a metal take place. Changes are determined by absorption of heat when the metal is heated, and liberation of heat when it is cooled. Decarburization – The loss of carbon from the surface of steel by heating above lower critical temperature or by chemical action. Decarburization is usually present to a slight extent in steel forgings. Excessive decarburization can result in defective products. Descaling – The process of removing oxide scale from heated stock prior to or during forging operations, using such means as extra blows, wire brushes, scraping devices, or water spray. Drawing – A forging operation in which the cross section of a forging stock is reduced and the stock lengthened between flat or simple contour dies. (See also Fuller). F.A.O. – An abbreviation of “finish all over”, it designates that a forging must have sufficient size over the dimensions given on the drawing so that all surfaces may be machined in order to obtain the dimensions shown on the drawing. The amount of additional stock necessary for machining allowance depends on the size and shape of the part, and is agreed on by the vendor and the user. Flat die forging (open-die forging) – Forging worked between flat or simple contour dies by repeated strokes and manipulation of the workpiece. Also known as “hand” or “smith” forging. Forging quality – Term describing stock of sufficiently superior quality to make it suitable for commercially satisfactory forgings. Fuller (fullering impression) – Portion of the die that is used in hammer forging primarily to reduce the cross section and lengthen a portion of the forging stock. The fullering impression is often used in conjunction with an edger (or edging impression). Grain – The characteristic crystalline structural unit or metals and alloys. Grain flow – Fiber-like lines appearing on polished and etched sections of forgings that are caused by orientation of the constituents of the metal in the direction of working during forging. Grain flow produced by proper die design can improve required mechanical properties of forgings. Grain size – The average size of the crystals or grains in a metal as measured against an accepted standard. Gravity hammer – A class of forging hammer wherein energy for forging is obtained by the mass and velocity of a freely falling ram and the attached upper die. Examples are board hammers and air-lift hammers. Grinding – Process of removing metal by abrasion from bar or billet stock to prepare stock surfaces for forging. Occasionally used to remove surface irregularities and flash from forgings. Hammer forging – A forging that is made on the flat die of a steam hammer. A forged piece produced in a forging hammer, or the process of forming such a piece. (See also Board hammer, Power-drive hammer, Rope hammer). Hand forge (smith forge) – The forging operation in which the forming is accomplished on dies that are generally flat. The piece is shaped roughly to the required contour with little or no lateral confinement; operations involving mandrels are included. Hand forging – A forging made by hand on an anvil or under a power hammer without dies containing an exact finishing impression of the part. Such forgings approximate each other in size and shape but do not have the commercial exactness of production die forgings. Used where the quantity of forgings required does not warrant expenditure for special dies, or where the size or shape of the piece is such as to require means other than die forging. A forging worked between flat or simply shaped dies by repeated strokes and manipulation of the piece. Also known as smith forging or flat die forging. Hardening – A heat treatment consisting of heating an alloy to a temperature within or above the critical range, maintaining that temperature for the prescribed time (usually 15-30 min.), then quenching or otherwise rapidly cooling. For age-hardening alloys, a two-stage process consisting of solution heat treatment and aging. Heat (forging) – Amount of forging stock placed in a batch-type furnace at one time. Heat treatment – A combination of heating, holding, and cooling operations applied to a metal or alloy in the solid state to produce desired properties. Hub – A boss that is in the center of the forging and forms a part of the body of the forging. Impact testing – Tests that determine the energy absorbed in fracturing a test bar at high velocity. (See also Charpy test, Izod test). Impression die forging – A forging that is formed to the required shape and size by machined impressions in specially prepared dies that exert three-dimensional control on the workpiece. Inclusion – Impurities in metal, usually in the form of particles in mechanical mixture. Izod test – A pendulum-type impact test in which the specimen is upported at one end as a cantilever beam and the energy required to break off the free end is used as a measure of impact strength. Jominy – A hardenability test for steel to determine the depth of hardening obtainable by a specified heat treatment. Lap – A surface defect appearing in a seam, caused by the folding over of hot metal, fins, or sharp corners and by subsequent rolling for forging (but not welding) of these into the surface. Loose material – During forging operations, pieces of flash often break loose necessitating cleaning of the dies between forging blows; this is usually accomplished by lubricating the die while air is blown on it. Insufficient cleaning results in pieces of flash becoming imbedded in the surface of the forging. Such forgings are often salvaged by removing the loose pieces and hot reforging to fill out the depressions. Macrotech – A testing procedure for conditions such as porosity, inclusions, segregations, caburization, and flow lines from hot working. After applying a suitable etching solution to the polished metal surface, the structure revealed by the action fo the reagent can be observed visually. Magnetic particle testing – A non-destructive test method of inspecting areas on or near the surface of ferromagnetic materials. The metal is magnetized, then iron powder is applied. The powder adheres to lines of flux leakage, revealing surface and near surface discontinuities. Magnetic particle testing is used for both raw material acceptance testing and product inspection. Quality levels are usually agreed on in advance by the producer and purchaser. Magnaglo© – A type of magnetic particle testing where the magnetic powder is fluorescent and the inspection is performed under black light. (See also Magnetic particle testing). Trade name of Magnaflux Corp. Mandrel forging – The process of rolling and forging a hollow blank over a mandrel in order to produce a weldless, seamless ring or tube. Mechanical properties – Those properties of a material that reveal the elastic and inelastic reaction when force is applied, or that involve the relationship between stress and strain; for example, the modulus are dependent on chemical composition, forging, and heat treatment. Microstructure – The structure and internal condition of metals as revealed on a ground and polished (and sometimes etched) surface when observed at high magnification (over 10 diameters). Nonferrous – Metals or alloys that contain no appreciable quantity of iron; applied to such metals as aluminum, copper, magnesium, and their alloys. Normalizing – A heat treatment in which ferrous alloys are heated to approximately 100�F above the critical range, holding that temperature for the required time, and cooling to room temperature in air. Overheating – Can occur in preheat furnaces prior to forging or in the heat-treating operation. The condition results when metal temperature exceeds the critical temperature of the alloy involved and a change in phase occurs; this is also known as the transformation temperature. Externally, overheated material will often form blisters or a web of fine cracks; internally, overheating causes precipitation of melted constituents around grain boundaries and the formation of rounded pools of melted constituents often called “rosettes”. Pickling – The process of removing oxide scale from forgings by treating in a heated acid bath. Pierce – In ring rolling, the process of providing a through hole in the center of an upset forging as applied to ring blank preparation. Plane, forging – The plane that includes the principal die face and that is perpendicular to the direction of the ram stroke; when the parting is flat, the forging plane coincides with the parting line. Power-driven hammer – A forging hammer with a steam or air-cylinder for raising the ram and augmenting its downward blow. Precision forging – A forging produced to closer tolerances than normally considered standard by the industry. Preform – The forging operation in which stock is preformed or shaped to a predetermined size and contour prior to subsequent die forging operations; the operation may involve drawing, bending, flattening, edging, fullering, rolling, or upsetting. The preform operation is not considered to be scheduled operation unless a separate heat is required; usually, when a preform operation is required, it will precede a forging operation and will be performed in conjunction with the forging operation and in the same heat. In ring rolling, a term generally applied to rind blanks of a specific shape to be used for profile (contour) ring rolling. Preheating – A high-temperature soaking treatment used to change the metallurgical structure in preparation for a subsequent operation, usually applied to the ingot. Prepierce – In ring rolling, a vertically mounted piercing (punching) tool used for preparation of ring blanks on the ring blank press. A tapered tool of various diameters and lengths. Press forging – The shaping of metal between dies by mechanical or hydraulic pressure. Usually this is accomplished with a single work stroke of the press for each die station. Punch – A shearing operation to remove a section of metal as outlined by the inner parting line in a blocked or finished forging; the operation is generally performed on a trim press using a punch die, a tool used in punching holes in metal. The movable die in a press or forging machine. Radial ring rolling mill (RW) – A type of ring forging equipment for producing seamless rolled rings by controlling only the outside and inside diameters. Radial roll (main roll, king roll) – The primary driven roll of the rolling mill for rolling rings in the radial pass. Roll supported at both ends. Radial rolling force – The action produced by the horizontal pressing force of the rolling mandrel acting against the ring and the main roll. Usually expressed in metric tons. Ram – The moving or falling part of a drop hammer or press to which one of the dies is attached; sometimes applied to the upper flat die of a steam hammer. Reduction of area (contraction of area) – The difference in a tension specimen, between the size of the original sectional area and that of the area at the point of rupture. It is generally stated as the percentage of decrease of cross sectional area of a tension specimen after rupture. Ring rolling – The process of shaping weldless rings from pierced disks or thick-walled, ring-shaped blanks between rolls that control wall thickness, ring diameter, height, and contour. Rockwell hardness testing – A method of determining the relative hardness value of a material by measuring the depth of residual penetration by a steel ball or diamond point under controlled loading. Roller (roller impression) – The portion of a forging die where cross sections are altered by hammering or pressing while the workpiece is being rotated. Rolling – The forging operation of working a bar between contoured dies while turning it between blows to produce a varying circular cross section. Rolling mandrel – In ring rolling, a vertical roll of sufficient diameter to accept various sized of ring blanks and exert rolling force on an axis parallel to the main roll. Sand blasting – The process of cleaning forgings by propelling sand against them at high velocity. (See also Blast cleaning). Shearing – A process of mechanically cutting metal bars to the proper stock length necessary for forging the desired product. Shoe – A holder used as a support for the stationary portions fo forging and trimming dies. Shot blasting – A process of cleaning forgings by propelling metal shot at a high velocity by air pressure or centrifugal force at the surface of the forgings. (See also Blast cleaning). Shrinkage – The contraction of metal during cooling after forging. Die impressions are made oversize according to precise shrinkage scales to allow forgings to shrink to design dimensions and tolerances. Sizing – A process employed to control precisely a diameter of rings or tubular components. Smith hammer – Any power hammer where impression dies are not used for the reproduction of commercially exact forging. Solution heat treatment – A process in which an alloy is heated to a suitable temperature, held at this temperature long enough to allow a certain constituent to enter into solid solution, then cooled rapidly to hold the constituent in solution. The metal is left in a supersaturated, unstable state and may exhibit age hardening. Spheroidizing – A form of annealing consisting of prolonged heating of iron base alloys at a temperature generally slightly below the critical range, followed by a relatively slow cooling. Causes the graphite to assume a spheroidal shape. Steam hammer – A type of drop hammer where the ram is raised for each stroke by a double-action steam cylinder and the energy delivered to the workpiece is supplied by the velocity and weight of the ram and attached upper die driven downward by steam pressure. Stress relieving – A process of reducing residual stresses in a metal object by heating it to a suitable temperature and holding for a sufficient time. This treatment may be applied to relieve stresses induced by quenching, normalizing, machining, cold working, or welding. Swage – operation of reducing or changing the cross-sectional area by revolving the stock under fast impact of blows. Finishing tool with concave working surface; useful for rounding out work after its preliminary drawing to size. Table mill – In ring rolling, a type of ring forging equipment employing multiple mandrels with a common main roll. Usually used in high volume production of small-diameter rolled rings. Tensile properties – The property data obtained from tensile test on a specimen, including tensile strength, elongation, reduction of area, and yield strength. Tensile strength – The maximum load per unit of initial cross-sectional area obtained before rupture in a tension test. Tonghold – The portion of the stock by which the operator grips the stock with tongs. A small portion of metal projecting from the forging used to manipulate the piece, usually trimmed off. Tongs – Metal holder used to handle metal pieces. Tumbling – The process for removing scale from forgings in a rotating container by means of impact with each other and abrasive particles and small bits of metal. A process for removing scale and roughness from forgings by impact with each other, together with abrasive material in a rotating container. Ultrasonic testing – A non-destructive test applied to sound-conductive materials having elastic properties for the purpose of locating inhomogeneties or structural discontinuities within a material by means of an ultrasonic beam. Upend forging – A forging in which the metal is placed in the die so that the direction of the fiber structure is at right angles to the faces of the die. Upset – Working metal in such a manner that the cross-sectional area is increased, and length is decreased. Upset forging – A forging obtained by upset of a suitable length of bar, billet, or bloom; formed by heading or gathering the material by pressure upon hot or cold metal between dies operated in a horizontal plane. Upsetter (forging machine) – A machine with horizontal action, used for making upset forgings. Warpage – Term generally applied to distortion that results during quenching from the heat-treating temperature; hand straightening, press straightening, or cold restriking is employed, depending on the configuration of the part and the amount of warpage involved. The condition is governed by applicable straightness tolerances; beyond tolerances, warpage is a defect and cause for rejection. Yield point – The load per unit of original cross section at which a marked increase in the deformation of the specimen occurs without increase of load. It is usually calculated from the load determined by the drop of the beam of the testing machine or by the use of dividers. The stress in material at which there occurs a marked increase in strain without an increase in stress. Yield strength – Stess corresponding to some fixed permanent deformation, such as 0.1 or 2.0% offset from the modulus slope. Zyglo© – A method for nondestructive surface inspection of primarily nonmagnetic materials using fluorescent penetrants. Trade name of Magnaflux Corp. All Metals & Forge Group, as an ISO 9001:2008 and AS/EN 9100:2009 Rev.C certified forging manufacturer, has a vast inventory (300 alloys & grades) on the floor which will aid you in the quickest deliveries, high quality and extremely competitive products! If you are interested in a fast, free quote on open die forged parts: Request a Quote Speak directly with one of our forging sales specialists at (973) 276-5000 or toll free at (800) 600-9290 Email us at email@example.com At All Metals & Forge Group we value your business and look forward to serving all your open die forging needs. 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Frequently Asked Questions (refer to Practical Goatpacking by Carolyn Eddy for more in depth info on all items mentioned below.) : Goats have been used for centuries to carry loads starting in places like Iran and Tibet. Goats like to travel in herds and will quickly let you become part of their specific "herd." Goats also cost less and are less costly to maintain in the non-camping months. Two goats will live on a 1/4 acre. Two is the minimum recommended number of goats as they need companionship, although they will attach themselves to other species, including you, if they have no other goats around. A healthy, packgoat quality, imprinted kid starts at $150 to $500. You can maintain two for about $50 per month. They require shelter, but it doesn't have to be fancy, just dry and windproof. They do well in cattle panel fencing, or field fence with hot wire top and bottom. If you've heard old wives' tales about goats, including the one that all goats smell bad, well, that's only the bucks and they're not used for packing. It is also highly discouraged to take a fertile female into the wilderness. And as far as goats having nasty dispositions, not the one's that are properly hand raised. Goats are similar to a good dog in temperament, if raised correctly. Goats are ecologically sound, easy to train, and love the contact with humans associated with packing. They are really useful and fun animals to work with. The first three years of the goats life are used to grow and develop. These are the bonding years that make or break a good pack goat. They should be learning "manners" rather then "how to" pack. How to behave on a leash, in camp, on the trail, when to eat, or not eat, when to rest, how to follow, how to cross water. It is more important they learn these manners, the "packing" will come naturally if they have the behavior basics. How much can one carry? Goats can easily carry 10%- 20% of their total body weight. Fully conditioned packers can reach up to 25%-30%. A large fully grown wether can easily carry 25 to 50 pounds of gear. That's a lot of stuff, and if you need more you can just add another goat! Good rule of thumb is: The more rugged the terrain, the lighter you pack the goat.When can they pack? Too young? DO NOT PACK YOUR GOATS UNTIL THEIR 4TH YEAR! (This means AFTER their 3rd birthday.) They do not need "soft pack" training and it can actually harm the goat if you use anything other then a built for goats pack. Absolutely avoid dog packs that put the weight directly on the spine. To old? Healthy, well cared for and conditioned goats can pack for many years. We have personally had several that packed into their 13th year for us, into there 15th and 16th for "lighter use" folks.We even have had one that at 18+ was still going strong with full weight. Why Pack Goats? Loyal, Easy to Handle : Goats are ideal companions for seniors who can no longer carry a backpack, for families with small children, or people with limiting health conditions. Goats are personable, properly trained they prefer being with people. Well trained goats can be easily led by children. They are easy to pack for ALL ages, as you need not lift the load very high. Goats, like dogs, bond with humans at a young age and will follow anywhere. In areas not requiring tying, your goats will willingly follow along the trail, browse for his own food at night before being tied for the night. They prefer to be near enough to hear your voice or breathing in the night.Go Anywhere : Goats can utilize areas that are inaccessible to horses, relieving congestion on crowded trails. They can travel over a wide variety of terrain, including packed snow, downed logs and rock. Anything short of a cliff, if you can get there, so can your goats. Probably with a silly face watching you catch up.No Trace Camping, Environmentally Friendly : A goat's impact on the land is minimal. Goats eat like deer. They forage for wide variety of food, so there is no need to pack food for them. Goats do not dig holes, or even leave much a a print at all. There droppings are not smelly. In fact, to the untrained, a goat's droppings and hoof prints would appear to be those of a deer. Goats require very little extra food to be transported for them, unlike llamas and horses. Goats are also less likely to leave behind reminders of their presence in the wilderness. No large manure piles, broken limbs, and pawed out areas. Goats fit the "leave no trace camping" ethic very well. Also, what come out as waste, does not leave foreign seeds, so a totally "weed free" diet before the trip is not an issue with goats. Advantages vs Disadvantages Carry all sorts of gear, greatly reducing the amount of gear you have to carry. Goats can easily carry 20% - 30% of their body weight in saddles and gear (a 200 lbs. goat can readily carry 50 lbs. all day) Goats handle rougher terrain better than other pack animals Goats have minimal impact on the environment Goats don't need large quantities of feed, they can browse on the trail Goats do not need water every day, if forage is good. (three days is not uncommon) Goats are relatively easy to train and easily handled by people of all ages and abilities Goats will haul in a small trailer or a pickup with or without a canopy Goats are pleasant animals who will stay with the herd and not stray from the group Goats do not need to be tied up at night if properly bonded to humans Goats do not need to be lead, they follow naturally Goats are well suited to No Trace Camping practices Less expensive to own and operate than other pack animals Goats travel less distance per day than other pack animals (smell the flowers) Goats carry less weight than other pack animals (get more) As with any animal, a certain amount of daily care and attention is required to keep goats (get disciplined) Initial start-up expenses may be quite high (but not as high as with other pack animals) Zoning regulations may limit your ability to keep goats in your backyard (move, or rent from us) Do I want Horns on my goats? This is a hotly debated issue whenever goat packers meet, and ultimately comes downs to personal preference, or need. We chose to have horns on our goats. We like the look of horned goats. We live in semi arid conditions where the horns DO help disperse heat. We are rural enough the roaming domestic dogs are a problem. Most have learned to respect our boys ability to defend their turf. We also have wolves and cougers in our area. On the converse side, we have had bruised ribs, torn shirts and one split lip from dealing with horned packers (totally accidental on the goat's part),and we still want horns. All of our family and their friends that visit know that grabbing the horns is a total no-no as this single action encourages them to butt people. Grabbing their horn tells the goat you are willing to challenge for the dominance place in the herd. People have to be more dominate, so must not challenge, or allow challenge for their place in the herd.Horns vs No Horns Horns on a pack goat function as a cooling system - they each have a large blood vessel running through them. This allows the animal to let off some of their excess heat as the blood circulates through the horn. The heat dissipates to the surface of the horn. Horns are also good for protection against dogs and predators. If a goat is bottle raised (and no one played with its horns), it should not drop its horns to people. For people that want to or have shown dairy goats, the 4H and the American Dairy Goat Association rules are "no horned animals". This is for safety simply because many people do not hand raise their goats, and some breeds of goats tend to be more aggressive than others. If one chooses not to keep the horns, the best time to disbud (destroy the horn buds) is when the goat kid is ten days to two weeks of age.Disbudding is best done with the use of a hot iron, as pastes and castrator bands do not work well with goats. Whichever you chose, be consistent.It is not recomended to mix horned and no horns in the same herd. It can work but the horned have an advantage over the unhorned. (We have had both, but we also have 35 acres for the goats to move around in, with nowhere one goat can "corner" another easily.) So how do you get pack goats to the trailhead? Goats are also easier to transport than larger pack animals. Three will fit nicely into a small pickup with a canopy. In a home made animal box will even fit in a SUV or Mini Van. Full sided pickups with simple wood sides can hold several. Of course, trailers always work - utility ones with adequate airflow (but covered from elements) or those meant for animals. Some form of wind protection is preferable. What is the Cost of a Pack Goat? From a pack goat breeder, you can expect to pay $350 to $500 for a beginning packgoat less than six months of age. A fully trained pack goat can cost $800 to $1500 depending on training, size and age. Then there is the equipment costs; for saddle and panniers are $400 to $600 If you know what to look for , good quality animals can be purchased from the local livestock auction. Expect to pay from $30.00 to $40.00 for young goats and about $125.00 for older goats. This is a much more risky way of getting your goat so you'd best know what you are doing! We do not recommend using this method unless you are VERY experienced in raising goats. Take the time to scout out some reputable breeders and do some research. Cheap is not always the best way to go. It can be very frustrating if you're just starting out and are trying to work with an inferior animal. We learned NOT to go this route for us. All of our less than good packers were cheap. Spend the time to learn about goats. You'll be glad you did. What type of standard equipment do I need? There are a variety of things to consider when you think about owning packgoats. As with any animal, goats have special needs. They need a well fenced area which has shelter, food and water available daily. You will need to purchase feed, salt licks, medicines, and various supplies regularly in order to properly care for your goats. You will need to figure out how to transport your animals to and from your destination. Goats have been transported in all manner of vehicles - pickups, vans, suv's, and trailers of all types. Home built, brand spanking new trailers, whatever works and is available to you. Be careful of open trailers. You don't want your hiking buddy to jump out while you're traveling. Also, too much airflow for long trips can cause respiratory issues in goats. (Chain link fencing is not recommended. We have found that 4" X 4" welded wire 5' X 16' panels work the best for small areas. Field fence with two strands of barbed wire at the top for large areas. What Packing Equipment Do I Need? Since packgoats are working animals, you will need to purchase pack equipment for each animal. Halters, collars, leads, tie outs, pack saddles, panniers, are but a few of the items necessary for proper outfitting. Two types of panniers are commonly used. The most common type of saddle is a cross buck, and is used to carry full loads of 25% to 30% of the goat's body weight. The pack rig consists of the saddle (wood or metal), saddle pad, and panniers (carrying bags). This pack saddle can cost $200 or more. Panniers range between $150 to $250 a set. Their is another pannier setup that is a bucket and strap system, most useful for hunting. Cost is two empty square 4 gallon laundry buckets and pre-made strapping that runs about $20. You also need a collar, lead and ID tag for the goat. Using "dog packs" or home made "soft packs" can be harmful to the young goat. We do not recommend packing a goat before their forth year. If you choose to do so, be absolutely sure not to fully load them. Keep weight down to less than 10% of their total weight. While hoof trimming is not something you will do on the trail, it is very necessary for a successful hiking trip. When the hoofs get messy, the goat can not walk well, and looses much of his agility. The goat will need a good brushing before and after wearing a packsaddle. Also needed is a way to tie out, water and care for emergencies, and maintain "manners" on the trail. Panniers for hiking Panniers for Hunting Trail Care Gear for the Goat High / Lowline Tie Out Goat Grooming & Hoof Care What Do I Need to Consider if I Decide to Purchase a Goat? Land – at least 150 sq. ft. per goat. Roughly 1/2 acre -or more- per goat is best. Fencing – 5-ft. high field/horse fencing. (With horned goats 4" squares recommend) Shelter – Covered, with at least three sides, dry and blocks main wind flow. Food - hay: alfalfa/grass mix. Protein treats. These should only be used as supplements to natural browse if you have it. Goats really do best on browse. Water – fresh daily. We keep goldfish in our water year round to help keep the tank clean. We also have to deal with freezing temperatures so we have a heated tank for winter use. Minerals and Salt -- Sweet Licks Meat Maker is what we use, with a maroon mineral block. Health Care – yearly checkups, worming -- as needed, yearly vaccinations, hooves trimmed -- as needed. Companionship – consider at least 2 goats to keep each other company. Goats are herd animals and tend to act out or cry a lot if solo. They do make good horse companions. Care Cost – about $30 to $60 per month per goat. Exercise – at least one good hike a week or shorter daily walks during the week. An exercised goat is a healthy goat. Training Time – plan to spend several minutes to a few hours each day with each goat to work on commands as well as for bonding.A suggested wether diet mix that we use for winter time feedings: Packgoat Diet - Custom Mix #1596 (available through your link page)
Capacitance and reactance are the main parameters of the transmission line. It is distributed uniformly along the line. These parameters are also called distributed parameters. When the voltage drops occur in transmission line due to inductance, it is compensated by the capacitance of the transmission line. The transmission line generates capacitive reactive volt-amperes in its shunt capacitance and absorbing reactive volt-amperes in its series inductance.The load at which the inductive and capacitive reactive volt-amperes are equal and opposite, such load is called surge impedance load. It is also called natural load of the transmission line because power is not dissipated in transmission. In surge impedance loading, the voltage and current are in the same phase at all the point of the line. When the surge impedance of the line has terminated the power delivered by it is called surge impedance loading. Shunt capacitance charges the transmission line when the circuit breaker at the sending end of the line is close. As shown below Capacitive volt-amperes (VAr) generated in the line Surge impedance loading is also defined as the power load in which the total reactive power of the lines becomes zero. The reactive power generated by the shunt capacitance is consumed by the series inductance of the line. If Po is its natural load of the lines, (SIL)1∅ of the line per phase If the load is less than the SIL, reactive volt-amperes are generated, and the voltage at the receiving end is greater than the sending end voltage. On the other hand, if the SIL is greater than the load, the voltage at receiving end is smaller because the line absorbs reactive power. If the shunt conductance and resistance are neglected and SIL is equal to the load than the voltage at both the ends will be equal. Surge impedance load is the ideal load because the current and voltage are uniform along the line. The wave of current and voltage is also in phase because the reactive power consumed are equal to the reactive power generated by the transmission line.
All of our procedures and technologies are fun, safe and non-invasive, and all of our research is approved by the Faculty Ethics Committee. We hope to meet you and your family soon! Below you can watch a replay of a 7-year-old completing one of our eye tracking experiments. The red dots are her fixations on the various objects on the screen (the longer she looks, the bigger the dots grow) and the red lines are her saccades (i.e. jumps) between the objects. Her task was to tell a listener to click on the object with the frame around it (though for privacy reasons you can’t hear her voice in this replay). You can see how she looks at the different objects in the scene before the target object is highlighted. Then as she produces her instruction, e.g. click on the stripy boots, her eyes move between the target and its contrast mate, i.e. she checks the spotty boots. We think that she does this in order to identify the main difference between the two similar objects, enabling her to work out which adjective to include in her referring expression.
Now that severe restrictions concerning mobility and social distance have been put in place and led to a shut down of a large part of the economy, climate activists claim that already we are seeing huge environmental benefits, among them: cleaner air. One person here in Germany even tweeted that he had not seen such clean air since his childhood, and attributed it to scale-down of human activity. But German wetteronline.de here reports the clean air central Europe has seen recently since the COVID 19 crisis began is not the result of the shutdown, but is mostly due to the current weather pattern over Europe. The lower volume of traffic and the largely idle economy certainly has an impact on the concentration of dust and dirt in the air. However, the current weather situation is much more important. On the verge of a powerful high over the Baltic, dry and cold air is being carried from Siberia to Central Europe. It is very clear and pure. In addition, there is a gusty easterly wind, which leaves no chance for a so-called inversion. Under such an inversion the concentration of dust, soot and dirt would increase rapidly.” Wood burning the biggest threat Moreover, a heated debate has been unleashed by Swiss meteorologist Jörg Kachelmann, who says the biggest threat to clean air in Germany is the now increasing use of wood burning for home heating. Das ist immer die grösste Lüge. Nichts verbrennt dreckiger als Holz mit so vielen Zusatzsubstanzen. Und auch auf der Tabelle die Folgen zu sehen im Vergleich. — Jörg \| kachelmannwetter.com🇨🇭 (@Kachelmann) April 5, 2020 40 times dirtier than natural gas According to the veteran meteorologist, “nothing burns dirtier than wood and its additives” and “every wood stove is an environmental catastrophe”. The following chart shows the fine particle emissions from various heating fuels: Wood pellets are 40 times worse than natural gas. With governments moving to restrict fossil heating fuels and encouraging “renewable” wood, more and more Germans are opting for wood heat. Thus climate activists have to expect the air to become dirtier – much dirtier – and not cleaner should restrictions be enacted against the fossil fuel economy.
MA Special Education Interdisciplinary and Inclusive Education College of Education Kuder, Sydney J. Committee Member 1 Committee Member 2 Exceptional Learners, Fundations, Special Education Reading--Phonetic method; Children with disabilities--Education Special Education and Teaching This study examined the effects of adding Fundations reading program to the curriculum of three fourth grade students with exceptional learning needs to see if it can improve their fluency and comprehension. The students in the study were in a self-contained Multiple Disabled classroom, and had Individualized Education Plans. Disabilities represented in the study include Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Autism Spectrum Disorder, Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder, Oppositional Defiant Disorder, and Other Health Impaired. This educational setting had been chosen for them because it is the environment in which the students have shown the greatest success. Baseline data was collected prior to introduction of the first unit of Fundations Level 2. Students were given benchmark assessments to determine their instructional reading levels using the Fountas & Pinnell Benchmark Assessment System as well as the DIBELS Nonsense Word Fluency Assessment. Students again were administered these assessments again at the end of the intervention period in February, these results were then compared with participants' growth from the previous school year. In examination of the results, first of the Fountas and Pinnell benchmarks there has been growth across both years studied, although greater growth was noted in the previous school year. Showing how direct and explicit instruction can help struggling readers is of huge importance to elementary and special education professionals. Giving students instruction and then lots of practice to master these skills has shown to be successful for many students, whether they struggle with reading or not. Bishop, Jennifer, "Effects of using Fundations to teach phonics skills with fourth grade students with exceptional learning needs" (2018). Theses and Dissertations. 2586.
Science Nation: Critical Zone Observatories help U.S. plan for the future From Science Nation, 03/21/2016 -- Scientists work with farmers to study land use impact, with eye on food and water security, environmental sustainability From treetops to rivers to the bedrock below, there is constant activity going on in what we can think of as the "skin" of our planet. It's called the critical zone, the active layer of the Earth where life-forms, from microbes to humans, find habitat and use resources. With support from the National Science Foundation (NSF), civil and environmental engineer Praveen Kumar at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Co-director Thanos Papanicolaou of the University of Tennessee at Knoxville and an interdisciplinary team of researchers from nine universities run the Intensely Managed Landscapes Critical Zone Observatory (IML-CZO). The observatory focuses on areas in the upper Midwest where human activities have dramatically transformed the land over time. "The Intensely Managed Landscapes CZO provides a unique opportunity among all the observatories for understanding how the Anthropocene, along with geological legacy, have impacted ecosystem properties in the Upper Mississippi River Basin," says Papanicolaou. "Our team at the University of Tennessee examines ways of storing carbon within the soil profile for improving soil quality and productivity. Also, we determine from which areas within the watershed most of the eroded soil originates using different tracers." The three main study sites of the IML-CZO are the Upper Sangamon River Basin in Illinois, the Clear Creek Watershed in Iowa, and the Minnesota River Basin. The goal is to continue to get productivity from these landscapes, while reducing the impact of human activities and, in some cases, even enhancing the ecosystems. The researchers share their findings with local farmers who make the studies possible by allowing towers, sensors, fiber optics and other equipment on their property. Each critical zone has a story to tell about how climate, water, vegetation and humans interact, and each story helps us to better understand and address issues of food and water security and environmental sustainability. IML-CZO is a joint effort by a growing team of faculty and scientists from many institutions, including the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; University of Tennessee, Knoxville; University of Iowa, Iowa City; Northwestern University, Chicago; Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana; Indiana University, Bloomington; University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Penn State University, State College; Utah State University, Logan; the Illinois State Water Survey, the Illinois State Geological Survey, and the U.S. Geological Survey. The IML-CZO is one of nine NSF-funded critical zone observatories that span a range of climatic, ecologic, geologic and physiographic environments, from California to Puerto Rico. The research in this episode was supported by NSF award #1331906, IML-CZO. To review more supporting content online, visit the NSF Science Nation website. Miles O'Brien, Science Nation Correspondent Marsha Walton, Science Nation Producer
\|Scottish Gaelic: Obar Dobhair\| A view across Aberdour Harbour Aberdour shown within Fife \|Population\|\|1,690 (2001 census) est. 1,680 (2006) \|OS grid reference\| \|Sovereign state\|\|United Kingdom\| \|Postcode district\|\|KY3 0xx\| \|Dialling code\|\|01383 86\| \|UK Parliament\|\|Kirkcaldy and Cowdenbeath\| Aberdour (i//; Scots: Aiberdour, Scottish Gaelic: Obar Dobhair) is a scenic and historic village on the south coast of Fife, Scotland. It is on the north shore of the Firth of Forth, looking south to the island of Inchcolm and its Abbey, and to Leith and Edinburgh beyond. According to the 2006 population estimate, the village has a population of 1,680. The village's winding High Street lies a little inland from the coast. Narrow lanes run off it, providing access to the more hidden parts of the village and the shoreline itself. The village nestles between the bigger coastal towns of Burntisland to the east and Dalgety Bay to the west. The origins of the village lie with its harbour, where the Dour Burn enters the River Forth. The place-name itself is Pictish, implying an origin in the Dark Ages: aber 'confluence'. The -dour element, referring to the Burn, means simply 'water' (archaic dobur), and is unconnected to the Scots/English 'dour'. For much of its history Aberdour was two villages, Wester Aberdour and Easter Aberdour, on either side of the Dour Burn. Although this distinction was blurred by the 19th century arrival of the railway. In the 18th century Aberdour's harbour was improved by the addition of a stone pier to help handle the coal traffic from nearby collieries. However, in the 1850s the traffic changed dramatically, and Aberdour Harbour became a popular destination for pleasure steamers from Leith. This in turn led to the building of a deeper water pier a little around the bay at Hawkcraig, and to the development of hotels and many of the other services still on view today in the village. The railway came to Aberdour in 1890, with the building of the line east from the newly opened Forth Bridge. The station has won many "best kept station" awards. The half an hour journey to the centre of Edinburgh helped build on the existing popularity of the village, though it put the steamers out of business. The main result was a growth in the building of large and attractive houses, especially down the hill from Wester Aberdour to the West Sands. Ticket inspectors on the train line through Aberdour were known for their sing song refrain: "Half an hour, Half an hour, Half an hour to Aberdour - tickets please." Virtually between the two former settlements, though actually part of Easter Aberdour, lies Aberdour Castle. This started life as a modest hall house on a site overlooking the Dour Burn in the 13th century. The oldest part of the present semi-ruin constitutes one of the earliest surviving stone castles in mainland Scotland. Over the next four hundred years the Castle was successively developed according to contemporary architectural ideas. Notable are the parts, still largely roofed, built by the Earls of Morton, with refined Renaissance detail, in the second half of the 16th century. A fire in the late 17th century was followed by some repairs, but in 1725 the family purchased 17th century Aberdour House, on the west side of the burn and in Wester Aberdour, and the medieval Castle was allowed to fall into relative decay. Aberdour Castle is now in the care of Historic Scotland and open to the public (entrance charge). After a period of dereliction Aberdour House was developed for residential use in the early 1990s. Neighbouring St Fillan's Church is one of the best-preserved medieval parish churches in Scotland, dating largely to the 12th century. A south arcade was added to the nave in the early 16th century (open in summer). The A921, the main road along the south coast of Fife, leads down the High Street of Wester Aberdour, before kinking sharply left to cross the railway line, then right again to progress through Easter Aberdour's Main Street. Wester Aberdour has the more 'olde worlde' feel of the two, with the narrower through road more closely hemmed in by shops and hotels. A number of vernacular buildings of the 17th-early 19th centuries add to the historic scene. Close to the railway bridge, three lanes continue eastwards, presumably once the route of the original High Street before the arrival of the railway. One now leads to Aberdour railway station, a beautifully kept and cared for example of a traditional station, in keeping with its role of transporting at least a quarter of the village's working population to their work each day. A second lane leads alongside the railway line to Aberdour Castle, while a third leads to the restored Aberdour House. A little further west, a narrow road closely lined with high walls, Shore Road, leads down to the West Sands and the Harbour. For many this area is the highlight of any visit to Aberdour; parking at the foot of Shore Road is usually at a premium. Another road leads coastwards from Easter Aberdour. Hawkcraig Road leads past St Fillan's Church and through Silversand Park, home to Aberdour Shinty Club, en route to the much better parking area on Hawkcraig. This was formerly a sandstone quarry and then used as the council refuse tip before becoming a carpark, part of the overgrown and rocky bluff separating Aberdour's two bays. From here is it a short walk to the Silver Sands, Aberdour's busiest and most popular beach. On the west side of Hawkcraig Point there is a short concrete jetty that was used as part of the development of radio controlled torpedoes during World War One. The foundations of the Radio Hut can still be seen in the lea of the hill. The Aberdour obelisk was built by Lord Morton on his departure from the village to relocate to a large home in Edinburgh, it was built so he could see his former hometown from his new house when he looked through binoculars - it stands in a cowfield between the castle and the beach. The yearly festival runs from the last week in July for a week, running into early August. It is now in its 27th year and is most notable for its marquee on the silver sands playing fields. The festival hosts a number of children's, cultural and local events. Acts that have performed at Aberdour festival have been Yard Of Ale, Percy & The Peanuts, Swings & Roundabouts, Capercaillie, Boys of the Lough, Eddi Reader and The Fence Collective's Three Craws The Donkey brae run is held on the first Sunday of the festival and is popular nationwide, with a 7-mile race, 2-mile run and a 1-mile run for children. Aberdour has a very popular yearly festival, which runs from late July to early August and features musical events, shows, sporting events and children's events. Aberdour was a 2005 finalist in the prestigious "Beautiful Scotland in Bloom" awards. It was nominated for "Best Coastal Resort" in Scotland along with St Andrews in Fife, North Berwick in East Lothian, and Rothesay in Argyll and Bute. Aberdour has two beaches - the Silver Sands, and the Black Sands. The Silver Sands are located on the East side of the village, and are one of Scotland's seven "Blue flag" awarded beaches, which denotes an exemplary standard of cleanliness, facilities, safety, environmental education and management. New facilities are currently under construction by Fife Council, which will much improve the beach throughout the year. The Black Sands, as the contrasting name would suggest, have a rockier and darker sand, and are also popular with visitors exploring the rock caves and fascinating sea life. During the summer months (April–September), dogs are banned from the Silver Sands but they are allowed all year round at the Black Sands. The two beaches are linked by part of the Fife Coastal Path which also takes you past the harbour and the Hawkcraig - a popular rock climbing location. Silver Sands is becoming more popular with open water swimmers, who swim daily in the sea, both as a leisure pursuit, and as training for open water competition. The bay provides safety from the currents, although the adventurous swim round to the harbour. The island of Inchcolm, or Island (Gaelic innis) of Columba, a quarter of a mile from the shore, forms part of the parish of Aberdour. Its name implies associations dating back to the time of Columba and, although undocumented before the 12th century, it may have served the monks of the Columban family as an 'Iona of the east' from early times. During the First and Second World Wars, Inchcolm was occupied by the army as part of the defences of the Firth of Forth. There are extensive remains of gun emplacements, barracks, etc. from these periods. The island is notable for its wildlife, especially seabirds and seals. These draw many visitors in summer, along with the remains of the historic Abbey, and is a popular setting for weddings. Notable past and present residents of the town include: - "Comparative Population Profile: Aberdour Locality". Scotland's Census Results Online. 2001-04-29. Retrieved 2008-08-31. - "General Register Office for Scotland - Statistics - Publications and Data". Gro-scotland.gov.uk. 2009-12-07. Retrieved 2010-05-21. - List of railway station names in English, Scots and Gaelic - NewsNetScotland - Craig Robertson. "Aberdour festival". Aberdour festival. Retrieved 2010-05-21. - Rock Climbing Routes: Europe/Scotland/Central Lowlands/The Hawkcraig[dead link] \|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Aberdour.\| \|Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Aberdour.\| Aberdour Festival website http://www.aberdourfestival.org \|Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Aberdour.\| Aberdour Hotel http://www.aberdourhotel.co.uk
The hydro-lipid layer is composed of hydro (water) and lipids (fats) which form a thin emulsion that coats the hair and skin of mammals to keep both hydrated and in optimum condition. It is infused into the keratin of the hair’s cuticle as it’s formed in the follicle and the outer surface is continuously replenished via secretions from the sebaceous glands. This delicate barrier is comprised of essential fatty acids, ceramides, tryglicerides, cholesterol and water. Essential fatty acids comprise a greater proportion of the lipid layer and contribute to hair’s elasticity and aid ceramides in keeping the cuticle scales attached to the hair shaft. The hydro-lipid layer provides two primary functions; hydration and protection. It’s present on the outside of the hair shaft forming a continuous film, and it’s also present within the cuticle layer. It is a permeable lining that allows for the uptake of water but it also is occlusive enough to slow the evaporation of moisture from the shaft. Lubrication is another function of this layer which prevents cuticles from lifting or snagging on other surrounding hair strands. When the hydro-lipid-layer is damaged or completely removed, the hair loses a vital source of consistent moisture, the rigid cuticle scales are left exposed to mechanical damage and other insults, and the vital cement that holds cuticles in place is compromised. Subsequent loss and damage of the cuticle layer leaves hair porous, rough, absent of gloss or elasticity and vulnerable to breakage. The delicate hydro-lipid layer can be disturbed by a number of activities that many people consider to be part of their normal hair care routine. Shampoos that contain strong sulfates and a high pH are a prime culprit in the disturbance of the lipid coating. By their nature, sulfates function by rendering oil water miscible so that it can be removed from the hair and scalp. A shampoo that is intended to be mild, gentle or moisturizing will still operate according to this principle but will not strip the hair and scalp bare of all its essential fats. Without proper protection, chemical treatments like hair coloring or relaxers can damage or completely dissolve lipids from the hair shaft. Vital lipids can be removed from the surface of the cuticle layer as well as from in between the cuticle scales, weakening the natural cement that holds them fast to the hair shaft. The constant application of high heat to the hair is also a common cause of damage to the hair’s protective barrier. The easiest way to maintain this vital portion of the hair is to minimize or eliminate hair styling practices that place it in jeopardy. If you routinely undertake actions that compromise the lipids in your hair, be certain to use quality moisturizing products that contain essential fatty acid-rich ingredients that restore and replenish the hydro-lipid layer’s integrity. Curious about FAR Botanicals' premium hair care line?
What influences children’s capacity to learn, and their love for it We all know people who genuinely love to learn, or who are naturally good at it. It’s who they are. But research shows that knowing how to learn – and enjoying the process – comes down to much more than people’s genetic makeup. What a person is exposed to – and encouraged to do – as a young child, is shown to have the greatest influence on their capacity to, and interest in, learning. Some of a child’s most important learning is done by mirroring the behaviour and attitudes of those around them. To create an environment that fosters learning, children in their early years need: To know the adults in their lives will keep them safe and healthy Children need to have trust in the adult influences in their lives; to know, without asking, that they will be kept safe and healthy. To know the adults in their lives will care for them Reliable, positive caring relationships are crucial to a child’s capacity to learn. All children need at least one person that they know will care for them and support them. To know they are respected, and their needs will be addressed Children must have a sense of being respected, and know that the adult influences in their life will respond to their needs, interests, and their feelings. To know the difference between right and wrong Children need influences who can help teach them how to behave, and what is considered right and wrong by the society and community they live in. To have the opportunity to see and experience different things Learning what goes on, from day to day, by doing, will teach children some of the most powerful lessons they can learn. Everyday activities out in the world, such as going to supermarket, attending a busy playground, helping to cook a meal, or even helping out around the house will help children learn in ways that a classroom setting can never replicate. Positive relationships with other children and adults from outside the immediate family environment Children benefit from a chance to interact with other children and adults in a group setting; either via playgroup, a childcare setting (such as occasional care, kindergarten or family day care, school, etc); it is important that these experiences are of a high quality. Research shows that a child’s capacity to learn is best facilitated by caring relationships between children and the adults around them. Want to know more about the role you can play in this important stage of a child’s life? Contact WDEA Works’ training division about a career in early childhood education.
By Eva Bell In an overcrowded world, where billions of people are in close connectivity with each other through print or electronic media, it seems paradoxical that loneliness has become a rapidly growing malady of the 21st century. High-rise building, claustrophobic box-like flats, stressful jobs and impersonal city life do not encourage friendliness. Rather they create suspicion and fear of neighbors or strangers. Addiction to TV or the Net, make people reluctant to communicate with others, be it family or friends. They love to live vicariously through the lives of film stars or TV personalities and find no time for other relationships. Loneliness is no respecter of persons. Young or old, literate or illiterate, rich or poor, anyone can be affected by loneliness. David Jeremiah called it the “Disease of the Decade.” Many years ago Thoreau said, “A city is a place where hundreds of lonely people live together.” What is loneliness? It is a feeling of isolation even in a crowd; a desolation that makes one feel unwanted and unloved; a desperation that nobody cares and therefore there’s nothing to live for. The feeling becomes acute during birthdays, anniversaries or festivals. The sight of other people enjoying themselves increases the sense of isolation. All human beings at some stage in life have transient episodes of loneliness. But these pass away quickly when the situation changes or the cause removed. Causes of loneliness: • Society has become impersonal and gadget oriented. Things are bar coded and people are numbered. ID cards, bank cards and credit cards give identity but do not encourage human interaction. Even a patient in hospital is identified by a number rather than a name. • A competitive world only permits survival of the fittest. This makes people selfish, self centred, secretive and suspicious. • Floating populations because of frequent transfers or rapid change of jobs leave no time for deep and lasting friendships. Loss of family, friends or familiar scenes create loneliness. • Bereavement – loss of spouse, children, family or friend causes grief that isolates. The bereaved person feels hurt or deserted. By isolating himself he feels protected against further hurt. • Loss of a job. Self pity surfaces because others are better placed in life vis-à-vis prestige or wealth. • Illness. HIV/AIDS, cancer or other terminal illnesses makes people feel isolated. They fear rejection or pity. • Low self esteem is often seen in housewives. They feel threatened by working women and their accomplishments. Most people don’t appreciate the work that goes into running a home. Small children further isolate mothers, leaving no time for social interaction. • Guilt. Many regret the mistakes they have made and are fearful of repeating them again. Hence they avoid company. • Leadership positions often create loneliness. There are demands made on their time and energy. Making decisions if often a lonely business. There is always the fear of facing the consequences of wrong decisions. They become easy targets when things go wrong. “To be President of USA is to be lonely at times of making great decisions,” said Harry Truman. The writer Vicki Baum was of the opinion that “Fame always brings loneliness. Success is ice-cold and lonely like the North Pole.” • Intellectual loneliness. Albert Einstein felt that his intellectual brilliance set him apart from others and made him lonely. “It is strange to be so universally known and yet to be so universally lonely,” he said. • Fear especially among senior citizens of being attacked by thieves, rejected by family or forgotten by friends, makes them withdraw into themselves. Consequences of Loneliness: – Physical: About 50% of heart patients report that they have been lonely and depressed for sometime before their heart attacks. Scientists also say that certain cancers are aggravated by loneliness. – Emotional: Depression and anxiety are higher in people who are lonely. Many are driven to suicide. Some indulge in over-eating, alcohol or drugs. – Spiritual: A total alienation from God compounds loneliness. As Augustine, Bishop of Hippo said, “God created man for himself, and our hearts are restless until we find rest in Him.” Loneliness is universal, but succumbing to it is cowardice. One must rise above it. Loneliness must be distinguished from solitude. Creative people like writers, poets and artists isolate themselves for long periods, so that they can work undisturbed. This isolation is self imposed and for a purpose. Religious men also seek solitude for their meditations, prayers and communion with God. Solitude can be constructive and renewing. But loneliness is psychological and spiritual desolation. The foremost step therefore is: – Accepting the fact that there is a problem. The initiative must come from the person who is lonely. – Deciphering the causes of loneliness and working towards eliminating them. Anger, animosity, hypocrisy or hatred are emotions to overcome before meaningful relationships can be built. – Keeping busy by finding ways of helping others or cultivating hobbies that will take the focus away from self and loneliness. – Working through situations of grief and crisis experiences. Self pity is a deadly poison. It robs one of perspective and purpose in life. – Considering leadership a privilege and not a burden. Important people need not hide in their ‘ivory towers.’ Being accessible without being influenced by others is the mark of a true leader. – Exercise or listening to music can also chase away the demons from within. – Senior citizens should not feel isolated because of age and physical infirmities. Old age is a time to seek a deeper meaning to life. There are communities which facilitate social intercourse, friendships and sharing of experiences. Creativity and spirituality can be rediscovered in old age. – If loneliness is bordering on depression or suicidal tendencies, professional help must be sought. – A closer walk with God on a daily basis dispels loneliness. As the psalmist said, “Pour out your hearts to God for He is our refuge and strength.” Only when we have a right relationship with God can we relate effectively to others. Someone said, “To be left alone without God is hell. But to be left alone with God is a foretaste of heaven.” Eva Bell is a Fellow of the Royal College of Obstetricians & Gynecologists. She is a freelance writer, and her articles, short stories and children’s stories have been published in magazines, newspapers, on the Net, and in several anthologies. She is the author of: Novels – “Silver Amulet,” “When Shadows Flee,” “Halo of Deceit.”
After more than 1500 years, the Catholic Church has recently decided to allow what has been thought to be the remains of the early Christian martyrs, Chrysanthus and Daria, to be examined by scientists and historians, and apparently the results are in the affirmitive. Chrysanthus was born in Egypt and his father brought him back to Rome where he was educated in the finest manner of the era, including the paganism of his day. After reading books that criticized Christianity, he wanted to read Christian writings for himself. He got hold of the New Testament and began reading the Acts of the Apostles.1 “Seeking someone to instruct him in the Holy Scriptures, he found the presbyter Carpophoros hiding from persecution, and received holy Baptism from him. After this, he began to preach the Gospel. Chrysanthus' father tried to turn his son from Christianity, and finally married him to Daria, a priestess of Minerva” whom he managed to convert to Christ.2 After suffering much persecution for their faith and evangelistic efforts, they were eventually both buried alive. According to the Daily Mail Reporter, "Two skeletons discovered in a crypt in an Italian cathedral are those of Christian saints who were martyred in ancient Rome, experts have claimed. Scientists say all the evidence suggests the bones do belong to Chrysanthus and Daria, who were killed in 283AD for spreading Christianity."3
Monopropellants are propellants composed of chemicals or mixtures of chemicals which can be stored in a single container with some degree of safety. While stable under defined storage conditions, they react very rapidly under certain other conditions to produce a large volume of energetic (hot) gases for the performance of mechanical work. Although solid deflagrants such as nitrocellulose, the most commonly used propellant in firearms, and ammonium perchlorate/aluminum/synthetic rubber, widely used in military and spacecraft boosters, could be thought of as monopropellants, the term is usually reserved for liquids in engineering literature. These can either be a single chemical that can be made to decompose exothermically, or a mixture of chemicals (generally a fuel and an oxidizer) that can be made to react with one another to release energy. The most common use of monopropellants is in low-impulse rocket motors, such as reaction control thrusters, the usual propellant being hydrazine which is generally decomposed by exposure to an iridium catalyst bed (Hydrazine is pre-heated to keep reactant liquid) to produce the desired jet of hot gas and thus thrust. Hydrogen peroxide has been used for main thrusters and as power source for propellant tank pumps in rockets like the German WWII V-2 (same as US Redstone rocket). The hydrogen peroxide is passed through a platinum catalyst mesh, or comes in contact with manganese dioxide impregnated ceramic beads, or Z-Stoff permanganate solution is co-injected, which causes hydrogen peroxide to decompose into hot steam and oxygen. Monopropellants are also used in some air-independent propulsion systems (AIP) to "fuel" reciprocating or turbine engines in environments where free oxygen is unavailable. Weapons intended primarily for combat between nuclear-powered submarines generally fall into this category. The most commonly used propellant in this case is stabilized propylene glycol dinitrate (PGDN), often referred to as "Otto fuel". A potential future use for monopropellants not directly related to propulsion is in compact, high-intensity powerplants for aquatic or exoatmosperic environments. Research in brief Much work was done in the US in the 1950s and 1960s to attempt to find better and more energetic monopropellants. For the most part, researchers came to the conclusion that any single substance that contained enough energy to compete with bipropellants would be too unstable to handle safely under practical conditions. With new materials, control systems and requirements for high-performance thrusters, engineers are currently[when?] re-examining this assumption. Many partially nitrated alcohol esters are suitable for use as monopropellants. "Trimethylene glycol dinitrate" or 1,3-propanediol dinitrate is isomeric with PGDN, and produced as a fractional byproduct in all but the most exacting laboratory conditions; the marginally lower specific gravity (and thus energy density) of this compound argues against its use, but the minor differences in chemistry may prove useful in the future. The related "dinitrodiglycol", more properly termed diethylene glycol dinitrate in modern notation, was widely used in World War 2 Germany, both alone as a liquid monopropellant and colloidal with nitrocellulose as a solid propellant. The otherwise desirable characteristics of this compound; it is quite stable, easy to manufacture, and has a very high energy density; are marred by a high freeze point (-11.5 deg. C) and pronounced thermal expansion, both being problematic in spacecraft. "Dinitrochlorohydrin" and "tetranitrodiglycerin" are also likely candidates, though no current use is known. The polynitrates of long chain and aromatic hydrocarbons are invariably room temperature solids, but many are soluble in simple alcohols or ethers in high proportion, and may be useful in this state. Hydrazine, ethylene oxide, hydrogen peroxide, and nitromethane are common rocket monopropellants. As noted the specific impulse of monopropellants is lower than bipropellants and can be found with the Air Force Chemical Equilibrium Specific Impulse Code tool. See also - McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific & Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill. 2003. "A rocket propellant consisting of a single substance, especially a liquid, capable of creating rocket thrust without the addition of a second substance." Unknown parameter - Sutton 1992, p. 230 - Sutton 1992, pp. 307—309 - Sutton 1992, ch. 7. - Sutton 1992, p. 36 - "Rocket Motor Components Resources page". RCS Inc. Retrieved 2011-03-18. - Joiner, Stephen (2011-05-01). "The Mojave Launch Lab". Air & Space Smithsonian. Retrieved 2011-03-18 (online precedes the print edition date). - Sutton, George P. (1992) . Rocket Propulsion Elements (6th ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-52938-9. - There is an entire chapter on the history of monopropellant development in the biographical novel John D. Clark (1972). Ignition! An Informal History of Liquid Rocket Propellants. ISBN 0-8135-0725-1. - The book "Germany's Secret Weapons In World War Two" by Roger Ford (ISBN 0-7603-0847-0 c.2000) contains some useful information on the surprising diversity of fuels and propellants employed by wartime Germany. - "The Chemistry Of Powder And Explosives" by Tenney L. Davis is an outstanding, if outdated, source of information on a great many aspects of high enthalpy compounds. (This work originally published by MIT Press, 1943, as a textbook. Subsidy republication as late as 1995 by Pyrotek Inc., an amateur rocketry supply house. No catalog data given in this edition. Current publication status unknown.).
We’re a bit off from the Day of Epiphany; being January 6 of every year. But I came upon this while studying about rituals in Gaul (Ancient France and surrounding areas). I’m trying to make some connection between the adoration of Black Sara (more later) in Southern France, the legendary De Baux family and the Magus Balthazar. Up through Italy and into France, the adoration of the Magi are stronger than any other place in Christendom. From the Medici in Florence, Italy to the Baux in Provence, France and beyond, there is a considerable reverence for the three Magi. And the Day of Epiphany is THE day to honor them. It is the themes that come along with this adoration, something called the Tria Miracula, that gives us the main themes for our messages at this festival. - The Epiphany of the Star of Bethlehem to the Magi that brought these gentiles from the outside of the plan of God to inclusion - The Epiphany of the Father to all at the Baptism of Jesus by John the Baptist announcing to the world that this was truly the Son of God. - The Epiphany of the Son as the Messaih via the first miracle (the turning the water to wine at the wedding of Cana) showing the Disciples he was the one who they had waited on for so long. Some other versions substitute the Wedding at Cana miracle with the Transfiguration. This made a great deal more sense being the revealing of Jesus, once more, as the Son of God. But the three listed are adhered to by the main body of followers.
Hello, I have learned that the most distant galaxies accessible to us by telescope are about 14 billion light years away. Accordingly, the method used to determine the distance of said galaxies is to use the old light of supernovae that existed within those galaxies. These exploding stars mark the end of a stars long life, but the explosions themselves occurred some 14 billion years ago. My question is that if what I have explained is true, how were those stars formed before the big bang (13.7 billion years ago). Were they already formed in the hot condensed state of the singularity that has now come to be the universe? Your question is a very insightful one. Normally if you want to know how long it takes for something to travel you can use the formula: velocity=distance/time or equivalently time=distance/velocity. Using this formula on a distant galaxy you would arrive at the conclusion that you mentioned in your question. However you have to keep in mind that the distant galaxy that emitted the light is not sitting still relative to us. In fact the space between us and that galaxy is expanding. As a picture to have in your mind: imagine that the universe is a loaf of raisin bread. Each raisin in the bread in this model represents a galaxy. Now imagine that you bake the bread and you put it in an oven. As the bread heats up, the yeast in the bread causes it to expand. Any two raisin in the bread are now moving away from each other in the bread. Thus the reason why it is more distant than (the speed of light)x(age of the universe) is because it has been moving away from us since the light that we see was emitted. I hope that answers your question. Feel free to shoot me back an email if you need more clarification. Robert da Silva
FUJIFILM & JEITA News Letter What is the Storage Chosen by One of the Greatest Research Institutes? CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research) is one of the greatest research institutes. It has two research districts in the region across the border of Switzerland and France. There is a large hadrons' collider (LHC) with a diameter of 27 km in the basement. Higgs particles were found in the institute. HTML, HTTP, and World Wide Web which is now indispensable were also invented here. The era of Internet, today’s Big Data, and future’s IoT have never existed without these inventions. They are undoubtedly great inventions of the century. LHC generates 1petabyte per Second CERN's LHC generates huge data as much as 1 petabyte per second. It is needed to record the data at high speed and to save it safely for a long term. Saving data with low energy and cost is more necessary. The data of the experiment in the past cannot be reproduced again because it takes huge cost to do it. What storages do they use? What is the Best? and Why? What they chose as a storage to store valuable data is magnetic tape. They appeared in 1951 which is more than 60 years ago, and are the first digital recording medium in the world. Why did they choose “old technology”, though the theme of their research is on the most advanced stage? CERN engineers tell four reasons as below. 1) Low Cost, Low Power Consumption Magnetic tapes are totally cheap if considering not only the product cost but also electricity charges. When you do not use tapes, it takes no cost to keep them unlike the other medium. That is important topic for people who need to preserve a tremendous volume of data for a long time to keep costs down. Large amounts of terabyte class data are lost if the disk is damaged. In the case of tapes, the lost data volume is limited to only some gigabytes even if a part of stored data cannot be read. Moreover, it is said that the tape can store data for more than 50 years. Unfortunately, it cannot be said that disks are suitable for storage to store data for a long term. Most of the data losses in the world is said to occur due to operation mistakes, hacking, or manipulation by employees of organizations. It means that it cannot be prevented previously . However, it will take years to erase all of the large volume of data that CERN stores in tapes. On the other hand, it takes a few seconds if they store in disks. 4) High speed Generally, since the tape is a sequential device, a lot of people misunderstand that the recording speed of tapes is slow. Yet, the opinion means not throughput (speed of actual transferring data) but latency (time to data access). Throughput is extremely fast. In addition, the tape uses a technology that heads checks the data immediately after the other head writes the data. You can check whether it was successful to be recorded or not in real time. In this era of big data, it is said that there are large volume of digital data as much as 44ZB in 2020. How much volume is preserved for a long term? It is considered that a lot of original data, especially unstructured data, is preserved semipermanently. Data as a Service (DaaS) started up recently. Then, the impact is not limited to the public cloud service. Many companies may benefit from the situation and some of them can innovate or develop business with their own data. How far is the volume of data swelling? How about referring to the wisdom of the world's most intelligent people who have already succeeded in preserving hyper scale data at low cost, long term, and safety?
About the author: Julia Wright is a University Research Professor in English at Dalhousie University. War has been widely used — and criticized — as a metaphor for dealing with COVID-19. But the metaphor didn’t come out of nowhere. Writers have long linked war and disease, and not only because war often contributes to the spread of disease. In my study of British and Irish literature from around 1800, including writing about medicine, it’s clear that people struggled to understand disease without having evidence of bacteria or viruses. In a chapter on “Contagion” in his 1797 handbook on medicine, the physician Thomas Trotter even laughed at the suggestion that diseases were spread by “little animals.” Yet the idea persisted. In 1828, cartoon satirist William Heath imagined river water as “Monster Soup.” In 1854, English physician John Snow used what we might now call contact tracing to show that a London water pump was at the centre of a cholera outbreak. The same year, Italian physician Filippo Pacini used a microscope to identify the cause of the disease. An easy step from disease to war Writers were aware of public and research interests in medicine and drew on them, as in the familiar example of Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein in 1818. Writers also used medical metaphors: for instance, William Blake called the influence of Greek and Latin literature a “general malady and infection.” These writers are using figures of speech to link concepts together: war is like a storm, disease is like war, and disease is like a storm, spread through clouds of bad air, raining contagion. Metaphors aren’t simply decorative. They help explain unfamiliar ideas, and help us remember them by making them vivid or surprising. When Shakespeare had Hamlet talk about picking up weapons to fight “a sea of troubles,” he was communicating a sense of overwhelming odds. The metaphor was good enough to stick and is still widely used. Metaphors can also pass judgement, like Blake associating Greek and Latin literature with disease because it promoted war. War was almost constant for Britain at this time, and writers often turned to thunderstorms to capture the terrible sound of battles. Blake’s 1793 poem about the American Revolutionary War describes the new United States as “darkned” by storm clouds while “Children take shelter from the lightnings” and leaders speak “in thunders.” A few years later, in his poem “Fears in Solitude,” Samuel Taylor Coleridge wrote about “Invasion, and the thunder and the shout.” Medical writers of the era thought that bad air carried disease because they didn’t have the technology to see further. But they were able to connect the spread of disease with soldiers and ships. This made it an easy step from disease to war — with weather still in the mix. In “Fears in Solitude,” Coleridge associated British imperialism with a spreading infection, carrying “to distant tribes slavery and pangs” “Like a cloud that travels on, / Steamed up from Cairo’s swamps of pestilence.” In “Adonais,” P.B. Shelley wrote of “vultures to the conqueror’s banner true … whose wings rain contagion.” King Cholera goes to war Two hundred years ago, disease wasn’t an “Invisible Enemy” or a “little animal”. It had power to kill, much like the kings who sent armies around the globe. In her influential 1792 essay, Vindication of the Rights of Woman, English writer Mary Wollstonecraft wrote that “despots” are the source of a “baneful lurking gangrene” and lead to “contagion.” A quarter of a century later, the cholera pandemics began. In John and Michael Banim’s 1831 poem “The Chaunt of the Cholera,” cholera doesn’t just “Breathe out the breath which maketh / A pest-house of the place.” It is a mercenary working for Europe’s monarchs: “Kings!–tell me my commission, / As from land to land I go.” Others, like English cartoonist John Leech, called the disease Lord Cholera or King Cholera. John Leech’s 1852 cartoon, “A Court for King Cholera,” relayed a message we’re hearing now: inequality feeds pandemics. The 1853 poem “King Cholera’s Procession” also details the unsanitary conditions of the urban poor while condemning “Those that rule” for being King Cholera’s “friends.” In her 1826 novel about a devastating pandemic, The Last Man, Mary Shelley also links rulers, war, and disease. The plague “shot her unerring shafts over the earth,” a shower of arrows, and becomes “Queen of the World.” Shelley idealizes the leader “full of care” who doesn’t want victory — only “bloodless peace.” The coming storm To these writers, war was a metaphor for the problem, not the solution. In our time, business media suggest “battle metaphors” are overused. We have television shows like Robot Wars and Storage Wars, training sessions called “bootcamps” and elections in “battleground states.” War is all too real and devastating in many parts of our world. But as a metaphor it is worn out — perhaps no longer vivid, no longer explanatory. Writers such as Coleridge, the Shelleys, and Blake may have seen close connections between war and disease, but their work also hints at another possibility. Instead of talking about a war on COVID-19, let’s consider those storm metaphors. We need to stay inside and wait for it to pass. And, while we are, perhaps we can also look to the past for help in understanding our present. Before they had evidence of germs, they could see that war and inequality spread disease. This article was first published on The Conversation, which features includes relevant and informed articles written by researchers and academics in their areas of expertise and edited by experienced journalists. Dalhousie University is a founding partner of The Conversation Canada, an online media outlet providing independent, high-quality explanatory journalism. Originally established in Australia in 2011, it has had more than 85 commissioning editors and 30,000-plus academics register as contributors. A full list of articles written by Dalhousie academics can be found on the Conversation Canada website. comments powered by Disqus
Information requested from volunteers for the AIF did not include details of race although this may be mentioned incidentally in service records. In other instances secondary sources can assist in establishing the fact that an individual is Aboriginal and may also provide more about him and about Aboriginal service in general. William King service number 3422, is one of three men in the AIF named King who are known to be Aboriginal. William Alfred King, service number 3650 and Richard King, service number 579, can be identified as Aboriginal from information in their records linking them to missions in New South Wales and Victoria. William King 3422 was born in Maitland NSW and belonged to both the 56th and 36th Battalion. His service record contains nothing which points to Aboriginality. However Henry Raine, a private in the 56th Battalion, makes this clear in a letter to the RSSILA journal Reveille, 29 July 1931, written in connection with Aboriginal service. In this the he states I think Mick King, who enlisted with the ninth, reinforcements of the 56th battalion was also a full-blood. Raine refers to King as Mick King but explains that this is a nickname derived from the fact that King was an amateur boxer and there was at the time another well known white boxer of that name. Although Raine either did not know or did not bother to give King’s real given name, his battalion and reinforcement details plus place and death details, show that Mick King was in fact William King 3422. Raine’s letter does more than simply identify King as Aboriginal. It focuses on his qualities as an individual and in doing so gives an insight into the position of Aboriginal members of the AIF. He writes that King was one of the ‘quietest and gamest members of the Battalion’ going on to tell how as an Aboriginal man he was (ironically) racially taunted by a group of West Indian soldiers. [They] must have thought they had scored a bloodless victory, but they were sadly mistaken, for Mick slowly put out his pipe and then walked over and knocked out four of his tormentors with four punches – each as clean as a whistle. Raine finishes with the words ‘although he was black he was a White man and a dinkum Aussie.’ In saying this Raine, whose respect for King was undoubted, sees attributing white characteristics to an Aboriginal man as praise of the highest order. This in essence was a deeply racist concept. His letter is a significant one because of the manner of his tribute to King and the fact that his comments are not an isolated example of such thinking. His comments make plain the qualified nature of the acceptance of Aboriginal AIF men by their comrades and show that whatever the achievements of Aboriginal men they were still judged by the fact that they were not white. It is comments like this by an unquestionably sympathetic party which call into question the idea now prevalent that Aboriginal men achieved equality in the AIF. This is too simplistic and is something which needs to be examined more carefully – not brushed aside by warm generalisations about mateship. King had been transferred to the 36th Battalion before he was killed in Belgium in October 1917. Raine says he was ‘blown to bits’ shortly after the incident he described. His premature death meant that his service medals could be claimed by his family. However examination of his service record shows that the army was unable to trace his next of kin, (named as his wife Katie* c/o Post Office Guyra NSW). In 1927 his Memorial Plaque and Memorial Scroll and possibly the two medals he was entitled to, were – and still may be – unclaimed. Further information about the family of William ‘Mick’ King – and the other Indigenous Kings in the AIF could assist with another problem of identification. King is also the surname of an Aboriginal servicemen from an earlier conflict. F. King was a tracker and member of the New South Wales A Company of the 1902 Federal Contingent to the Boer war. This William King 3422 and/or the other Indigenous Kings in the AIF may be connected to F. King affording an opportunity for additional research. * The name of William King’s next of kin was later changed on one copy of his attestation to Janie. This appears to be a consequence of a temporary but rectified confusion apparent in the record of this William King with William Alfred King. Note. Peter Stanley explores relationships of non-white peoples and Australians in World War One including reference to Mick King in ‘ “He was black. He was a White man and a dinkum Aussie” Race and Empire in revisiting the Anzac legend.’ in Santanu Das, Race Empire and First World War Writing, Cambridge University Press, 2011, pp. 225 -226. Philippa Scarlett 5 June 2013
Analogies are wonderful exercises. They teach - logical thinking - critical thinking Let me say that in an analogy: analogies : brain :: sit-ups : abs (And from a practical standpoint, analogies are frequently used on standardized tests.) We have finished using Analogy Roundup for vocabulary practice this term. It’s a great workbook that takes you through the various relationships that are commonly used in analogies. There are plenty of practice analogies and lots of review of the relationships. As a culminating activity, I asked Sprite to create four of her own analogies. Wow, was I impressed with what she did! - Prufrock Press has several workbooks (retail) that deal with analogies. - Vocabulary Building with Analogies is a more in-depth article about using analogies as part of your curriculum. - Introduction to analogies (PDF) is especially good for teaching younger students the thinking process for solving analogies - Understanding Analogies (PDF)is written on a higher level, suitable for middle schoolers. Free Analogies Worksheets - Seven Simple Analogies - Scholastic Scope Analogies worksheet - Analogies Sampler K-12 - Super Teacher Analogy Worksheets And a beautiful thing about analogies is that they can be used for any subject. For a serious mind workout, have your child create analogies with new content area vocabulary. This can serve as the narration activity for the day. For example, after a chemistry lesson have your children make a few analogies with the vocabulary words from the science lesson. This will work for math or history or any academic area at all. Have you used analogies with your children? What resources did you use?
\|Back to April Ed Reporter\| \|NUMBER 147\|\|THE NEWSPAPER OF EDUCATION RIGHTS\|\|APRIL 1998\| California Adopts New Math Standards Among the many mathematicians and educators endorsing the new standards are Professor Harold W. Stevenson of the University of Michigan, who recently managed the case studies done by the Third International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS), and renowned math teacher Jaime Escalante. Dr. Stevenson affirmed that the new standards "cover the essential concepts and operations in mathematics, both at the K-7 and 8-12 levels." Board of Education member Janet Nicholas, who served on the subcommittee on mathematics standards, said the standards document was compiled "in three-and-a-half weeks with no money." Her committee received "generous input and guidance from mathematicians at Stanford University, and from other mathematics professionals in many states." The standards were adopted in response to the running controversy over teaching methods in math. In 1991, California adopted "new new math" or "fuzzy math" with the result that, five years later, half of all 4th-grade students could not perform the most basic level computations, and 54% of high school graduates who qualified for college failed a basic math skills test. Parents and politicians who have complained about student reliance on calculators and computers, instead of knowledge of multiplication tables and long division, are applauding the board's return to fundamentals. But the new standards are not without detractors. California's Superintendent of Public Instruction, Delaine Eastin, said the final standards provide teachers with few clues as to how to make mathematical formulas "come alive" for students. And the National Science Foundation, which has awarded more than $50 million in grants to California school districts that favor progressive approaches to math instruction, has threatened to withdraw its commitments to districts "that embark on a course that substitutes computational proficiencies for a commitment to deep, balanced, mathematical learning."
Charette Procedure is a brainstorming approach that is useful when you have a large number of people (15+) involved in a session, or when you have multiple topics that you need to discuss. Have you ever tried to run a brainstorming session with more than ten people present, or where you’ve had to brainstorm multiple ideas? If so, you will have realized that simple brainstorming has its limitations. These sessions can quickly spin out of control and become unproductive. Larger meetings also tend to be dominated by just a few individuals, which means not everyone gets the chance to contribute equally. The brainstorming process is a simple one. You gather a group of people together to generate ideas on a single goal or topic. Unfortunately, the simplicity of brainstorming is also its downfall, as there are many situations where it just doesn’t work that well. This is where the Charette Procedure comes in. The Charette Procedure works by organizing people into smaller groups. You then brainstorm ideas in one group at a time until all groups have had the opportunity to brainstorm. You use the output from each group session as input to the next meeting. Using the Charette Procedure means that each group has the opportunity to build upon the ideas of the previous group. The topic under discussion moves from one group to another until all groups have had the opportunity to discuss it. Once all groups have discussed the topic, the final ideas are collected, analyzed, and prioritized. If you have more than one topic to discuss, then once the first group has finished discussing topic one, they can begin to discuss topic two, at the same time that topic one is starting to be discussed by group two. In this way, it is possible to get many topics discussed. The main reasons you might consider using the Charette Procedure are: The Charette Procedure allows everyone to participate in brainstorming a topic without compromising on the quality or effectiveness of the session. Charette Procedure derives from the French word for “cart” or “chariot,” charrette. Using the word in the context of the Charette Procedure began in the nineteenth century when a cart was sent to collect the work of student architects for marking. Students, desperate to finish their work before the deadline would apply the finishing touches to their work as the cart was being wheeled away to collect the work of the next student (en charrette). Below you’ll find the steps needs to run a Charette Procedure meeting. Note though that there is some flexibility in the timing of the meeting. All steps don’t need to be conducted in the same place or at the same time. This means the sessions could be spread out over several days or weeks, or that some of the meetings could happen on remove sites. A vital role during the Charette Procedure is that of a recorder. This person writes down a record of the discussion taking place within each group. This person will move from group to group with a topic as it moves through each group. You will need one person to act as a recorder per topic. The first step in the process is to determine the set of topics that you want to be discussed. You’ll also want to determine the time each group will get to brainstorm a topic, usually 10-15 minutes. Create smaller groups from your larger groups. Typically five people plus a recorder is ideal, but it will depend on your overall group size. When thinking about who should be in which group you might consider putting people from different departments or different levels of experience in the same group. This is frequently more creative than having very similar people in the same group. Finally, to avoid wasted time, ensure that you have at least as many groups as you do topics to discuss. Assign a topic to each of your groups. In this step, each group will brainstorm their topic. During the session, the recorder will keep a record of the discussion. The discussion ends when the time limit for the debate has been reached. In this step, the recorder will move to the next group and begins the session by presenting the current state of the brainstorming for the topic under discussion. The aim of this step is for the new group to build upon the ideas of the previous group as well as generating new ideas. You repeat step 5 until all groups have had the opportunity to brainstorm on a topic. At the end of the final group discussion, allow time for the recorder to pull together the key ideas and themes that have been discussed for that topic. In this step, all the different groups are brought back together, and the recorder presents their summarized lists to the whole group. With the help of the entire group, and if appropriate, prioritize the list and agree on the plan of action or next steps. If you have more groups than topics, then it is possible to speed things up by assigning a topic to more than one group when you begin the process. You will, however, need to bring the strands back together at the end. This can be done at the end of step 6 when the two or more recorders for the topic can merge their lists of ideas into one master list. If you take this approach, although you can speed things up significantly, you may lower the quality of the final output because one strand of the discussion may not have had the ideas the other strand(s) had. There are many advantages of Charette Procedure, including: There are some disadvantages associated with Charette Procedure, including: The Charette Procedure is a useful process to follow when you have several topics you want to brainstorm, and a lot of people you want to involve in the process. By breaking into small groups, it allows you to avoid some of the pitfalls of large group brainstorming sessions. It’s highly likely your team will thank you for using this approach, too, as it allows every one of them to contribute to the discussion on each topic. Bloom’s Taxonomy Explained with Example Start, Stop, Continue \| Examples and Template The Pygmalion Effect Explained Train-the-Trainer Model Explained Kolb’s Learning Cycle Theory of Planned Behavior Theories of Motivation Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Oct. 25: Approximate date that fueling begins Nov. 1: MAVEN is "mated" to the Payload Launch Adapter Nov. 4: MAVEN is encapsulated in its "fairing," or nose cone Nov. 6: The MAVEN payload is secured atop the Atlas 5 rocket Nov. 18: First potential day for launch Dec. 7: End of preferred launch window Dec. 8-23: Could still launch but at great cost to fuel efficiency Sept. 22, 2014: Anticipated insertion into Mars orbit, presuming a Nov. 18 launch Source: Lockheed Martin Space Systems and CU's Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics After nearly a decade of preparation, the countdown is now at one month for MAVEN, one of the most momentous space missions in which the University of Colorado has ever been involved. The launch window raises Nov. 18 and extends through Dec. 7, although mission principal investigator Bruce Jakosky, of a professor at CU's Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, said it could depart for Mars as late as Dec. 15 without a significant impact on its activities. CU boasts a long history in space, with 19 of 20 CU-affiliated astronauts having flown in space, and its scientists having placed dozens of payloads on NASA's 135 shuttle missions. But the $670 million MAVEN -- Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution -- is stirring an added level of excitement in the university's science community and beyond. "It's got to be in the top three or top five, something like that," said Bill Possel, LASP's science operations center manager for the MAVEN project, "the fact that CU is in charge of the entire mission." Jakosky, a geological sciences professor, wrote in an email, "MAVEN will be able to tell us about the history of the climate and what caused the changes and it will not tell us whether life actually existed or still might exist on Mars today. "MAVEN is about understanding the history of the habitability of Mars by microbes. But we will not determine whether it actually is inhabited by microbes." He said its significance to the university's space legacy stems from "the fact that we could credibly propose a mission like this, provide two science instruments, do the science operations, all take advantage of this long history and the experience that comes with it," he wrote in an email. "MAVEN is certainly the largest program we've ever led, and the most visible." Scuttled by politics -- but only briefly MAVEN was temporarily but seriously jeopardized by the federal government shutdown, which began Oct. 1. The project was shut down -- all operations put into what scientists call a "safe state" -- but not for long. Jakosky learned Oct. 3 that NASA had given MAVEN an emergency exemption, ruling that other functions it can also perform, such as serving as a data relay station for other Mars-based NASA exploration, made it an essential operation. "There was a lot of nervousness for us," said Guy Beutelschies, program manager for Lockheed Martin Space Systems, which manufactured the spacecraft at its plant in Littleton, and who is now also in Florida preparing for the launch. "This alignment of Earth and Mars, we would have had to wait over two years before they're in position again." Possel said he spent the roughly 48 hours that MAVEN appeared threatened by government gridlock "shaking in my boots." "But I was thrilled to see that we were restarted (Oct. 3)," he said. "At this point, we are looking great for that Nov. 18 launch date." Possel will be on hand for the launch and should have plenty of company. CU has organized a series of events for the roughly 300 alumni, faculty, staff and others who have registered for university-sponsored activities in Florida. Those will start with a reception and talk by Jakosky the evening of Nov. 16, followed by a bus tour at the Kennedy Space Center on Nov. 17. Launch morning will kick off with a lecture called "CU in Space," presented by CU astrophysics professor Erika Ellington, before buses leave for Launch Complex 41 for a liftoff slated between 1:29 and 3:29 p.m. But Buffs-centric space buffs won't have to be in Florida to share in the excitement because a MAVEN launch party is set for the University Memorial Center from 11 a.m. to 2 p.m., with activities for visiting K-12 students as well as live-streaming from NASA of MAVEN's departure. MAVEN headed to Martian orbit It will take about 10 months for MAVEN to reach the Martian orbit, where it will be gathering data for at least one year. Its stay there could last longer. "Our primary mission is one Earth year," Jakosky said. "We chose that duration because, in a year of observations, we can collect the data that would allow us to answer the science questions we originally posed. "After that year is over, we hope to continue to be able to collect data. We can use a longer period of data collection to answer a set of augmented science questions." Jakosky sees a "very high science value" in the mission being extended, but NASA has not yet committed to doing so. Collecting the data will be three separate instrument packages. They are the Neutral Gas and Ion Mass Spectrometer, which can measure different isotope rations; the Imaging Ultra Violet Spectrograph, built in Boulder by LASP; and the Particles and Fields package, which contains six different instruments. One of the six instruments in the Particles and Fields package is known as the Langmuir Probe and Waves, tasked with measuring electron density and temperature, electric fields and extreme ultraviolet observations from the sun. LASP's Laila Andersson is co-investigator on the Langmuir instrument. She points out that the only previous data on electron temperature in the Martian atmosphere came from the Viking 1 and 2 landings in 1976. "Since those two landers, we haven't measured the electron temperature in the atmosphere, and all the atmospheric modeling from Mars is based on those measurements," Andersson said. "It is very tricky to model the electron temperatures; therefore getting more observations is important." Anderrson is one of roughly 150 LASP personnel who have worked on the project -- and will be among the 55 who will be part of the contingent at the Kennedy Space Center for the launch. CU has many MAVEN partners. They include NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, which manages the project and provided two of the science instruments for the mission. The University of California at Berkeley Space Sciences Laboratory provided science instruments for the mission. NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, at Pasadena, Calif., will provide navigation support, and Centennial-based United Launch Alliance built the Atlas V rocket MAVEN will ride on. Lockheed's Beutelschies, a CU graduate himself and former member of LASP, said Lockheed has been involved on some level with every NASA Mars mission back to the Viking project. "But this is the first mission where the university has been our principal investigator, and so getting to work with CU, that makes it special," Beutelschies said. Asked if there would be any black and gold on board, he joked: "Maybe hidden here and there. Just don't tell anybody." Contact Camera Staff Writer Charlie Brennan at 303-473-1327 or firstname.lastname@example.org.
What's the meaning of the phrase 'Carbon-copy'? An exact duplicate. What's the origin of the phrase 'Carbon-copy'? The term 'carbon copy' derives from carbon paper, which was, and occasionally still is, used to make copies of typewritten documents. The phrase predates modern photocopiers, but even they use carbon. The paper, which was originally developed so that blind people could write without the need for pen and ink, is a thin paper coated with a mixture of wax and pigment. It was first referred to in 1806, as 'carbonated paper', by its inventor Ralph Wedgwood, in the patent for his 'Stylographic Writer'. Other forms of inked paper were also developed around the same time, some of them similar to what we would now recognize as typewriter ribbon. A 'carbon copy' is often referred to just as c.c. This abbreviation has become better known through its use in email. Most email software has the option to 'CC' a mail to a secondary address; 'blind carbon-copies' or 'BCCs' allow the sender to direct a copy to a secondary address but to hide that from the primary recipient. The first example of the use of 'carbon copy' that I can find relates to Wedgwood's invention, in the Burlington Hawk-Eye, May 1878, written by "J. L. W." and reprinted from the Chicago Post: "My own plan was to use the Wedgewood carbon copy-book, jetting down scrap notes whenever opportunity offered." However, that's really an example of a 'carbon copy-book' rather than 'carbon copy' itself; for that we have to wait until March 1888 and a piece in The Newark Daily Advocate: "Granville brought out a carbon copy of Mr. Booth's Times article." See also: carbon footprint.
There once was a time when kings ruled and their people were subject to the absolute authority of that king. The king literally was the law, whatever he said became law. All of his subject had an obligation to be loyal to their king simply because God had appointed him king. Kings claimed their authority from God, and therefore possessed the ultimate authority. However, beginning in the 1600's in England, the people began to see the relationship between king and subjects a bit differently. A new ideal emerged, the idea that a king's authority came from the consent of the people, not from God. It was Thomas Hobbes, in his book Leviathan who first broached the subject that the relationship between the king and the people was a two way relationship. The king and people formed a "social contract" and each had it's responsibilities to the other. Later, John Locke, in his Two Treatises of Government further defined the "social contract" between ruler and subjects, limiting the power of the Monarch and turning the focus of the contract toward the benefit of the people. While Hobbes specifically denounced democracy as an untrustworthy form of government, and instead promoted a strong centralized benevolent ruler, Locke's ideas of limited government, while not specifically promoting democracy, were much more democratic in nature and focused the role of government on to the benefit of the people. Thomas Hobbes wrote his book Leviathan in the middle of the English Civil War, which raged between the forces of the king, who were attempting to impose his absolute authority, and the forces of the Parliament, who were attempting to limit the authority of the king. Hobbes wrote Leviathan as an attempt to explain the social contract between the King and his people, to define exactly what each part of the contract was, how it came to be, and what each person involved in the contract owed to each other. Hobbes then went on to define the "Laws of Nature," which described the three laws governing the state of things in nature. His first law stated "Every man ought to endeavor peace; as far as he has hope of attaining it; and when he cannot obtain it, that he may seek use all helps an advantages of war." (Hobbes, 87) (part 1: Chapter 14) His second law stated that while each human may be naturally free, they must give up some of that freedom, along with others, and be content to have only as much freedom to do to others as you would give them to do to you. (Hobbes, 87-88) (part 1: Chapter 14) In effect, people are born free but must give up some of that freedom in order to live in a safe and secure society. This is often regarded as the beginning of what would be termed the "social contract." Hobbes' third law of nature was rather brisk, injustice is the failure to comply by the terms of the social contract. (Hobbes, 88) (part 1: Chapter 14) Hobbes' purpose was to define the rights and responsibilities between a king and his people, not to attempt to promote democracy. In fact, he believed that because people put their self-interest first, therefore, democracy could never work Hobbes believed in a strong ruler who could establish law and order, but he also stated that the ruler had responsibilities to the people and the country; something Hobbes called the 12 principal rights of the sovereign. (Hobbes, 115-121) (part2:ch18)) While stating what the rights of the king were toward his people, he also discussed the idea that the origin of his authority came from the people themselves. Sovereign power, Hobbes wrote, "is when men agree amonst themselves, to submit to some man, or assembly of men, voluntarily, on confidence to be protected by him against all others." (Hobbes, 115) (part 2:ch 18) According to Hobbes, the people willingly submit to the authority of the king in order to be protected by him. While Hobbes did not specifically promote democracy, he did discuss it as one of the forms of Commonwealth; a popular commonwealth governed by a group of representatives. (Hobbes, 123) (part 2:ch 19) However, Hobbes rejected this form of government and preferred the sovereignty of a single Monarch over that of a group of representatives, stating that the difference "consisteth not in the difference of power; but in the difference of convenience, or aptitude to produce the peace, and security of the people, for which end they were instituted." (Hobbes, 124) (part 2:ch 19) In other words, a single Monarch was much more convenient and could establish peace and security better than a group of representatives. A group of representatives, Hobbes felt, would not be capable of speaking with a single voice, and therefore, could lead to the creation of different factions fighting for the people's loyalty. (Hobbes, 124-126) (part 2:ch 19) It was a few decades later when another great thinker, John Locke, revisited the idea of the social contract. At this time another despotic king was overthrown and replaced by new king brought in from overseas. Needless to say the British, having decided to bring in a new king, were keen to the idea of limiting his power. The British needed to clarify the relationship between this new king and his people. Out of this came John Locke who, in his Two Treatises of Government, attempted to define the exact nature of the relationship between sovereign and subject. Firstly, Locke rebuked the idea of an absolute monarch making it absolutely clear that the king ruled only with the consent of the people. When speaking of the idea of Commonwealth, Locke stated "In all Kingdoms and Common-wealths… whether some few or a Multitude Govern the Common-wealth: yet still the authority… is the only Right, and natural Authority of a Supream Father" (Locke, 239) (part 1: Chapter 11-134) Therefore, when people form governments, whether they be a monarchy, democracy, republic, etc., that government must have the authority of a supreme father which maintains the ultimate authority of the government. In his second treatise, Locke began by defining the state of nature and the natural state of human beings as free. Locke stated & #8230;we must consider what State all Men are naturally in, that is, a State of perfect Freedom." (Locke, 269) (part 2: Chapter 2-4) He went on to explain that "The State of Nature has a law of nature to govern it, which obliges every one: and reason, which is that law. Teaches all mankind, who will but consult it, that being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty, or possessions" (Locke, 271) (part 2: Chapter 2-6) And thus, according to John Locke, people should live in a natural state of peace. Unfortunately, while the natural law stated that humanity should live in peace and freedom, not many actually learn from "consulting" the natural law, and therefore, governments were necessary to protect the people and their property. While people are born into a state of natural freedom they also must willingly give up some of this freedom in exchange for peace and security for themselves and their property. Like Hobbes, Locke did not specifically promote democracy, he also was attempting to define the relationship between the king and his people. But unlike Hobbes, Locke did not specifically avoid democracy is incompatible with sovereignty. Locke presented his idea of "Popular Sovereignty," or an idea that people can willing submit to the sovereignty of an individual, or group of people, in order to maintain a stable and peaceful society that can ensure the security of the people and their property. (Locke, 343) (part 2: Chapter 8 112-114) This, however, must predicated on the idea that the sovereign, whether an individual or group, derived this power from the consent of the people and can only maintain that consent as long as they acted for the benefit of the people and their property as a whole. Hobbes felt that democracies were an unacceptable form of government as individuals would always put their self-interest first and the good of the people second. He also felt that a Monarchy was a better form of government, if the Monarch remembered he ruled for the benefit of the people, implying that the King ruled with the consent of the people. Groups of representatives were acceptable to Hobbes, but only in a form which could advise and guide the Monarch, not regulate his authority. Locke, on the other hand, believed that the government must have the consent of the people and act strictly for the benefit of the people. Secondly, the governments work best when they have different branches of government with limited powers. To Locke, a Monarchy was an acceptable form of government if it's power were balanced with that of a Parliament for instance. However, both Hobbes and Locke were very stern in their belief that the government needed to be…
November 2, 2009 Bloat is a potentially life-threatening condition which primarily affects large, ‘barrel chested’ dogs. Some breeds are more sensitive than others, and some individually dogs seem to be particularly susceptible to this painful, dangerous disorder. Some factors which seem to contribute to the incidence of bloat, include eating too soon after exercise, gulping food or swallowing air, and drinking too soon after meals. Gastric distension is the mildest form of (or pre-curser to) bloat, and can occur in any breed. Over-eating is a common cause and the signs are swelling and hardening of the abdomen, usually relieved by vomiting or belching. The more serious condition occurs when the stomach actually twists, and this is known as gastric torsion or gastric dilation / volvulus, depending on the direction / axis of the twist. Some of the most common signs are restlessness, lethargy, salivation, retching, pacing, rapid heart rate, and distension of the abdomen. Any time these signs are seen, immediate veterinary attention is vital, because GDV is an extremely serious condition. Bloat is thought to be the second leading killer of dogs, after cancer. Some recent research has investigated the link between bloat and kibble diets, as well as citric acid (used as a preservative in many natural kibbles in place of harsher preservatives like BHT and Ethoxyquin). A study investigating the links between food types and bloat, suggested that in addition to the quantity of food consumed at each meal, dry kibble was by far the biggest cause of this disorder. Canned food was the next leading cause and semi-moist and non-processed diets were the least likely to cause bloat. Despite these findings, however, the researchers determined that further investigation was needed in order to form a final, definitive conclusion. Of course, the non-dietary risk factors for bloat are also extremely important but it may be that feeding a minimally processed or semi-moist diet is a good option for dogs who are predisposed to this condition.
In the Early Years at Golders Hill School we aim to ensure that the beginning of a child’s education is a happy and fulfilling experience. Your child’s early years are such a special time and those of us privileged to work with 1-5 year olds see the world open up before them as they explore through purposeful play. The teaching ethos from Pre Nursery through Reception is varied and practical. Children are encouraged to explore, question and enjoy their learning. The Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS) precedes Key Stage One and is designed to ensure that all children are kept healthy and safe, at the same time developing knowledge and skills which are both broad and balanced. In doing so, it builds a firm foundation on which to base future education and skills as well as resilience for life. Teaching and learning in Early Years is shaped through seven aspects that are interlinked. These are implemented through planned, purposeful play, with a balance between adult-led and child-initiated experiences. These prime areas are seen to be crucial for igniting children’s curiosity and enthusiasm as well as expanding their capacity to learn, form relationships and thrive as they progress through their specific area of learning and development. Communication and Language Development Personal, Social and Emotional Development Understanding the World We value parents/carers as important partners in our children’s learning, for we seek their unique knowledge, thoughts and opinions in order to combine with our professional expertise. In this way, teaching and learning can be tailored to each individual child’s needs. Wellbeing and Involvement In EYFS we monitor each child’s well-being and level of involvement in play as this provides us with useful information to ensure they are receiving, and are receptive to, a learning environment of the highest quality. Early Years teachers observe, nurture, extend and develop children in their first learning experiences. This enables teachers to prepare a detailed profile of each child which forms the basis of their future learning.
Tax cuts are not the primary means chosen by governments in Canada to ensure that our tax regimes systemically favour the wealthy. A myriad of methods undermine tax fairness. The combined effect in 2015 of these anti-social transfers reduced by at least $633 million the taxes paid by those earning more than $100,000 a year in Newfoundland and Labrador (NL). Social transfers are government programmes designed to reduce inequality by helping the vulnerable in society. They can be funded directly out of general revenues, or by contributions from the people and firms who are likely to benefit from the programme. Our income tax system itself can also be thought of as a form of social transfer, inasmuch as it taxes wealthier people at higher rates. A progressive income-tax system is fundamental to reducing inequality in Canada. By contrast, anti-social transfers are government actions that increase inequality. These can take many… We hear a lot about Muskrat Falls as Danny Williams’ legacy, but it is hardly the only problem he left us to sort out. He rejigged provincial income tax rates between 2007 and 2010 so as to primarily benefit our wealthiest citizens. The result is that people earning in excess of $100,000 a year have since received – in the form of reduced taxes – more money than the province normally raises through income tax in an entire year. Income distribution changing Income figures for 2015, recently released by the Canada Revenue Agency (CRA), reveal our province to be profoundly divided. Our income distribution now exhibits a strangely inverted symmetry: more than half the people earn only a fifth of the income, while a fifth of the people earn more than half. This pattern is new and results from changes in provincial government policy that favour high-income earners. This policy… How can we explain the continued government inaction in the face of the worst recession since the cod moratorium? What is actually being cut in this budget? Other places have experimented with austerity, so we don’t have to. Here’s how Newfoundland and Labrador can avoid known mistakes and put itself on a path to a brighter, more equitable, future. What could a major new trade deal and the way the Harper Conservatives have chosen to handle the refugee crisis possibly have in common? Properly funding and managing Memorial University are fundamental public policy issues and far too important to be left to senior administration or the provincial government. Does Paul Davis represent a change for the Tories? A comparison of the language used by the provincial government with that of Davis during his leadership campaign provides a revealing answer Two things worth knowing that you might not have heard about Thursday’s budget Tom Marshall’s first and last speech from the throne is as remarkable for what it does not say as for what it does In 2006, Danny Williams declared poverty reduction a strategic priority for the province. Since then childhood poverty has risen 70%. Why are there limitations on whose art can be procured? Five years ago, the Flaherty-Harper government introduced income splitting for pensions. Designed to benefit only higher income earners, in 2009, 84% of the people who benefited were men. If the boom has not led to a marked increase in inequality, the same cannot be said for government policies. They markedly increased our levels of inequality. Between 2005 and 2009 assessed incomes in Newfoundland and Labrador increased by 49%. The boom we are experiencing is without precedent in Canadian history, but it is also exceptional for a quite different reason. Ownership of stocks, bonds, real estate and professional incomes set the 1% apart from the rest of us. Finally, we can answer the question: What did they actually do? Lower taxes, ah yes, but for whom? All you need to know about the largest government program that they chose not to tell you about What does the feel-good ad about taxes tell us?
This module has been developed to meet the training needs of design engineers, facility managers/ inspectors and maintenance contractors who are involved with SUDS design, operation and aftercare. The aim of this Module is to provide the student with : an understanding of the main operational requirements associated with SUDS including key components, typical design details and real life examples of operational issues. By the end of this module the student should be able to: 1. Understand the requirements for SUDS maintenance and procedures for safe operation. 2. Develop a maintenance (& safety) plan for a typical SUDS scheme. 1 The background to sustainable drainage The basic methods of sewerage and key terminology. The three corners of the SUDS triangle and the concept of source, site and regional controls. The SUDS management train. Adopting bodies. 2 Maintenance of SUDS & Common Activities Drivers for maintenance. Maintenance categories and levels. O&M requirements of components including inlets, main structure and outlet. Common maintenance activities including grass cutting, litter & debris, invasive species, working with wildlife. 3 Reporting and Examples Reporting drivers. Types of reporting and typical examples. Record management. Statement on Teaching, Learning and Assessment This short course is taught entirely by e-learning. Teaching and Learning Work Loads \|Supervised Practical Activity\|\|0\| \|Unsupervised Practical Activity\|\|0\| Credit Value – The total value of SCQF credits for the module. 20 credits are the equivalent of 10 ECTS credits. A full-time student should normally register for 60 SCQF credits per semester. We make every effort to ensure that the information on our website is accurate but it is possible that some changes may occur prior to the academic year of entry. The modules listed in this catalogue are offered subject to availability during academic year 2018/19 , and may be subject to change for future years.
Trade Case Study Alexandria was the main trade hub for ancient Egypt. They were located next to the Mediterranean Sea, which allowed them to trade with civilizations from much further away. The port at Alexandria had the capacity to dock 1200 ships. They supported the trade of a plethora of different goods. These goods were used to help the city and empire prosper. Like any other trade center, ideas were exchanged as much as any goods. The famous Library of Alexandria was home to around 700,000 volumes. This was only a small part of the bigger Museum, which was used as a research institution for astronomy, anatomy, and even zoology. Knowledge grew and flourished in this city.